The content of diploma thesis is an evaluation of the efficiency of the investment in rented property. To verify the sale price, the value of the property is determined by the basic valuation methods. Based on the market analysis, an optimal rental rate is determined, which allows us to quantify the income from the property. Properly quantified revenues and expenses are the foundations for evaluating the effectiveness of the investment.

This diploma thesis the return on investment associated with construction of a residential building in Olomouc. First we will award the construction according to the decree. Then, we find out the level of investments in the construction of the house. The next step will be to determine the amount of rent for individual apartments and garages. We see the return of discounted net rent. Then we find the usual price of apartments and garages. As the last step we see the usual price of the entire apartment building. We will compare, whether of profits is more profitable to rent apartments and a garage in the house, sell for apartments or sell the entire apartment building.

This thesis was started in order to find out how pre-commercial thinnings are violated in Lithuania. Analysis has been done in four methodological steps. Understanding forest owners’ behaviour to pre-commercial thinnings (PCT) is impossible without verifying real situation in practice. Therefore in the beginning inspection of 15 thoroughly selected sample stands was carried in central part of Lithuania. Results revealed that in none of 15 stands pre-commercial thinnings were performed as it is required by legislation. Only two stands showed some marks of PCT. Important factor having significant effect on application of thinnings in private forests is legislation system. Therefore Forest Law (2010a), Regulations for forest felling (2010b) and Regulations for tending and usage of private forests (2004) were analyzed. Regretfully pre-commercial thinnings as mandatory forest management tool until recently has not been described in any of the listed documents. Economic factors such as subsidies or loans could also be a part of implication of pre-commercial thinnings in private forests. Support from European Union funds is available in Lithuanian, though some requirements and stages of application process are not well appreciated by forest owners and stop them from using it. The main causes are: prohibition to perform thinnings for owners themselves; relatively small percent PCT expenses covered; too long and in some cases too messy support implementation process. For analysis... [to full text] / Šiuo metu pusė visų Lietuvos miškų priklauso valstybei, tačiau nemenka dalis yra ir privačių miškų savininkų rankose. Valdydami 829,4 tūkst. hektarų miškų, privačių miškų savininkai dažniausiai įžvelgia tik apsaugines ir estetines jų panaudojimo galimybes. Tiesa, kai kurie savininkai panaudoja turimą mišką kuro ar statybinių medžiagų gavimui, tačiau dažniausiai tik savo reikmėms tenkinti. Tai yra visiškai suprantama, kadangi vidutinės miško valdos dydis yra vos 3,28 hektaro (LRAM. 2010). Tik labai maža dalis privačių miškų savininkų pagalvoja apie ekonominę naudą, kurią galėtų gauti iš savo valdomo miško – tai, Lietuvos sąlygomis, didelių (5 ha ir daugiau) miško valdų savininkai (Mizaraite, 2001; Pivoriūnas, Lazdinis 2004). Ugdomieji miško kirtimai visuomet buvo ypač svarbi miškininkavimo dalis miškais garsėjančiose valstybėse. Tai yra ne kas kita, kaip tenykščių žmonių įžvalga ir supratimas, kad gerai ir teisingai prižiūrimas miškas ateityje gali būti daug vertingesnis, nei santaupos banke. Deja, tai nėra taisyklė Lietuvoje, kur ugdomieji miško kirtimai yra pamirštami arba nepakankami. To priežastimis galėtume laikyti finansinių išteklių trūkumą, nepakankamą žinių, kaip teisingai vykdyti ugdomuosius kirtimus, bagažą ar net savininkų amžių. Paskutinių tyrimų duomenimis, tipinis privataus miško savininkas Lietuvoje yra 56 metų amžiaus moteris, gyvenanti 100 kilometrų atstumu nuo jai priklausančios valdos (Mikalajūnas, 2009). Anot naujųjų miško kirtimų taisyklių, kurios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Today, a large proportion of the world's plenteous offshore natural gas resource are stranded, flared or re-injected due to constraints pertaining to its utilisation. The major constraint in the utilisation of this resource is linked to its properties, which makes it difficult to transport or store. Although the resource presents an excellent opportunity for the Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology (process for converting natural gas into high energy liquid fuels with qualities that surpass the most stringent current and future clean-fuel requirements), the further processing of this resource is still impeded by high cost of transportation. However, it is believed that the emerging Floating GTL concept could offer superb opportunities to bring such offshore stranded natural gas reserves to markets by converting the gas into high quality liquid fuels, at the production sites, before it is transported using conventional oil tankers or vessels. But the question is: can this venture be profitable or economically viable? In response, an Economic Model (the EV Model) to review the economic viability of the Floating GTL option was developed. Analyses on technical and economical aspects of the floating GTL application offshore are presented with case studies on Syntroleum's and Statoil's floating GTL designs. Profitability analyses were conducted using the EV model to evaluate economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP), Profitability index (PI), Break-Even Analysis (BEA) and Scale Economies for some assumed case scenarios involving both designs. In addition, sensitivity analyses were also carried out to find the most sensitive parameters which affect the viability of the floating GTL option. The economic analyses revealed that, a modest feedstock cost (~0 - $3/MSCF), high crude oil price (that stays above $30 per barrel) and reduction trend in capital expenditure (for stand alone Floating GTL plant) up to $20,00O/BPD or lower in the next few years, will open windows for the floating GTL concept. Finally, the energy policy needed to achieve the capitalisation of the plenteous offshore stranded gas resource via floating GTL is also discussed. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Kiribati, a small and low lying island country located on the equator, is vulnerable to impact of Global Warming. In response, Kiribati¡¦s Government continues and remains firm to fight the increase of pollution gases. Rather than just fighting using words, Kiribati seriously takes into consideration issues which promote the use of clean energy in all aspects. .This thesis emphasizes the use of large scale photovoltaic (PV) installation as a clean energy source that may help contribute in the total energy demand for this island. Here, a large photovoltaic generation system as a Distribution Generation (DG) to feed main utility network (i.e. PUB) on the island, assumed to be constructed in the National Main Stadium (NMS) at Betio Town as the DG Interconnection site, is analyzed. This PVGS has been investigated from two different perspectives: 1) Independent Power Producer (IPP) point of view, which is the design of the selling price of PV power generation and 2) Utility point of view, which is the design of saving costs incurred from PVGS contribution. PV power generation is simulated according to the hourly solar irradiation and temperature provided by the Weather Office in Kiribati. The cash flow of annual power generation, the operation and maintenance costs and the capital investment cost of the PVGS are then used to derive the payback time (PBT) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for the PVGS under different selling price of PV power generation. The voltage variation and the system losses of the distribution feeder, which serves the National Stadium, are also evaluated by executing the load flow analysis for the impact analysis of the PVGS. Results indicate that the reduction of voltage variation and system¡¦s losses can be obtained with the PVGS installed to provide the dispersed generation for the local loads. However, the PVGS penetration is limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent PV power generation. The selling price of PV generation has to be designed according to the conditions of solar irradiation and temperature so that sufficient incentives can be provided.

Today, a large proportion of the world's plenteous offshore natural gas resource are stranded, flared or re-injected due to constraints pertaining to its utilisation. The major constraint in the utilisation of this resource is linked to its properties, which makes it difficult to transport or store. Although the resource presents an excellent opportunity for the Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology (process for converting natural gas into high energy liquid fuels with qualities that surpass the most stringent current and future clean-fuel requirements), the further processing of this resource is still impeded by high cost of transportation. However, it is believed that the emerging Floating GTL concept could offer superb opportunities to bring such offshore stranded natural gas reserves to markets by converting the gas into high quality liquid fuels, at the production sites, before it is transported using conventional oil tankers or vessels. But the question is: can this venture be profitable or economically viable? In response, an Economic Model (the EV Model) to review the economic viability of the Floating GTL option was developed. Analyses on technical and economical aspects of the floating GTL application offshore are presented with case studies on Syntroleum's and Statoil's floating GTL designs. Profitability analyses were conducted using the EV model to evaluate economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP), Profitability index (PI), Break-Even Analysis (BEA) and Scale Economies for some assumed case scenarios involving both designs. In addition, sensitivity analyses were also carried out to find the most sensitive parameters which affect the viability of the floating GTL option. The economic analyses revealed that, a modest feedstock cost (~0 - $3/MSCF), high crude oil price (that stays above $30 per barrel) and reduction trend in capital expenditure (for stand alone Floating GTL plant) up to $20,00O/BPD or lower in the next few years, will open windows for the floating GTL concept. Finally, the energy policy needed to achieve the capitalisation of the plenteous offshore stranded gas resource via floating GTL is also discussed. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-28T18:32:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Ara?jo Dantass.pdf: 3354692 bytes, checksum: 1d9395453e1cd720f2bd08e346ef7ce7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T18:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Ara?jo Dantass.pdf: 3354692 bytes, checksum: 1d9395453e1cd720f2bd08e346ef7ce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / The increasing economic and technological development over the world has caused a huge demand of energy. In Brazil, the transportation sector is the main responsible for energy consumption in the country, reaching 45.2% of the diesel use. In this scenario, renewable fuels become an attractive alternative due to the numerous benefits attributed to their use, such as degradability, absence of toxicity, reduction of pollutant emission and renewable origin. As in other countries, Brazil has authorized the use of a minimum quantity of biodiesel in diesel. Currently, according to federal law n? 11.097/2005, the minimum mixing percentage is equivalent to 7% and during 2016, it will increase to 8%. However, the major challenge to produce biodiesel in a large-scale is the high operating cost. According to the literature, the raw material costs are so high, and correspond to 70-85% of the total cost of production. The use of alternative and low cost sources of triglycerides for biodiesel production has been extensively studied. Waste oil, from domestic and commercial consumption, is a potential residue because of its high quantity available and low aggregated value. In this context, the production of biodiesel in a pilot unit present in the UFRRJ was studied using the homogeneous alkaline transesterification reaction. The operational condition used in the pilot plant was previously determined from an experimental planning, choosing the best one that gave the high conversion and acceptable values of viscosity. The simulations were performed in the SuperPro Designer?, and the prices of materials, utilities, consumables and costs with operators were determined based on the domestic and international market. A previous analysis of the production of 250 kg/batch of biodiesel was economically viable considering the unit cost of biodiesel of $ 0.62/kg. The sensitivity analysis showed that the plant becomes economically viable from a biodiesel price equal or greater than $ 0.754/kg, almost 34 cents above the initially estimated value. In order to turn the biodiesel production more profitable, simulations were done with different vegetable oils with different levels of costs. The results were unsatisfactory from the economic point of view, confirming the importance of the use of low cost raw materials. A scale up was made from the pilot unit and the technical and economic data showed that the project becomes more profitable starting from the production of 2.500 kg of residual oil, presenting IRR and return time of respectively 116.9 % and 1 year. The production of biodiesel in the pilot unit was carried out and the specifications were compared to ANP. The values of viscosity, specific mass, flash point, iodine content and corrosivity were in the limit range established by ANP. / O crescente desenvolvimento econ?mico e tecnol?gico associado ao aumento populacional tem provocado uma grande demanda de energia. No Brasil, atrav?s do Balan?o Energ?tico Nacional divulgado pelo Minist?rio de Minas e Energia, foi apontado que o setor de transporte foi o maior respons?vel pelo consumo de energia no pa?s, sendo a maior parte (45,2%) referente ao uso de ?leo diesel. Neste cen?rio, os combust?veis renov?veis tornam-se uma alternativa atraente devido aos in?meros benef?cios atribu?dos ao seu uso, como degradabilidade, aus?ncia de toxicidade, redu??o da emiss?o de poluentes e origem renov?vel. Assim como em outros pa?ses, o Brasil autorizou o uso de misturas m?nimas obrigat?rias de biodiesel ao diesel. Atualmente, de acordo com a lei federal n?. 11.097/2005, o percentual de mistura m?nima ? equivalente a 7% e, para o ano de 2016, foi aprovado o aumento para 8%. Entretanto, a maior barreira para produ??o e utiliza??o de biodiesel em larga escala ? o elevado custo operacional. De acordo com a literatura, o custo de aquisi??o da mat?ria prima ? o mais alto e corresponde entre 70- 85% do custo total de produ??o. O uso de fontes de triglicer?deos alternativas e menos dispendiosas para produ??o de biodiesel tem sido amplamente estudada. O ?leo residual, proveniente do consumo dom?stico e comercial, ? uma fonte em potencial devido a sua vasta abund?ncia e baixo valor agregado. Neste contexto, a produ??o de biodiesel em uma unidade piloto presente na UFRRJ foi estudada a partir da rea??o de transesterifica??o homog?nea b?sica. A condi??o operacional empregada na planta piloto foi previamente determinada a partir de um planejamento experimental, objetivando maior convers?o e menor gasto energ?tico e material. Com aux?lio de um simulador comercial, SuperPro Designer?, o balan?o de massa e energia foi realizado. Com base no mercado nacional e internacional, os pre?os de materiais, utilidades, consum?veis e custos com operadores foram determinados. Uma an?lise pr?via da produ??o de 250 kg/batelada de biodiesel, de acordo com as opera??es unit?rias presentes na planta original, apresentou-se invi?vel economicamente considerando o custo unit?rio de biodiesel de $0,62/kg. A an?lise de sensibilidade mostrou que a planta torna-se vi?vel economicamente a partir de um pre?o de venda do biodiesel igual ou superior a $0,754/kg, 34 centavos acima do valor inicialmente estimado. Simula??es da produ??o de biodiesel na unidade piloto com ?leos vegetais de diferentes custos de aquisi??o foram realizadas. Os resultados mostraram-se insatisfat?rios do ponto de vista econ?mico, ratificando a import?ncia do uso de mat?rias-primas de baixo valor agregado. Um ?scale up? foi feito a partir da unidade piloto e os dados t?cnicos e econ?micos mostraram que o projeto torna-se mais lucrativo partindo da produ??o de 2.500 kg de ?leo residual, apresentando TIR e tempo de retorno de, respectivamente, 116,9% e 1 ano. A produ??o de biodiesel na unidade piloto foi realizada e o biodiesel produzido foi analisado e comparado quanto ?s especifica??es da ANP. Os valores de viscosidade cinem?tica, massa espec?fica, ponto de fulgor, ?ndice de iodo, corrosividade ao cobre e aspecto atenderam os limites preconizados pela ANP.