The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, through legal and regulatory analysis, how three non-trade issues - SPS measures, trade in GMOs and food security concerns - might result in new modem barriers to trade that might diminish the gains of freer markets. If developed countries use non-trade concerns to justify more generous domestic support in a non-decoupled way, may do as much harm to international trade as the traditional trade policies instruments did in the past. Such undesired behavior from the developed world is possible due to the inability of current WTO norms to control these new problems. These three special issues must be addressed in future negotiations in order to modify developing countries' perception that the payoffs of trade liberalization are not advantageous for them. The continuance of this perception during current negotiations might lead to the collapse of the current trading system.

In international economics literature, different variants of the Nash equilibrium have been used to formulate strategic and retaliative behavior. However, the negotiation process underlying the Nash equilibrium does not capture the notion of retaliation properly. We use the "contingent threat situation" (Greenberg, 1990) to reformulate three different international economic environments. / First, a two-country, two-commodity model of trade is considered to reformulate the tariff retaliations. It is known that tariff retaliations lead to a Nash equilibrium outcome, a non-free trade outcome. We show, in the framework of the "theory of social situations", that the free trade equilibrium is supported by a "stable standard of behavior". / Second, the basic two-country, single commodity model is employed to formulate the interactive and retaliatory policies regarding the choice between foreign investment and immigration. Considering three different strategic environments, we investigate the outcomes supported by "stable standards of behavior" under these strategic scenarios. We also provide a critical examination of Jones-Coelho-Easton's proposition (Jones, Coelho, and Easton, 1986). / Third, a simple model of international debt is formulated using a strategic form game. In the game, a country in financial crisis and on the verge of default is requesting a new loan, and a bank, with exposure to the foreign country's debt, contemplates whether it should issue the new loan. We show that "issue a new loan" and "not default", a Pareto optimum pair of strategies, is stable. Interestingly, we get this result by using a non-cooperative negotiation process, offered by the "individual contingent threat situation".

<p>This research paper aims to understand and analyse the CISG, its history, scope and structure, and to evaluate its impact on SADC.The main ideas that this paper will consider are: what is the CISG / &nbsp / Its history, scope and structure / &nbsp / Its impact on developing countries / &nbsp / Its relevance to developing countries within SADC / and How the implementation of the CISG improved these developing countries within SADC.</p>

<p>This paper will analyse critically the main sources, namely UNCAC, the African Union Convention on Prevention and Combating Corruption (AU Convention), the Southern African Development Community Protocol against Corruption (SADC Protocol) and the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (CoE Convention). Furthermore, the paper will examine the corresponding explanatory notes and try to provide a picture of the most important aspects of the issue. As many countries are obliged to consider the criminalisation of trading in influence, drawing an overview of it may make a substantial contribution to its comprehension. Due to the limited space, the paper is unable to cover all provisions of trading in influence in countries where it exists. Accordingly, the discussion will be restricted to the situation in France, Spain and Belgium. By analysing the position in these countries, the different approaches to criminalisation can be highlighted.</p>

Intra-industry trade is a new phenomenon in international trade theory and has attracted interest from economists, in the form of both empirical and theoretical work. The first attempt to measure the extent of intra-industry trade in South Africa was under taken by Simson (1987). In his study Simson (1987) found that the amount of intra-industry trade accounted for only one-third of total trade. This is low compared to many industrialized countries. This thesis aims to analyze the extent of intra-industry trade within the context of trade liberalization. Chapter two provides the evolution, background and an overview of the literature of the concept of intra-industry trade. This chapter is followed by a presentation of the different measurement of intra-industry trade. But, however the Grubel Lloyd (1975) index remains the most commonly used index in the literature. A fourth chapter estimated the level of intra-industry trade in South Africa for the period 1972 to 1993. This chapter concludes that intra-industry trade in South Africa is a real phenomenon and not just a statistical novelty as argued by Finger (1975). It was is concluded that intra-industry trade is low when compared to most of its trading partners and there remains much scope for the growth of intra-industry trade. The fifth chapter discusses the role of regional integration and intra-industry trade. It is concluded that the levels of intra-industry trade between South Africa and with the countries in the Southern African region is relatively low when compared to the intra-industry trade between South Africa and its major trading partners, nevertheless there remains scope for the growth of intra-industry trade within the region as the countries become more similar. Chapter six discusses the commercial and welfare effects of intra-industry trade, concluding that there are advantages to be gained from intra-industry trade. Chapter seven analyses the effect of tariff levels on intra-industry trade in South Africa. Weak support was found for the height of tariffs and intra-industry trade in South Africa. Given the reduction of tariff lines in terms of the GATT requirement, it is anticipated that levels of intra-industry trade in South Africa will increase and there is much to gain in terms of welfare than inter industry trade. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

The impact of economic globalisation and the ensuing growth of world trade is presently the most important factor reshaping transport networks and port systems. As globalisation further develops, world trade and in particular sea borne trade will continue to grow. To cope with such an ever-growing world trade, ports will play a critical and indispensable role. Expanding trade volumes and shifting markets continue to challenge all elements of the logistics chain necessary for a seamless flow of goods from producer to consumer and pose particular challenges to seaports. The role of the transport sector in any modem economy is to generate a broad infrastructure and set of associated services that integrates diverse social and economic actors within and beyond the nation. Globalisation encompasses four particular phenomena, among others, that are especially relevant to South Africa's transport sector, given the role of transport as the key facilitator of international trade: • Falling tariff barriers to international trade. • Diminishing non-tariff barriers to trade. • Reintegration into the global economy. • Changes in the South African economy. These factors create very new and challenging circumstances for the transport sector and in particular the port systems. The functions of ports has evolved over the past few decades to be regarded as logistical platforms, by taking on the additional roles of facilitating value adding activities and the ranshipment of goods. Ports have thus become less of a compulsory point of change over from maritime transport to some other mode of transport and a strategic point in the organisation of foreign trade, a principle link in the integrated transport and economic chain. Essentially the theme underlying this study is a focus on the importance of ports as energisers of the economy and facilitating trade. The objective being to identify the different roles of ports and their structures in a changing world economy. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The study investigated the perception of Business Management students towards the grey market industry. An extensive literature review on customer satisfaction, buyer behaviour and market segmentation was undertaken. The research instrument took the form of a questionnaire, using five-point likert scale questions, multiple rating list scale questions and dichotomous questions. The questions were distributed to a sample of ninety students. The study is based on fifty returned questionnaires. The descriptive statistics were generated using the SPSS software program. The study is concluded with recommendations, which Govan Mani may wish to consider during its strategic planning process. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, 2003.

In summary there is a presentation of discussed problem, its topicality; the aim and tasks, methods of research, defended propositions, scientific novelty, conclussions of doctoral thesis are presented as well. The aim of research – to examine complex application of electronic commerce technologies in international trade and to propose the model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when electronic commerce technologies are used in international trade. / Santraukoje pristatoma gvildenama problema, jos aktualumas, tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai, tyrimo metodika, ginamieji teiginiai, mokslinis darbo naujumas, pagrindinės disertacinio tyrimo išvados. Darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai išnagrinėti elektroninės komercijos technologijų taikymo tarptautinėje prekyboje ypatumus ir parengti modelį, skirtą vertinti elektroninės komercijos technologijų panaudojimo tarptautinėje prekyboje efektyvumą.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama elektroninės komercijos technologijų panaudojimo tarptautinėje prekyboje tematika ir problematika. Darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai išnagrinėti elektroninės komercijos technologijų taikymo tarptautinėje prekyboje ypatumus ir parengti modelį, skirtą vertinti elektroninės komercijos technologijų panaudojimo tarptautinėje prekyboje efektyvumą. / In PhD thesis problems associated with the usage of electronic commerce technologies in international trade are analysed. The aim of research – to examine complex application of electronic commerce technologies in international trade and to propose the model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when electronic commerce technologies are used in international trade.

The central aim of this dissertation is to make an unambiguous international trade policy recommendation for developing countries grounded on rigorous economic theory. As is generally known, trade models featuring increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition have challenged the mainstream case for free trade which is built upon unrealistic assumptions like constant return to scale and perfect competition. In this context, the core contribution of this dissertation is the restatement of the original free-trade case made by the classical political economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo. This restatement is based on the accurate interpretation of Ricardo's famous numerical example in chapter 7 of the Principles. The classical case for free trade formulated by Smith and Ricardo neither relies on unrealistic assumptions nor the laissez-faire doctrine. On the contrary, it stipulates that free trade should always be accompanied by public policies that expand the provision of public education, job training, health care and infrastructure. Moreover, a widespread policy change towards free trade should always be implemented gradually, in order to take care of those groups who might be affected in the short run by the increased level of international competition and technological progress. The main conclusion of the dissertation is that free trade - as conceived by classical political economy - is the most suitable international trade policy for developed as well developing countries for achieving sustainable economic growth and development. (author's abstract)