Orientador: Walter Moreira / Resumo: O controle de vocabulário em periódicos científicos eletrônicos tem como finalidade minimizar ou extinguir a ambiguidade da linguagem natural para proporcionar uma linguagem artificial com vista a organização, representação e recuperação da informação. Os vocabulários controlados originados nos periódicos científicos eletrônicos deste estudo de caso são disponibilizados por meio da ferramenta VCPC Tools, e constituídos independentes, o que instiga a necessidade de mapear e torná-los interoperáveis. A contribuição pretendida com a realização deste estudo é a ampliação das condições de realizar inferências sobre a interoperabilidade entre Sistemas de Organização do Conhecimento e aplicá-las em periódicos científicos eletrônicos gerenciados pelo OJS que já fazem uso de vocabulário controlado. Busca-se responder a questão: como recuperar a informação em periódicos científicos eletrônicos por meio de vocabulários controlados mapeados a partir das palavras-chave em um modelo de interoperabilidade? Partiu-se da hipótese inicial de que os vocabulários controlados aplicados a periódicos científicos eletrônicos, gerenciados pelo OJS, podem ser considerados um instrumento interoperável para melhorar os processos de busca e recuperação dos artigos, bem como subsidiar os autores (no momento de atribuir) e os usuários na operação de encontrar, na consulta por meio de termos que representem, de modo mais eficaz, a sua pesquisa. Defende-se a tese de que o controle de vocabulário interoperáve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Vocabulary control in electronic scientific journals aims to minimize or extinguish the ambiguity of natural language, in order to provide an artificial language heading towards organizing, representing and retrieving information. The controlled vocabularies originated in the electronic scientific journals, in this case study, are made available through VCPC Tools, as independently set device, which instigates the need to map and make them interoperable. The intended contribution, with the accomplishment of this study, is to widely enable users to make inferences about the interoperability between SOCs – Knowledge Organization Systems, and to apply them in electronic scientific journals managed by the OJS – Open Journal Systems, that already utilize controlled vocabulary. The question to be answered is: how to retrieve information in electronic scientific journals through controlled vocabularies mapped from keywords in an interoperability model? The initial hypothesis is that the controlled vocabularies when applied to electronic scientific journals, managed by the OJS, can be considered as an interoperable instrument to improve the processes of searching and retrieving articles, and constitute the basis for the authors (when assigning keywords) and for users (in the operation of finding) to properly search, through more effective terms and refined access. The thesis being held is that interoperable controlled vocabulary, in a context of a huge amount of scientific production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a Model-based design facilitates to investigate multiple solutions in the infrastructure planning process. The most important reason for implementing model-based design is to help designers and to increase communication between different design parties. It decentralizes and coordinates team collaboration and facilitates faster and lossless project data exchange and management across extended teams and external partners in project lifecycle. Infrastructure are fundamental facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation, roads, communication systems, water and power networks, as well as power plants. Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) as the digital representation of the world are systems for maintaining, managing, modelling, analyzing, and visualizing of the world data including infrastructure. High level infrastructure suits mostly facilitate to analyze the infrastructure design based on the international or user defined standards. Called regulation1-based design, this minimizes errors, reduces costly design conflicts, increases time savings and provides consistent project quality, yet mostly in standalone solutions. Tasks of infrastructure usually require both model based and regulation based design packages. Infrastructure tasks deal with cross-domain information. However, the corresponding data is split in several domain models. Besides infrastructure projects demand a lot of decision makings on governmental as well as on private level considering different data models. Therefore lossless flow of project data as well as documents like regulations across project team, stakeholders, governmental and private level is highly important. Yet infrastructure projects have largely been absent from product modelling discourses for a long time. Thus, as will be explained in chapter 2 interoperability is needed in infrastructure processes. Multimodel (MM) is one of the interoperability methods which enable heterogeneous data models from various domains get bundled together into a container keeping their original format. Existing interoperability methods including existing MM solutions can’t satisfactorily fulfill the typical demands of infrastructure information processes like dynamic data resources and a huge amount of inter model relations. Therefore chapter 3 concept of infrastructure information modelling investigates a method for loose and rule based coupling of exchangeable heterogeneous information spaces. This hypothesis is an extension for the existing MM to a rule-based Multimodel named extended Multimodel (eMM) with semantic rules – instead of static links. The semantic rules will be used to describe relations between data elements of various models dynamically in a link-database. Most of the confusion about geospatial data models arises from their diversity. In some of these data models spatial IDs are the basic identities of entities and in some other data models there are no IDs. That is why in the geospatial data, data structure is more important than data models. There are always spatial indexes that enable accessing to the geodata. The most important unification of data models involved in infrastructure projects is the spatiality. Explained in chapter 4 the method of infrastructure information modelling for interoperation in spatial domains generate interlinks through spatial identity of entities. Match finding through spatial links enables any kind of data models sharing spatial property get interlinked. Through such spatial links each entity receives the spatial information from other data models which is related to the target entity due to sharing equivalent spatial index. This information will be the virtual properties for the object. The thesis uses Nearest Neighborhood algorithm for spatial match finding and performs filtering and refining approaches. For the abstraction of the spatial matching results hierarchical filtering techniques are used for refining the virtual properties. These approaches focus on two main application areas which are product model and Level of Detail (LoD). For the eMM suggested in this thesis a rule based interoperability method between arbitrary data models of spatial domain has been developed. The implementation of this method enables transaction of data in spatial domains run loss less. The system architecture and the implementation which has been applied on the case study of this thesis namely infrastructure and geospatial data models are described in chapter 5. Achieving afore mentioned aims results in reducing the whole project lifecycle costs, increasing reliability of the comprehensive fundamental information, and consequently in independent, cost-effective, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally sensitive infrastructure design.:ABSTRACT 4 KEYWORDS 7 TABLE OF CONTENT 8 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1. A GENERAL VIEW 14 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 15 1.3. OBJECTIVES 17 1.4. APPROACH 18 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 18 INTEROPERABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING 20 2.1. STATE OF INTEROPERABILITY 21 2.1.1. Interoperability of GIS and BIM 23 2.1.2. Interoperability of GIS and Infrastructure 25 2.2. MAIN CHALLENGES AND RELATED WORK 27 2.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING IN GEOSPATIAL CONTEXT 29 2.3.1. LamdXML: Infrastructure Data Standards 32 2.3.2. CityGML: Geospatial Data Standards 33 2.3.3. LandXML and CityGML 36 2.4. INTEROPERABILITY AND MULTIMODEL TECHNOLOGY 39 2.5. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING APPROACHES 41 INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION MODELLING 44 3.1. MULTI MODEL FOR GEOSPATIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE DATA MODELS 45 3.2. LINKING APPROACH, QUERYING AND FILTERING 48 3.2.1. Virtual Properties via Link Model 49 3.3. MULTI MODEL AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY METHOD 52 3.4. USING LEVEL OF DETAIL (LOD) FOR FILTERING 53 SPATIAL MODELLING AND PROCESSING 58 4.1. SPATIAL IDENTIFIERS 59 4.1.1. Spatial Indexes 60 4.1.2. Tree-Based Spatial Indexes 61 4.2. NEAREST NEIGHBORHOOD AS A BASIC LINK METHOD 63 4.3. HIERARCHICAL FILTERING 70 4.4. OTHER FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 75 4.5. ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 76 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IIM METHOD 77 5.1. IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.2. CASE STUDY 83 CONCLUSION 89 6.1. SUMMERY 90 6.2. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 92 6.3. FUTURE WORK 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94 7.1. BOOKS AND PAPERS 95 7.2. WEBSITES 101