La notion de texte a acquis un rôle épistémologique fondamental dans les disciplines du langage au cours de la deuxième partie du XXe siècle. Son importance vient au premier plan au sein de la sémiotique contemporaine. Une analyse de ce qu’on a appelé les outils sémiologiques permet de mettre au premier plan les enjeux épistémologiques en cause. Dès les années soixante on remarque en effet que le texte a acquis progressivement un statut général d’objet d’analyse. Néanmoins, c’est bien autour de la dimension linguistique du texte que sémiotique et herméneutique ont pu se rencontrer et se confronter. C’est ainsi que des théories du texte qui peuvent diverger se sont développées avec en arrière-plan commun des questions herméneutiques fondamentales qui ont suscité des interrogations épistémologiques et philosophiques. Il est donc nécessaire de réévaluer les relations épistémologiques entre sémiotique et herméneutique pour comprendre au moins deux modes d’approche différents du texte dans sa dimension linguistique. En prenant en charge la question interprétative au sein de l’épistémologie hjelmslevienne, la perspective ouverte par une sémiologie interprétative se place bien au croisement de ces deux approches complémentaires. Cette comparaison permet donc d’interroger de manière critique le rôle que la notion de texte a assumé dans les partages disciplinaires contemporains. En se livrant à une analyse des disciplines concernées, on s’aperçoit alors de la profonde polysémie de la notion de texte. Ce travail s’efforce de rendre compte de cette complexité terminologique et conceptuelle. / The notion of text acquires a fundamental epistemological role in the disciplines of language in the second half of the XXth century. This notion reveals all its importance especially in contemporary semiotics. The analysis of some linguistic objects we have called semiological tools could highlight some epistemological issues in the use of the term text. From the Sixties we can observe that text has progressively acquired the general status of object of analysis. Nevertheless linguistic text proves to be a common object of analysis for semiotics and hermeneutics. Comparing these two different approaches we realise that many theories of text have developed their own research on a common background made by basic hermeneutic problems which gave rise to some epistemological and philosophical questions. Therefore it’s necessary to revalue the epistemological relationship between semiotics and hermeneutics to understand something new about text. Considering the interpretative problem in the hjelmslevian epistemology, the new perspective opened by an interpretative semiology represents a crossroads for these two complementary approaches to text. Comparing semiotics and hermeneutics we can also question the epistemological role that the notion of text acts among contemporary disciplines of language. Then analysing the disciplines concerned, we can realise its polysemy. This research tries to clarify this terminological and conceptual complexity.

Los cronistas de la conquista española de los Andes recogieron en sus textos algunas muestras de la tradición oral ancestral de los pueblos avasallados. Así, Juan de Betanzos incluyó en su Suma y narración de los incas ([¿1551?] 1987) un cantar fúnebre atribuido al inca Tupac Yupanqui cuya interpretación semántica y semiolingüística es presentada en este artículo. / The chroniclers of the Spanish conquest of the Andes gathered in their texts some traces of the colonized people’s ancestral oral tradition. Thus, Juan de Betanzos included in his Suma y narración de los incas ([¿1551?] 1987) a funeral chant ascribed to Tupac Inca Yupanqui. In this article, I present a semantic and semiolinguistic interpretation of this chant.

This study explores the use of war metaphors, more specifically metaphors centred on the verb, in modern French newspaper prose from three principal angles.  The first part of the analysis shows that the verbs of war used are metaphorical rather than concrete. However, the vast majority of the metaphors stem from only five verbs, namely attaquer, affronter, combattre, défendre and lutter.  The second part of the analysis focuses on these five verbs and their metaphorical uses. It is shown that it is the semantic role of patient that separates a metaphorical use from a concrete use. A classification of the patients according to semantic fields reveals that each of the five verbs shows a distinct preference for a certain type of patient and the verbs also differ in whether their patients have negative or positive connotations. This creates an image of five verbs, each of which is conventionalised in a certain linguistic context.  The final chapter of the analysis investigates war metaphors from a textual perspective, analysing their usage according to three parameters: position, function and target domains. The position that is the most susceptible to war metaphors is the initial position. The textual functions of metaphors are divided into one semantic and three pragmatic functions. The semantic function structures the theme of an article in terms of war, construing an antagonism by means of elaborating or extending a conventional metaphor. The pragmatic functions considered are argumentative, descriptive and expressive. In the articles studied, war metaphors have mostly a descriptive or argumentative function. Finally, the target domains and their interconnections with the source domain WAR are considered, showing that the war metaphors are linked to power or the lack thereof. The metaphor often describes the person in power, but the case can be reversed with the metaphor describing the powerless resisting or fighting the person in power.