Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand in fulfillment of the Master of Science in Medicine in the School of Physiology / Introduction: The changing socio-economic landscape in Africa has brought with it unique health challenges previously uncommon in people of African ancestry. Noncommunicable diseases such as coronary artery disease and stroke have emerged as pressing public health concern highlighting the need to find more on-target diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions. Although ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) has in many studies conducted in the western world proved to be an independent predictor of carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT), such results cannot outright be imputed to people of African ancestry living in Africa. That is because people of African ancestry living in Africa are not only of a different ethnicity but are still in the early phases of an epidemiological transition while people in the western countries who are mostly Caucasians, are believed to be in the middle to late phases of an epidemiological transition. Methods: The relationship between the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (SonoCalcTM IMT version 3.4) and AMBP (Space labs model 90207) was determined in 320 randomly selected participants of African descent living in an urban developing community in South Africa. Relationships were determined after adjustment for (clinic blood pressure) BPc, age, gender, alcohol and tobacco use, the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus or inappropriate blood glucose control measured by glycated hemoglobin (ghb), antihypertensive therapy and menopausal status. III Results: Mean age for the study population was 43.7± 16.0 years. Both BPc and AMBP parameters were strongly associated with C-IMT (p<0.001) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis with BPc. and AMBP entered into separate models and after adjusting for cofounders, BPc. and AMBP maintained significant associations with CIMT. [BPc (partial r=0.0648, p< 0.1612), systolic blood pressure 24 (SBP24) (partial r= 0.236, p< 0.001), systolic blood pressure day (SBPd) (partial r= 0.302, p<0.05), systolic blood pressure night (SBPn) (partial r= 0.0983, p<0.05)]. When adjustments were made with BPc. and SBP24 entered into the same model, BPc lost its association with C-IMT, [SBP24 (partial r=0.236, p<0.001) SBPd (partial r=0.149, p<0.05), SBPn (partial r=0.172, p<0.05)]. Importantly the relationship between SBP24 and C-IMT persisted independent of body mass index (BMI), BPc and age. SBP24 had the highest significant association with C-IMT. Conclusion: SBP24 independently predicts C-IMT even in a model that includes conventional systolic blood pressure (SBPc) leading to the conclusion that AMBP is a more effective tool at diagnosing C-IMT alterations while BPcdoes not have an independent relationship C-IMT.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2015-05-28T13:25:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Moema Peisino Pereira.pdf: 1262854 bytes, checksum: b39023a4955c0cd7657e6a690fd40be5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T13:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Moema Peisino Pereira.pdf: 1262854 bytes, checksum: b39023a4955c0cd7657e6a690fd40be5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Introdução: Drogas antiepilépticas (DAEs) podem repercutir em marcadores de risco cardiovascular e promover aterosclerose. Neste estudo, propomos avaliar a influência de DAEs de primeira geração no perfil lipídico, espessura médio-intimal carotídea (EMIC) e outros marcadores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com epilepsia. Métodos: Esta dissertação é dividida em Apresentação e quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, intitulado: Drogas antiepilépticas: repercussões no perfil lipídico e espessura médio-intimal carotídea, apresentamos uma revisão crítica de artigos científicos relacionados a este tema nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Scientific Eletronic Library online (Scielo) e Literatura Latino- América e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LiLacs). O segundo capítulo, sob título Metodologia, esteve dedicado ao detalhamento dos métodos empregados no estudo transversal, com grupo controle, realizado entre março de 2013 a outubro de 2014 no Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC)- UPE e Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE. Para este estudo 138 pacientes e 63 indivíduos controles tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas para obtenção de perfil lipídico, VHS e ácido úrico. Foram excluídos indivíduos em uso de qualquer outra droga não antiepiléptica, com antecedente de eventos cardiovasculares, tabagistas, etilistas, hepatopatas e renais crônicos. A EMIC foi obtida por ultrassonografia realizada por um único radiologista. O programa SPSS 13.0 foi utilizado para análise estatística. Verificou-se a existência de associação para variáveis categóricas pelo teste quiquadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Para variáveis quantitativas, o teste de Normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar a distribuição de normalidade, seguindo-se o teste t (paramétrico) ou Mann Whitney (não paramétrico) para comparação entre dois grupos e ANOVA para comparação entre grupos. A correlação entre resultados foi efetuada através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (paramétrico) ou Spearman (não paramétrico). Resultados: No capítulo 1, artigo de revisão, discutimos que as DAEs de primeira e segunda geração podem estar associadas a modificações no perfil lipídico e indução de aterosclerose. O mecanismo e tipo desta interferência não estão totalmente estabelecidos. No terceiro, artigo original sob título: DAEs de primeira geração: repercussões no perfil lipídico e aterosclerose em pacientes com epilepsia, dos 138 pacientes incluídos, 39,85% (n = 55) faziam uso de carbamazepina (CBZ), 15,94% (n = 22) de ácido valpróico (VPA), 18,11% (n = 25) de fenobarbital (PB) e 26,08% (n = 36) politerapia. Os pacientes em uso de PB tiveram colesterol total com níveis séricos elevados com relação ao grupo controle (p = 0,007, teste t) e LDL colesterol (LDL-c) que tendeu à significância estatística (p = 0,077, teste t), o número de indivíduos neste grupo com colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicerídeos acima dos valores de referência também foi maior em relação ao grupo controle. Pacientes em uso de VPA tiveram HDL colesterol significativamente menor (p = 0,004, teste t) e valores de ácido úrico (p = 0,004, teste t) e VHS (p = 0,026, teste t) elevados, comparados ao grupo controle. Os grupos em uso CBZ, VPA ou politerapia não apresentaram modificações significativas no perfil lipídico. Nenhuma das drogas promoveu aumentos de EMIC. Idade e tempo de DAE tiveram correlações com perfil lipídico e EMIC. Conclusões: As DAEs de primeira geração estudadas tiveram diferenças de seus efeitos em marcadores de risco cardiovascular, mesmo entre as indutoras enzimáticas. Sugerimos monitorização do perfil lipídico, principalmente em indivíduos com alto risco cardiovascular e idosos.

Abstract The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that transfers cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between plasma lipoproteins. Humans with a genetic CETP deficiency have high plasma high density lipopoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, whereas the CETP transgene lowers plasma HDL-C levels in mice. The role of CETP in the development of atherosclerosis is unclear due to the controversial results of many human and animal studies. The present research was designed to investigate the CETP gene as a candidate gene in the regulation of plasma HDL-C levels and the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The CETP gene was screened for mutations and polymorphisms associated with these traits in a well-characterized, homogenous population sample of 515 men and women and in a sample of 115 men with low HDL-C levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). Using polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (PCR-SSCP), three polymorphic sites were found (A373P, I405V, R451Q) in the exons of the CETP gene, one in intron 9 and one in the 3'untranslated region of the CETP gene. In addition, the genotypes of a functional promoter polymorphism were determined. The V405 allele was associated with lower plasma CETP activity in the whole population sample, and the Q451 allele and the P373 allele were associated with higher plasma CETP activity in men, whereas the genotypes of the promoter polymorphism were not significantly associated with plasma CETP activity. The genotypes of the CETP gene explained about 20 % of the variation of plasma CETP activity in men. The CETP gene polymorphisms were found to be a minor regulator of plasma HDL-C levels, and these associations interacted with alcohol consumption, sex and triglyceride levels. The strongest association was detected between the promoter polymorphism and HDL-C levels in women. The variation at the CETP gene locus explained about 8 % of the variation in plasma HDL-C levels in women, but less than 1 % in men. CETP gene polymorphisms (A373P, I405V and R451Q) were associated with carotid intima-media thickness, explaining about 6 % of the variation in men and 4 % in women. However, none of the polymorphisms were associated significantly with the CHD risk. In conclusion, the CETP gene was found to be polymorphic and a minor regulator of plasma HDL-C levels and the development of atherosclerosis.

Background and Purpose—There is controversy in the literature regarding the relationship between intima-media thickness (IMT) and body composition among adolescents. This study investigated the relationship between body fat percentage and IMT, while controlling for height, weight, age, blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and VO2max in 12 to 17-year-old children. Methods—111 children (mean age = 14.33 years) participated in this study. Body fat percentage was assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A B-mode, high-resolution ultrasonograph was used to measure the IMT of the right and left common carotid arteries (CCA). Fasting blood tests were performed to obtain blood lipid and glucose profiles. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic blood pressure cuff.Results—Data were divided into body fat tertiles to compare differences between the upper and lower tertile. Contrary to what might be expected, the mean IMT of the group with the lowest body fat percent was 0.516 mm and the mean IMT for the upper tertile of body fat percent was 0.483 mm (F(2,103) = 5.883, p = 0.004). Post hoc analysis indicated that the two leanest groups had significantly thicker IMT than the group with the highest percent body fat (p = 0.005 and p = 0.027, respectively). The two leanest groups were not significantly different from each other. When controlling for gender, no significant relationship existed between CCA-IMT and body fat percentage (F(2,103) = 2.267, p = 0.109). Conclusions—This study found that there were significant differences in IMT between body fat percentage and CCA-IMT in children and adolescents 12 to 17-years of age. This study did indicate that as body fat increases, risk factors such as cholesterol and triglycerides also increase. Overall, the direct relationship between CCA-IMT and body fat percentage is poorly understood in children and adolescents. Further research is necessary to determine a standardized protocol for assessing atherosclerotic risk in adolescents.

Background -- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a primary premature killer of adults and risk of CVD has been linked to modifiable risk factors including dietary intake. Many diet assessment tools are costly, time consuming, and complicated. This study investigated the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk as indicated by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) using a validated, simple, self-administered rapid food screener. Methods -- Participants were 51 male and 33 female older adults with an average age of 67 years. Carotid intima-media thickness was assessed using B-mode high resolution diagnostic ultrasound. Unhealthy and healthy diet intake was assessed using a validated 22-item rapid food screener. Data on other potentially confounding variables were also collected and included blood lipid profile, BMI, and resting blood pressure. Results -- Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant relationship for the unhealthy diet pattern and cIMT for both average and maximum region cIMT (r = 0.218, p = .023; r = 0.197, p = .037 respectively). There were no significant correlations related to the healthy diet pattern. ANOVA results did indicate significant differences in cIMT means (average cIMT and maximum region cIMT) when highest intakes of fruits and vegetables were compared with lowest intakes (average cIMT, (F (1,30) 4.54, p = .041; maximum region cIMT, (F (1,30) 5.41, p = .027). Average cIMT was 0.729mm vs 0.853mm respectively for highest vs lowest fruit and vegetable intake. Maximum region cIMT was 0.864mm vs 1.023mm when comparing highest vs lowest fruit and vegetable consumers. Conclusion -- Results of this study are similar to other studies that have indicated a relationship between diet and CVD/cIMT. Dietary intakes in the present study were assessed with an easy to use, self-administered rapid food screener. This is an important aspect of the study considering previous studies have used lengthier, complicated, time intensive tools. Because the rapid food screener can be self-administered and is inexpensive it may be used as an indicator of CVD /cIMT risk by health promotion professionals and even individuals themselves.

Syftet med vår uppsats är att intervjua ungdomar som har en utländsk bakgrund, tjejer och killar i 18-års ålder på en gymnasieskola i Malmö. Vi vill studera hur de tänker, resonerar och förhåller sig kring frågor som har med sexualitet och intima relationer att göra. Detta genomfördes med en kvalitativstudie och den grundas på sju ungdomar. För att analysera vår empiri har vi använt oss av sociologen Anthony Giddens perspektiv på den moderna synen på sexualitet och kärleksideologin. Sedan även av Nader Ahmadi som diskuterar föräldrarnas svårigheter till att komma till en ny omgivning och möta en ny attityd till sex och Pierre Bourdieu begrepp, habitus. Förutom detta även socialisationens påverkan på individen och Eriksons perspektiv på hur identiteten till stor del påverkas av föräldrarna.Resultatet vi kom fram till är att ungdomarna skapar sig en egen identitet med en blandning av olika perspektiv. Denna identitet skiljer sig inte mycket från omgivningen och andra ungdomars syn på sex och intima relationer.

A expectativa de vida após correção cirúrgica da coarctação da aorta (CoAo) permanece menor que a da população geral, sendo que a maioria das mortes tardias se deve a complicações cardiovasculares, tais como: recoarctação, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), doença coronária, insuficiência cardíaca, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e morte súbita. Já se demonstrou que pacientes com CoAo têm estrutura e função arterial anormais, o que pode persistir mesmo após correção cirúrgica e ser responsável pela morbi-mortalidade tardias. Há pouca informação na literatura em relação ao possível remodelamento arterial após aortoplastia. O objetivo primário desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos imediatos e após 1 ano da aortoplastia com implante de stent na reatividade e rigidez arteriais, e na espessura do complexo médiointimal (EMI). O objetivo secundário foi correlacionar os achados evolutivos da reatividade, rigidez e espessura médiointimal arteriais entre si. Vinte e um pacientes com idade mediana de 15 anos (8-39 anos) foram estudados antes da aortoplastia e após a intervenção (1 dia, 6 meses e 1 ano). A dilatação fluxo-mediada (DFM), a dilatação induzida por nitrato na artéria braquial esquerda, a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) carotídea, e a EMI carotídea e na artéria subclávia direita foram estudadas por meio do ultrassom. Antes do tratamento percutâneo, os pacientes apresentaram dilatação fluxo-mediada (DFM) (3,50 ± 2,01% vs 17,50 ± 3,20%, p<0,0001) e dilatação induzida por nitrato (12,51±3,66% vs 28,44 ± 6,85%, p<0,0001) prejudicadas, VOP aumentada (5,40 ± 0,79 m/s vs 4,32 ± 0,54 m/s, p<0,0001) e EMI em carótidas (0,59 ± 0,09 mm vs 0,49 ± 0,04mm, p<0,0001) e artéria subclávia direita aumentadas (1,20 ± 0,25mm vs 0,69 ± 0,16 mm, p<0,0001). Um ano após aortoplastia, não houve melhora significativa na DFM (3,61±1,86%), dilatação induzida por nitrato (12,80±3,53%), rigidez arterial (5,25 ± 0,77 m/s), EMI carotídea (0,59 ± 0,11 mm) ou EMI da artéria subclávia direita (1,21 ± 0,28 mm). Não houve correlação linear entre rigidez arterial, EMI e DFM. Pacientes submetidos à aortoplastia com balão e implante de stent não apresentaram melhora da reatividade arterial, rigidez arterial e EMI. Não houve correlação da rigidez arterial, EMI e DFM entre si. / Life expectancy after surgical repair of aortic coarctation (CoA) remains lower than general population and the majority of late deaths are due to cardiovascular complications, such as recoarctation, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and sudden death. It has been shown that patients with CoA have abnormal arterial structure and function, which may persist even after surgery and may be responsible for late morbidity and mortality. There is little information regarding arterial remodeling after angioplasty. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate immediate and one year results after aortic stenting on arterial reactivity and stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT). The secondary objective was to correlate arterial reactivity, arterial stiffness and IMT. Twenty-one patients with a median age of 15 years (8-39 years) were studied before and after aortic stenting (1 day, 6 months and 1 year). The flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate-mediated dilation in left brachial artery, pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid IMT and right subclavian artery IMT were studied by ultrasound. Before the percutaneous treatment, the patients had impaired FMD (3.50 ± 2.01% vs. 17.50 ± 3.20%, p<0.0001) and nitrate-mediated dilation (12.51 ± 3.66% vs. 28.44 ± 6.85%, p<0.0001), increased PWV (5.40 ± 0.79m/s vs. 4.32 ± 0.54m/s, p<0.0001), increased both carotid IMT (0.59 ± 0.09mm vs. 0.49 ± 0,04mm, p<0.0001) and right subclavian artery IMT (1.20 ± 0.25mm vs. 0.69 ± 0 16mm p <0.0001). One year after angioplasty, there was no significant improvement in FMD (3.61 ± 1.86%), nitrate-mediated dilation (12.80 ± 3.53%), arterial stiffness (5.25 ± 0.77 m/s), carotid IMT (0.59 ± 0.11mm) or right subclavian artery IMT (1.21 ± 0.28 mm). There was no linear correlation between arterial stiffness, IMT and FMD. Patients undergoing balloon angioplasty and stenting showed no improvement in arterial reactivity, arterial stiffness and IMT. There was no correlation among arterial stiffness, IMT and FMD.

A expectativa de vida após correção cirúrgica da coarctação da aorta (CoAo) permanece menor que a da população geral, sendo que a maioria das mortes tardias se deve a complicações cardiovasculares, tais como: recoarctação, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), doença coronária, insuficiência cardíaca, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e morte súbita. Já se demonstrou que pacientes com CoAo têm estrutura e função arterial anormais, o que pode persistir mesmo após correção cirúrgica e ser responsável pela morbi-mortalidade tardias. Há pouca informação na literatura em relação ao possível remodelamento arterial após aortoplastia. O objetivo primário desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos imediatos e após 1 ano da aortoplastia com implante de stent na reatividade e rigidez arteriais, e na espessura do complexo médiointimal (EMI). O objetivo secundário foi correlacionar os achados evolutivos da reatividade, rigidez e espessura médiointimal arteriais entre si. Vinte e um pacientes com idade mediana de 15 anos (8-39 anos) foram estudados antes da aortoplastia e após a intervenção (1 dia, 6 meses e 1 ano). A dilatação fluxo-mediada (DFM), a dilatação induzida por nitrato na artéria braquial esquerda, a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) carotídea, e a EMI carotídea e na artéria subclávia direita foram estudadas por meio do ultrassom. Antes do tratamento percutâneo, os pacientes apresentaram dilatação fluxo-mediada (DFM) (3,50 ± 2,01% vs 17,50 ± 3,20%, p<0,0001) e dilatação induzida por nitrato (12,51±3,66% vs 28,44 ± 6,85%, p<0,0001) prejudicadas, VOP aumentada (5,40 ± 0,79 m/s vs 4,32 ± 0,54 m/s, p<0,0001) e EMI em carótidas (0,59 ± 0,09 mm vs 0,49 ± 0,04mm, p<0,0001) e artéria subclávia direita aumentadas (1,20 ± 0,25mm vs 0,69 ± 0,16 mm, p<0,0001). Um ano após aortoplastia, não houve melhora significativa na DFM (3,61±1,86%), dilatação induzida por nitrato (12,80±3,53%), rigidez arterial (5,25 ± 0,77 m/s), EMI carotídea (0,59 ± 0,11 mm) ou EMI da artéria subclávia direita (1,21 ± 0,28 mm). Não houve correlação linear entre rigidez arterial, EMI e DFM. Pacientes submetidos à aortoplastia com balão e implante de stent não apresentaram melhora da reatividade arterial, rigidez arterial e EMI. Não houve correlação da rigidez arterial, EMI e DFM entre si. / Life expectancy after surgical repair of aortic coarctation (CoA) remains lower than general population and the majority of late deaths are due to cardiovascular complications, such as recoarctation, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and sudden death. It has been shown that patients with CoA have abnormal arterial structure and function, which may persist even after surgery and may be responsible for late morbidity and mortality. There is little information regarding arterial remodeling after angioplasty. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate immediate and one year results after aortic stenting on arterial reactivity and stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT). The secondary objective was to correlate arterial reactivity, arterial stiffness and IMT. Twenty-one patients with a median age of 15 years (8-39 years) were studied before and after aortic stenting (1 day, 6 months and 1 year). The flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate-mediated dilation in left brachial artery, pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid IMT and right subclavian artery IMT were studied by ultrasound. Before the percutaneous treatment, the patients had impaired FMD (3.50 ± 2.01% vs. 17.50 ± 3.20%, p<0.0001) and nitrate-mediated dilation (12.51 ± 3.66% vs. 28.44 ± 6.85%, p<0.0001), increased PWV (5.40 ± 0.79m/s vs. 4.32 ± 0.54m/s, p<0.0001), increased both carotid IMT (0.59 ± 0.09mm vs. 0.49 ± 0,04mm, p<0.0001) and right subclavian artery IMT (1.20 ± 0.25mm vs. 0.69 ± 0 16mm p <0.0001). One year after angioplasty, there was no significant improvement in FMD (3.61 ± 1.86%), nitrate-mediated dilation (12.80 ± 3.53%), arterial stiffness (5.25 ± 0.77 m/s), carotid IMT (0.59 ± 0.11mm) or right subclavian artery IMT (1.21 ± 0.28 mm). There was no linear correlation between arterial stiffness, IMT and FMD. Patients undergoing balloon angioplasty and stenting showed no improvement in arterial reactivity, arterial stiffness and IMT. There was no correlation among arterial stiffness, IMT and FMD.

No pós-transplante hepático (pós-TxHep), complicações da doença cardiovascular (CV) têm sido cada vez mais prevalentes e aparecem entre as principais causas de morte nessa população. Sabe-se que alterações metabólicas e nutricionais podem estar associadas ao aumento de risco CV. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o risco CV e suas associações com o estado nutricional, ingestão alimentar e o perfil metabólico em pacientes pós-TxHep. Este estudo transversal incluiu pacientes adultos pós-TxHep. Pacientes transplantados há menos de 1 ano e com histórico de insuficiência hepática fulminante, perda de enxerto hepático ou insuficiência renal crônica pós-TxHep não foram incluídos. Os pacientes passaram por avaliação clínica, nutricional e laboratorial. A avaliação nutricional compreendeu a ingestão alimentar, através de Registro Alimentar de três dias, antropometria e dinamometria. A medida da espessura da camada íntima-média carotídea (EIMC) foi avaliada por ultrassonografia Doppler e considerada alterada quando maior que 1 milímetro. Foram avaliados 69 pacientes transplantados há 2,8 (1,4 - 6,3) anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (61%). Encontrou-se alta prevalência de desnutrição e sarcopenia, apresentada por 45% dos pacientes com área muscular do braço abaixo do percentil 15, e 71% com força do aperto de mão abaixo do percentil 30. Em contraste, 72% dos pacientes estavam com excesso de peso e 35% apresentaram Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) maior que 30 kg/m2. Pacientes com EIMC alterada (54%) apresentaram maior LDL colesterol (P = 0,01), maior proporção de proteína-C reativa ultrassensível (PCR-us) maior que 1mg/L (P = 0.02) e maior ingestão de ácidos graxos saturados e trans (P = 0.01). Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou alta prevalência de EIMC alterada em uma amostra de pacientes pós-TxHep com sobrepeso e sarcopenia, associada a níveis mais elevados de LDL colesterol, PCR-us maior que 1mg/L e maior ingestão de ácidos graxos saturados e trans. Este estudo reforça que é necessário fornecer medidas preventivas, incluindo a melhoria da qualidade dietética, para todos os pacientes pós-transplante hepático, a fim de minimizar o risco CV. / In post-liver transplantation (post-LT), complications of cardiovascular (CV) disease have been increasingly prevalent and have become one of the main causes of death in this population. It is known that metabolic and nutritional imbalance may be associated with increased CV risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate CV risk and its associations with nutritional status, food intake and metabolic profile in post-LT patients. This cross-sectional study included adult post-LT patients, who underwent clinical, nutritional and laboratory evaluation. Patients who have undergone LT for less than 1 year, and with history of fulminant hepatic failure, loss of liver graft or chronic renal failure after LT were not included. The nutritional evaluation included food intake, through a three-day Food Record, anthropometry and dynamometry. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was assessed by Doppler ultrasonography and considered abnormal when greater than 1 millimeter. A total of 69 patients transplanted 2.8 (1.4 - 6.3) years ago were evaluated, being the majority male (61%). There was a high prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia, presented by 45% of patients with arm muscle area below the 15th percentile, and 71% with handgrip strength below the 30th percentile. In contrast, 72% of the patients were overweight and 35% had Body Mass Index greater than 30 kg/m2. Patients with altered CIMT (54%) had higher LDL cholesterol (P = 0.01), higher proportion of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) greater than 1mg/L (P = 0.02) and higher intake of saturated and trans fatty acids (P = 0.01). In conclusion, this study showed a high prevalence of abnormal CIMT in a sample of post-LT patients with overweight and sarcopenia, associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol, hs-CRP greater than 1mg/L, and higher intake of saturated and trans fatty acids. This study reinforces that it is necessary to provide preventive measures, including improvement of dietary quality, for all patients after liver transplantation, in order to minimize CV risk.

Orientador: Ligia Yukie Sassaki / Resumo: Biondi, R.B. Fatores relacionados com risco cardiovascular em indivíduos com Doença Inflamatória Intestinal. 2018. 48p. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 2018. Introdução: a incidência das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), que compreendem principalmente a doença de Crohn (DC) e a retocolite ulcerativa idiopática (RCUI) aumentou nas últimas décadas. Evidências sugerem que, assim como observado em outras doenças inflamatórias, indivíduos com DII, podem apresentar maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares, uma vez que a inflamação crônica desempenha papel essencial na aterogênese. Objetivo: avaliar o risco cardiovascular de indivíduos com DC e RCUI. Metodologia: estudo transversal conduzido no periodo de abril 2016 a outubro de 2017 com indivíduos portadores de DC e RCUI atendidos no Ambulatório de DII do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (HC-FMB), comparado ao grupo controle. Foram avaliados dados como idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, pressão arterial, atividade da doença, presença de comorbidades e tratamento medicamentoso, grau de espessamento medio-intimal das artérias carótidas (EMIC), presença de placa aterosclerótica nas artérias carótidas, escore de risco framingham (ERF), níveis séricos de proteína C reativa, perfil lipídico e glicemia. Foram utilizado o teste "t" de Student e o teste Mann-Whitney comparação dos grupos. Foram realizadas a regressão logística... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Biondi, R.B. Factors related to cardiovascular risk in individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 2018. 48p. Dissertation (Master’s). Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 2018. Introduction: The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which encompass Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), has increased over the past decades. Considering that chronic inflammation plays an essential role in atherogenesis, studies have shown IBD may be associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk. Objective: The objective was to assess cardiovascular risk in CD or UC individuals. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between April 2016 and October 2017, included CD or UC outpatients from the IBD outpatient clinic of Botucatu Medical School Hospital compared to a control group. Data collected included age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, arterial blood pressure, disease activity, presence of co-morbidities, ongoing medical treatment, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque, Framingham risk score (FRS), serum C-reactive protein, lipid profile and glucose level. Groups were compared using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney test. Multivariate logistic regression or multiple linear regression analyses were performed with significance level at 5%. Results: 52 individuals in IBD group and 37 matched controls were included. In IBD group, 67.3% of the individuals had UC and 32.7% presented CD... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre