This thesis examines the interactions of two non-indigenous algae, Mazzaella japonica and Sargassum muticum, where they co-exist and their impacts on native species in their recipient habitats. Field and lab experiments were conducted to determine if they impact native seaweed communities, marine invertebrates, and supralittoral regions. In situ studies conducted in areas where Mazzaella japonica exists without Sargassum muticum found that removal of M. japonica allowed for an increase of native seaweed abundance and richness growing in fully subtidal regions, but had no detectable impact on native seaweeds growing in intertidal regions. Additionally, at the intertidal site, removal of M. japonica resulted in the recruitment of S. muticum. In regions where the two non-indigenous seaweeds co-exist, removal of both non-indigenous seaweeds negatively impacted native seaweeds. The magnitude of this negative impact was greater in subtidal compared to intertidal regions. M. japonica removal had a greater impact on native seaweed recovery than did S. muticum removal in areas of co-existence. Removal of Mazzaella japonica also allowed for a significant increase in percent cover of Sargassum muticum at both sites where these two seaweeds co-exist. An increase in percent cover of M. japonica was found at the subtidal site when S. muticum was removed. Though both species increased when reprieved from competition with the other non-indigenous species, removal of M. japonica had a far greater influence on the increase in cover of S. muticum. This suggests that M. japonica is the dominant competitor in the ecosystem outcompeting S. muticum. Field surveys found Mazzaella japonica was the dominant wrack species washing up on beaches in Baynes Sound. Though Sargassum muticum is also a component of the wrack, it has a disproportionately large influence as a spatial subsidy on beach habitats. S. muticum decayed and decomposed at a faster rate than M. japonica and all native seaweeds tested except for Chondracanthus exasperatus. Additionally, S. muticum was colonized by significantly more invertebrates than either M. japonica or Fucus spp. Results from these studies are intended to provide information for resource managers making policy decisions regarding the fate of these two non-indigenous species. / Graduate / 0329

A maioria dos hidrozoários é marinha, mas eles também são frequentemente encontrados em estuários. Estes ambientes são considerados um dos principais em número de invasões biológicas. A fauna brasileira de hidrozoários estuarinos é praticamente desconhecida, exceto por alguns registros esparsos. Os objetivos deste estudo são (1) inventariar a fauna de hidroides planctônicos e bentônicos em quarto estuários, Cananéia, Paranaguá, Guaratuba e Babitonga das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, investigando as afinidades entre os estuários e também a relação entre pólipos estuarinos e seus substratos; (2) caracterizar e comparar as comunidades de hidrozoários planctônicos e bentônicos no gradiente salino (3) e entre o verão (estação chuvosa) e o inverno (estação seca); e (4) inferir padrões que possam auxiliar no entendimento das invasões dos medusozoários. As amostras foram realizadas nos verões e invernos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, em seis isohalinas, sempre que possível. Nós também copilamos dados da literatura com registros de espécies invasoras e criptogênicas e contrastamos estes registros com as características biológicas das espécies. Nós identificamos 37 espécies de hidrozoários (21 medusas e 17 pólipos). Liriope tetraphylla foi a medusa mais frequente em amostras nos estuários de Cananéia e Guaratuba, mas Clytia spp. e Blackfordia virginica foram as medusas mais abundantes nas baías de Paranaguá e Babitonga, respectivamente. Bougainvillia muscus, Clytia gracilis e Obelia bidentata foram as espécies de pólipos mais frequentes em todos os estuários. Os pólipos frequentemente utilizaram cracas, bivalves, hidrozoários e partes de mangue como substrato. Clytia gracilis foi a espécie encontrada sobre maior número de substratos diferentes, enquanto Acharadria crocea foi encontrada mais frequentemente sobre substratos artificiais. Entre as Entre as medusas, Ectopleura dumortieri foi encontrada apenas na salinidade mais alta (30) em todos os estuários, enquanto Moerisia inkermanica foi encontrada apenas nas salinidades 10 e 15. Entre os pólipos A. crocea restringiu-se a salinidade 30 em todos os estuários. A maioria das espécies de medusas (67%) e de pólipos (65%) amostrada era eurialina, ocorrendo em pelo menos quatro salinidades diferentes. As comunidades das medusas variaram sazonalmente, principalmente pela variação na abundância das espécies mais ubíquas. Enquanto as comunidades de pólipos parecem ter sido menos influenciadas pelas estações, exceto por A. crocea que ocorreu apenas no inverno. Nós listamos 43 (37 Hydrozoa e 6 Scyphozoa) como invasoras e 15 espécies de Hydrozoa como criptogênicas. Nós observamos que alguns padrões de invasão nos Medusozoa podem estar relacionados à biologia das espécies e com a filogenia dos grupos. / The majority of the hydrozoans is marine, but they are also often recorded in estuaries. This environment is considered one of the most important in number of biological invasions. The Brazilian brackish hydrozoan fauna is practically unknown, except for some scattered records. The goals of this study are (1) to survey the planktonic and benthic hydrozoans fauna in four estuaries, Cananéia, Paranaguá, Guaratuba e Babitonga, from southern Brazil, investigating the affinities among these estuaries and also the relationship between estuarine polyps and their substrates; (2) characterize and compare the planktonic and benthonic hydrozoan communities in salinity gradients (3) and between summer (raining station) and winter (dry station); and (4) infer patterns that might help to understand Medusozoan invasion. Samplings were carried out during summer and winter of 2007, 2008 and 2009, at six isohalines for each estuary, whenever it was possible. We also compiled data of literature records of invasive and cryptogenic species and contrasted those records with biological features of these species. We have recorded 37 species of hydrozoans (21 medusa and 17 polyps). Liriope tetraphylla was the most abundant and frequent medusa in the samples of Cananéia and Guaratuba estuaries, but Clytia spp. and Blackfordia virginica were the most abundant medusae in Paranaguá and Babitonga bays, respectively. Bougainvillia muscus, Clytia gracilis and Obelia bidentata were the most frequent polyps in all estuaries. Polyps frequently used barnacles, hydrozoans, mussels shells and mangrove parts as substrates. Clytia gracilis was the species recorded in the largest number of substrates, while Acharadria crocea was recorded more often on artificial substrates. Among the medusae, Ectopleura dumortieri was found only in the highest salinity (30) in all estuaries, while Moerisia inkermanica was recorded in the salinities 10 and 15. Among the polyps, A. crocea was constrained to salinity 30 in all estuaries. The majority of the species of medusa (67%) and polyp (65%) sampled was euryhaline, occurring in at least four different salinities. Communities of medusae vary seasonally, mainly by the abundance variation of the most ubiquitous species. Whilst the community of polyps seems to be less influenced by season, except for A. crocea that occurred only in winter. We have listed 43 (37 Hydrozoa and 6 Scyphozoa) species recorded as invaders and 15 hydrozoan species record as cryptogenic. We have observed that some patterns of invasion in Medusozoa may be related with the species\' biology and with the phylogeny of the group

A formação da propriedade fundiária em Goiás está articulada a três políticas de expansão territorial, que promovem a integração do estado ao mercado nacional: 1) a Marcha para Oeste e a criação da Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás, no ano de 1941, que favoreceu o apossamento do norte goiano a partir das notícias que circulavam entre os camponeses de que as terras eram devolutas e sem obstáculo para ocupação; 2) a transferência da capital federal para o interior do território goiano e o surgimento do mercado fundiário com a atuação de grupos de grilagem, fazendeiros e especuladores, contra as terras dos posseiros. Estes, compartilhando de experiências de privação da terra e encarando a chegada no norte de Goiás como a possibilidade da consolidação da propriedade, reagiram violentamente contra a tentativa de esbulho de suas terras, e, no início dos nos 1960, somou-se também a luta pela reforma agrária radical; 3) o golpe civil-militar de 1964, que consolidou as condições para o mercado de terras concentracionista, que assegurou às classes dominantes e ao capital estrangeiro interessado nas terras do norte goiano e da Amazônia Legal a garantia absoluta de suas propriedades. Assim, a formação da propriedade fundiária em Goiás está articulada a importantes momentos da luta política pelo domínio do Estado e das contradições do desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil como gestação de um projeto para o agro que se consolidaria em 1964. / Formation of land property in Goias was attached to three territory expansion policies which promoted the integration of the state to the National Brazilian market: 1) The \"March to the West\" and the creation of Goias\' National Agricultural Colony (Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás), in 1941. That favored squatting on Southern Goias based on ongoing news among the peasants that land plots were unclaimed, with no obstacle to occupation; 2) Injection of Federal funds into Goias\' countryside and the birth of the land trade market, acted upon by illegal invaders, farmers, and profiteers, taking land from squatter peasants. Those, sharing experiences of land deprivation and facing their arrival on Northern Goias as a possibility of realization of their land property, reacted violently against trespassing attempts to their land. Also, in the beggining of the 1960\'s the fight for a radical Agrarian Reform added to that reaction; 3) The Civilian and Military Coup of 1964, which consolidated the centralized land market and ensured to ruling classes and foreign capital the absolute control over their interests on land on Northern Goias and Legal Amazon. Therefore, formation of land property in Goias is attached to remarkable moments in political struggles for dominance of the state, and contradictions on Brazil\'s Capitalist development, as genesis of an Agrarian project with would come to be in 1964.

A maioria dos hidrozoários é marinha, mas eles também são frequentemente encontrados em estuários. Estes ambientes são considerados um dos principais em número de invasões biológicas. A fauna brasileira de hidrozoários estuarinos é praticamente desconhecida, exceto por alguns registros esparsos. Os objetivos deste estudo são (1) inventariar a fauna de hidroides planctônicos e bentônicos em quarto estuários, Cananéia, Paranaguá, Guaratuba e Babitonga das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, investigando as afinidades entre os estuários e também a relação entre pólipos estuarinos e seus substratos; (2) caracterizar e comparar as comunidades de hidrozoários planctônicos e bentônicos no gradiente salino (3) e entre o verão (estação chuvosa) e o inverno (estação seca); e (4) inferir padrões que possam auxiliar no entendimento das invasões dos medusozoários. As amostras foram realizadas nos verões e invernos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, em seis isohalinas, sempre que possível. Nós também copilamos dados da literatura com registros de espécies invasoras e criptogênicas e contrastamos estes registros com as características biológicas das espécies. Nós identificamos 37 espécies de hidrozoários (21 medusas e 17 pólipos). Liriope tetraphylla foi a medusa mais frequente em amostras nos estuários de Cananéia e Guaratuba, mas Clytia spp. e Blackfordia virginica foram as medusas mais abundantes nas baías de Paranaguá e Babitonga, respectivamente. Bougainvillia muscus, Clytia gracilis e Obelia bidentata foram as espécies de pólipos mais frequentes em todos os estuários. Os pólipos frequentemente utilizaram cracas, bivalves, hidrozoários e partes de mangue como substrato. Clytia gracilis foi a espécie encontrada sobre maior número de substratos diferentes, enquanto Acharadria crocea foi encontrada mais frequentemente sobre substratos artificiais. Entre as Entre as medusas, Ectopleura dumortieri foi encontrada apenas na salinidade mais alta (30) em todos os estuários, enquanto Moerisia inkermanica foi encontrada apenas nas salinidades 10 e 15. Entre os pólipos A. crocea restringiu-se a salinidade 30 em todos os estuários. A maioria das espécies de medusas (67%) e de pólipos (65%) amostrada era eurialina, ocorrendo em pelo menos quatro salinidades diferentes. As comunidades das medusas variaram sazonalmente, principalmente pela variação na abundância das espécies mais ubíquas. Enquanto as comunidades de pólipos parecem ter sido menos influenciadas pelas estações, exceto por A. crocea que ocorreu apenas no inverno. Nós listamos 43 (37 Hydrozoa e 6 Scyphozoa) como invasoras e 15 espécies de Hydrozoa como criptogênicas. Nós observamos que alguns padrões de invasão nos Medusozoa podem estar relacionados à biologia das espécies e com a filogenia dos grupos. / The majority of the hydrozoans is marine, but they are also often recorded in estuaries. This environment is considered one of the most important in number of biological invasions. The Brazilian brackish hydrozoan fauna is practically unknown, except for some scattered records. The goals of this study are (1) to survey the planktonic and benthic hydrozoans fauna in four estuaries, Cananéia, Paranaguá, Guaratuba e Babitonga, from southern Brazil, investigating the affinities among these estuaries and also the relationship between estuarine polyps and their substrates; (2) characterize and compare the planktonic and benthonic hydrozoan communities in salinity gradients (3) and between summer (raining station) and winter (dry station); and (4) infer patterns that might help to understand Medusozoan invasion. Samplings were carried out during summer and winter of 2007, 2008 and 2009, at six isohalines for each estuary, whenever it was possible. We also compiled data of literature records of invasive and cryptogenic species and contrasted those records with biological features of these species. We have recorded 37 species of hydrozoans (21 medusa and 17 polyps). Liriope tetraphylla was the most abundant and frequent medusa in the samples of Cananéia and Guaratuba estuaries, but Clytia spp. and Blackfordia virginica were the most abundant medusae in Paranaguá and Babitonga bays, respectively. Bougainvillia muscus, Clytia gracilis and Obelia bidentata were the most frequent polyps in all estuaries. Polyps frequently used barnacles, hydrozoans, mussels shells and mangrove parts as substrates. Clytia gracilis was the species recorded in the largest number of substrates, while Acharadria crocea was recorded more often on artificial substrates. Among the medusae, Ectopleura dumortieri was found only in the highest salinity (30) in all estuaries, while Moerisia inkermanica was recorded in the salinities 10 and 15. Among the polyps, A. crocea was constrained to salinity 30 in all estuaries. The majority of the species of medusa (67%) and polyp (65%) sampled was euryhaline, occurring in at least four different salinities. Communities of medusae vary seasonally, mainly by the abundance variation of the most ubiquitous species. Whilst the community of polyps seems to be less influenced by season, except for A. crocea that occurred only in winter. We have listed 43 (37 Hydrozoa and 6 Scyphozoa) species recorded as invaders and 15 hydrozoan species record as cryptogenic. We have observed that some patterns of invasion in Medusozoa may be related with the species\' biology and with the phylogeny of the group

A formação da propriedade fundiária em Goiás está articulada a três políticas de expansão territorial, que promovem a integração do estado ao mercado nacional: 1) a Marcha para Oeste e a criação da Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás, no ano de 1941, que favoreceu o apossamento do norte goiano a partir das notícias que circulavam entre os camponeses de que as terras eram devolutas e sem obstáculo para ocupação; 2) a transferência da capital federal para o interior do território goiano e o surgimento do mercado fundiário com a atuação de grupos de grilagem, fazendeiros e especuladores, contra as terras dos posseiros. Estes, compartilhando de experiências de privação da terra e encarando a chegada no norte de Goiás como a possibilidade da consolidação da propriedade, reagiram violentamente contra a tentativa de esbulho de suas terras, e, no início dos nos 1960, somou-se também a luta pela reforma agrária radical; 3) o golpe civil-militar de 1964, que consolidou as condições para o mercado de terras concentracionista, que assegurou às classes dominantes e ao capital estrangeiro interessado nas terras do norte goiano e da Amazônia Legal a garantia absoluta de suas propriedades. Assim, a formação da propriedade fundiária em Goiás está articulada a importantes momentos da luta política pelo domínio do Estado e das contradições do desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil como gestação de um projeto para o agro que se consolidaria em 1964. / Formation of land property in Goias was attached to three territory expansion policies which promoted the integration of the state to the National Brazilian market: 1) The \"March to the West\" and the creation of Goias\' National Agricultural Colony (Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás), in 1941. That favored squatting on Southern Goias based on ongoing news among the peasants that land plots were unclaimed, with no obstacle to occupation; 2) Injection of Federal funds into Goias\' countryside and the birth of the land trade market, acted upon by illegal invaders, farmers, and profiteers, taking land from squatter peasants. Those, sharing experiences of land deprivation and facing their arrival on Northern Goias as a possibility of realization of their land property, reacted violently against trespassing attempts to their land. Also, in the beggining of the 1960\'s the fight for a radical Agrarian Reform added to that reaction; 3) The Civilian and Military Coup of 1964, which consolidated the centralized land market and ensured to ruling classes and foreign capital the absolute control over their interests on land on Northern Goias and Legal Amazon. Therefore, formation of land property in Goias is attached to remarkable moments in political struggles for dominance of the state, and contradictions on Brazil\'s Capitalist development, as genesis of an Agrarian project with would come to be in 1964.

This document is directed toward those who have little knowledge about Trinidad, its people, the Carnival activities, and the Panorama competition. This research work should help summarize the evolution of steel drums while providing a transcription of a Panorama score for further scholarly study. The first part of this lecture document includes a brief history and evolution of Trinidad, its people, and musical developments through Carnival. The second portion reports and discusses field research with the Trintoc Invaders in preparation for the 1989 and 1990 Panorama competitions. The third part is a detailed analysis of Ray Holman's Panorama arrangement of "Life's Too Short" for the Trintoc Invaders using theme and variation as the formal structure. Information for this lecture recital document was gathered from written sources in Trinidadian libraries and field work in the Trintoc Invader's pan yard. The source materials: newspaper articles, magazine articles, and books were gathered from the University of the West Indies in St. Augustine and from the West Indian Collection of the Central Library in Belmont. In addition to these materials, interviews were conducted with some older panmen who participated in the very first steel bands. Documents, such as lists of steel bands in Trinidad and Tobago, Panorama results, and judging procedures were obtained from the Pan Trinbago headquarters in Port-of-Spain. Musical information was gathered by rehearsing and playing tenor pan with the Invaders Steel Band Orchestra located in Woodbrook and working closely with their arranger and composer, Ray Holman. Permission was granted to notate his arrangement for analysis and all rights are reserved.

This dissertation presents research on the value of using different sources of data to explore the factors determining invasiveness of introduced species. The research draws upon the availability of data on the historical trial plantings of alien species and other sources. The focus of the study is on Australian Acacia species as a taxon introduced into southern Africa (Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland). The first component of the study focused on understanding the factors determining introduction outcome of species in historical trial plantings and invasion success of Australian Acacia species using Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and classification tree techniques. SDMs were calibrated using the native range occurrence records (Australia) and were validated using results of 150 years of South African government forestry trial planting records and invaded range data from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas. To understand factors associated with survival (‘trial success’) or failure to survive (‘trial failure’) of species in historical trial plantings, classification and regression tree analysis was used. The results indicate climate as one of the factors that explains introduction and/or invasion success of Australian Acacia species in southern Africa. However, the results also indicate that for ‘trial failures’ there are factors other than climate that could have influenced the trial outcome. This study emphasizes the need to integrate data on whether the species has been recorded to be invasive elsewhere with climate matching for invasion risk assessment. The second component of the study focused on understanding the distribution patterns of Australian Acacia species that are not known as invasive in southern Africa. The specific aims were to determine which species still exist at previously recorded sites and determine the current invasion status. This was done by collating data from different sources that list species introduced into southern Africa and then conducting revisits. For the purpose of this study, revisits means conducting field surveys based on recorded occurrences of introduced species. The known occurrence data for species on the list were obtained from different data sources and various invasion biology experts. As it was not practical to do revisits for all species on the list, three ornamental species (Acacia floribunda, A. pendula and A. retinodes) were selected as part of the pilot study for the conducted revisits in this study. Acacia retinodes trees were not found during the revisits. The results provided data that could be used to characterize species based on the Blackburn et al., (2011) scheme. However, it is not clear whether observed Acacia pendula or A. floribunda trees will spread away from the sites hence the need to continuously monitor sites for spread. The methods used in this research establish a protocol for future work on conducting revisits at known localities of introduced species to determine their population dynamics and thereby characterize the species according to the scheme for management purposes. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Zoology and Entomology / MSc (Zoology) / Unrestricted