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L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle de la syllabe dans l’entrée dans l’écrit des élèves de grande section de maternelle par le biais d’une tâche d’écriture inventée. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’examiner les pratiques didactiques des enseignants de grande section à l’aide d’un questionnaire portant les unités de langues les plus employées dans la découverte de la langue (lettre/son, syllabe et mot) et dans les domaines d’activités de la lecture, de l’écriture et de l’oral. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’unité la plus employée en lecture et en écriture est le mot, alors que l’unité de l’oral est la syllabe. Partant de ce constat, nous avons cherché à connaître l’impact que pourrait avoir un travail oral basé sur la syllabe sur les productions écrites des élèves. L’ensemble des données obtenues est en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les élèves prennent en compte des éléments de l’oral (lettre, son, syllabe) pour coder des énoncés oraux à l’écrit. De plus, les résultats montrent l’usage de six traitements qui sous-tendent l’entrée dans l’écrit démontrant que ce n’est pas un processus unique et que de nombreux paramètres peuvent conduire l’élève à traiter un énoncé oral de diverses manières. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mené une étude de didactique expérimentale basée sur la syllabe orale dans le but d’observer les effets d’un entraînement régulier à la syllabe orale sur les productions écrites des élèves. Les résultats ne permettent pas de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle la syllabe serait l’unité pivot de l’entrée dans l’écrit en grande section de maternelle, mais montrent néanmoins certains effets de l’intervention.L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle de la syllabe dans l’entrée dans l’écrit des élèves de grande section de maternelle par le biais d’une tâche d’écriture inventée. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’examiner les pratiques didactiques des enseignants de grande section à l’aide d’un questionnaire portant les unités de langues les plus employées dans la découverte de la langue (lettre/son, syllabe et mot) et dans les domaines d’activités de la lecture, de l’écriture et de l’oral. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’unité la plus employée en lecture et en écriture est le mot, alors que l’unité de l’oral est la syllabe. Partant de ce constat, nous avons cherché à connaître l’impact que pourrait avoir un travail oral basé sur la syllabe sur les productions écrites des élèves. L’ensemble des données obtenues est en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les élèves prennent en compte des éléments de l’oral (lettre, son, syllabe) pour coder des énoncés oraux à l’écrit. De plus, les résultats montrent l’usage de six traitements qui sous-tendent l’entrée dans l’écrit démontrant que ce n’est pas un processus unique et que de nombreux paramètres peuvent conduire l’élève à traiter un énoncé oral de diverses manières. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mené une étude de didactique expérimentale basée sur la syllabe orale dans le but d’observer les effets d’un entraînement régulier à la syllabe orale sur les productions écrites des élèves. Les résultats ne permettent pas de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle la syllabe serait l’unité pivot de l’entrée dans l’écrit en grande section de maternelle, mais montrent néanmoins certains effets de l’intervention. / The aim of this thesis is to study the role of syllable at early learning of writing for kindergarten pupils by the means of an invented spelling task. First of all, in fields of activities such as reading, writing and oral examination, it is a matter of examining the didactic practices of kindergarten teachers thanks to a questionnaire carrying the most employed units used in the discovery of languages (letter/sound, syllable and word). The results show that the most employed unit in reading and writing activities is the word, whereas the unit of the oral examination is the syllable. On the basis of this report, we sought to know the impact of an oral work based on the syllable, upon pupils’ written productions. All obtained data is in favor of the assumption according to which, the pupils take into account elements of the oral examination (letter, sound, and syllable) to code oral statements in their writings. Moreover, results show the use of six treatments, which underlie the early learning of writing, and show that it is not a single process, and that many parameters can lead the pupil to treat an oral statement in various ways. Eventually, we conducted a study of experimental didactic work based on the oral syllable, aiming to observe the effects of a regular training for oral syllable upon the written productions of the pupils. The results do not make it possible to validate the assumption according to which, the syllable would be the pivot unit of the entrance in writing at kindergarten, but nevertheless show certain effects of the intervention.

Este trabalho pretende analisar e demonstrar como as tópicas musicais afro-brasileiras são um exemplo de tradição inventada na música brasileira do século XX (especialmente a partir do modernismo e do nacionalismo musical no Brasil). O conceito de tradição inventada foi amplamento discutido e desenvolvido pelo historiador Eric Hobsbawm, e diz respeito a um conjunto de práticas reguladas por regras comumente aceitas, estabelecendo normas derivadas do costume ou da convenção. Assim, este trabalho correlacionará o conceito de tópicas musicais e o conceito de tradição inventada, a fim mostrar como a aparente configuração de uma tópica não está de acordo com sua forma original e nem tampouco é uma representação literal do que se refere, mas sim estilizações e recriações estabelecidas através de um senso comum. Tudo isso será feito a partir de uma abordagem que reúne a análise musical e abordagens semióticas baseadas na teoria das tópicas, a fim de compreender alguns caminhos de significação nos processos composicionais da música brasileira. Para isso exemplificarei e analisarei a tópica canto de xangô e a tópica berimbau em obras de compositores a partir do modernismo e nacionalismo musical brasileiro, percorrendo então outros compositores brasileiros ao longo do século XX, tanto na música erudita quanto na música popular, até abordagens mais recentes como obras dos compositores Rodolfo Coelho de Souza e Fernando Iazzetta. / This work aims to analyze and demonstrate how African-Brazilian musical topics are an example of invented tradition in Brazilian music of the 20th century (especially from modernism and musical nationalism in Brazil). The concept of invented tradition was widely discussed and developed by the historian Eric Hobsbawm, and it concerns a set of practices regulated by commonly accepted rules, establishing norms derived from custom or convention. Thus, this work will correlate the concept of musical topics and the concept of invented tradition to show how the apparent configuration of a topic is not in accordance with its original form, neither is it a literal representation of what it refers to. Rather than that, they are stylizations and recreations established through a common sense. All of this will be done by bringing together the musical analysis and semiotic approaches based on topic theory in order to understand some paths of signification in the compositional processes of Brazilian music. Therefore, I will exemplify and analyze the canto de xangô topic and the berimbau topic in works of composers from modernism and Brazilian musical nationalism, by going from other Brazilian composers throughout the twentieth century, both in classical and popular music, until the most recent approaches, as found in works by the composers Rodolfo Coelho de Souza and Fernando Iazzetta.

Business leaders must adopt new business practices to sustain their organizations and meet the paradigm of global competition. In the 21st century, innovation and market readiness have become the primary criteria for sustainability of an organization. Some organizational leaders should adopt open innovation strategy to stay competitive and foster a positive impact on their organizations' performance while practicing a systematic inclusion of knowledge from sources outside of the organization. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore effective strategies business leaders use to cultivate a sustainable open innovation culture. The population consisted of leaders from 200 high technology organizations in the Washington, D.C. area. Purposeful sampling was used to select 4 organizations whose leaders demonstrated successful cultivation of open innovation culture. Schein's culture theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and review of the organizations' annual reports, publications, websites, and brochures. Data analysis was based on Vaismoradi, Turunen, and Bondas's systematic content and thematic analysis approach, proceding from study data to codes to themes. The outcome led to 4 primary themes: organizational strategic alignment, collaboration as a force multiplier for innovation, organizational culture change, and expert understanding of the customers' needs. Implications for positive social change include fostering innovative organizations whose members bring to the market cost-effective solutions and bridge between market needs and technological solutions. Members of innovative organizations impact underserved communities in terms of material wealth, social welfare, and employment opportunities.

This work explores the connections between the constructed representations of places based on local histories, the processes of tradition reinvention and the strategies of regional development in two Russian regions. This analysis also outlines the context created by the external to the regions influences and the associated with them local conditions.

This work explores the connections between the constructed representations of places based on local histories, the processes of tradition reinvention and the strategies of regional development in two Russian regions. This analysis also outlines the context created by the external to the regions influences and the associated with them local conditions.

This work explores the connections between the constructed representations of places based on local histories, the processes of tradition reinvention and the strategies of regional development in two Russian regions. This analysis also outlines the context created by the external to the regions influences and the associated with them local conditions.

The three centennial celebrations sponsored by the W.A.C. Bennett Social Credit government in 1958, 1966/67 and 1971 were part of a process of self-definition and province building. Post-war state development in British Columbia certainly included expanding and nationalizing transportation, building ambitious mega projects, and encouraging resource extraction in the hinterlands. The previously unstudied centennials were no less important to defining post-war British Columbia by creating the infrastructure on which cultural and hegemonic province building could take place. Using the methodologies and theories of Cultural Studies this study attends to both the discursive and material elements of these occasions. It uses the voluminous records of the three Centennial Committees, newspaper articles, government reports, and documents from community archives to reveal that that these elaborate and costly centenaries served the government’s desire to build an industry-oriented consensus in BC’s populace. The government - and its Centennial Committees - sought to overcome regional disparities and invite mass participation by making the celebrations truly provincial in nature. Each community, no matter its size, had a local centennial committee, was funded for local commemorative projects, was encouraged to write its history, and enjoyed traveling centenary entertainments. All communities benefited from cultural amenities, the province’s capital assets grew, the province started to undertake heritage conservation and residents gained a new appreciation for their history. Invented traditions - limited and constructed historical re-creations and motifs – helped overcome regional differences. British Columbians were presented with images and narratives of explorers, gold-seekers, and pioneer-entrepreneurs who opened up the interior with ingenuity and bravery, as well as a mythic, popular “old west” narrative that all citizens, no matter region, could rally around. A trade fair and tourism promotion reinforced the tradition of industry especially for manufacturers and small business. By and large, British Columbians in 1958 – particularly white males who found an anti-modern release in centennial events – accepted and legitimized this industry-oriented consensus. In the two later centennials new counter-hegemonies challenged this consensus. First Nations had opposed the colonial narrative in 1958, but by 1966/67 and 1971 they were more vocal and politically active. Other British Columbians opposed the development agenda of the centenaries; youth, environmentalists and labour argued that the celebrations were a waste of time, money, and energy when more pressing issues of environmental degradation and unemployment were present. The government’s static Centennial Committee was ill equipped to address these challenges. It offered superficial amends, such as creating Indian Participation and Youth Subcommittees, but ultimately could not repudiate the hegemony on which it, and Social Credit, was based.

A ‘Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria’ – CFS – é uma prática cultural que marca o início das comemorações da ‘Semana da Pátria’ em Porto Alegre no final da década de 1930. A partir de 1938, a CFS foi editada anualmente pela Liga de Defesa Nacional (LDN) com o apoio de dirigentes esportivos porto-alegrenses. Foram esses dirigentes que idealizaram a CFS em Porto Alegre, após assistirem a “Corrida de Revezamento da Chama Olímpica” na cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Berlim em 1936. Este estudo busca compreender a participação dos clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses na construção de representações da identidade nacional brasileira através da invenção da ‘Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria’ no período de 1938 a 1947. Para tanto, utilizaram-se fontes impressas e orais. As fontes impressas primárias se restringem aos documentos e obras da LDN; entre as principais fontes impressas secundárias estão a Revista do Globo e o jornal Correio do Povo. Foram realizadas duas entrevistas que constituem as fontes orais. A Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria (1938-1947) foi uma tradição inventada em Porto Alegre, institucionalizada pela LDN com o apoio social feito pelos clubes esportivos. A justificativa de sua realização se deu através de ligações históricosagradas e sua fixação através da repetição anual nas cidades. A CFS buscava engendrar ‘valores’, associados à construção da identidade nacional brasileira. Dessa forma produziu no imaginário porto-alegrense a representação de coesão e unidade nacional em razão do formato de percorrer a nação e ter como ponto de culminância sempre a cidade de Porto Alegre. No contexto esportivo, produziu a representação de que os clubes esportivos identificados como ‘estrangeiros’ foram ‘abrasileirados’ devido à participação de dirigentes esportivos e atletas na CFS. / The 'Nation Torch Relay' – NTR – it is a cultural practice that marks the beginning of the celebrations from 'Nation’s Week’ in Porto Alegre city by the 1930's end. From 1938, the NTR has annually been edited by the National Defense League (NDL) with portoalegrenses sports leaders support. There were those leaders who idealized the NTR in Porto Alegre, after they watched the "Olympic Torch Relay" at Berlin Olympic Games opening ceremony in 1936. This study aims to understand the participation of portoalegrenses sports clubs in the construction of representations from the Brazilian national identity through the invention of the 'Nation Torch Relay' in the period from 1938 to 1947. For this purpose, printed and oral sources were used. The printed primary sources are limited to NDL’s documents and works; among the main printed secondary sources are Globo’s Magazine and Correio do Povo newspaper. There were two interviews, which are the oral sources. The ‘Nation Torch Relay’ (1938-1947) was an invented tradition in Porto Alegre city, institutionalized by NDL with social support from the city’s sports clubs. The justification of its achievement was made by historical and sacred’s links and its fixation through annual repetition in the cities. The NTR aimed to pass 'values'; and they were associated to the construction of Brazilian national identity. Thus, it produced in the porto-alegrense imagination, the representation of national cohesion and unity because of the way it roams about the nation and has as a point of culmination Porto Alegre city. In the sports context, it produced the representation that sports clubs identified, as 'foreigners', were 'adopted Brazilian ways and manners' due to athletes and sports leaders participation in the NTR.

A ‘Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria’ – CFS – é uma prática cultural que marca o início das comemorações da ‘Semana da Pátria’ em Porto Alegre no final da década de 1930. A partir de 1938, a CFS foi editada anualmente pela Liga de Defesa Nacional (LDN) com o apoio de dirigentes esportivos porto-alegrenses. Foram esses dirigentes que idealizaram a CFS em Porto Alegre, após assistirem a “Corrida de Revezamento da Chama Olímpica” na cerimônia de abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Berlim em 1936. Este estudo busca compreender a participação dos clubes esportivos porto-alegrenses na construção de representações da identidade nacional brasileira através da invenção da ‘Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria’ no período de 1938 a 1947. Para tanto, utilizaram-se fontes impressas e orais. As fontes impressas primárias se restringem aos documentos e obras da LDN; entre as principais fontes impressas secundárias estão a Revista do Globo e o jornal Correio do Povo. Foram realizadas duas entrevistas que constituem as fontes orais. A Corrida de Revezamento do Fogo Simbólico da Pátria (1938-1947) foi uma tradição inventada em Porto Alegre, institucionalizada pela LDN com o apoio social feito pelos clubes esportivos. A justificativa de sua realização se deu através de ligações históricosagradas e sua fixação através da repetição anual nas cidades. A CFS buscava engendrar ‘valores’, associados à construção da identidade nacional brasileira. Dessa forma produziu no imaginário porto-alegrense a representação de coesão e unidade nacional em razão do formato de percorrer a nação e ter como ponto de culminância sempre a cidade de Porto Alegre. No contexto esportivo, produziu a representação de que os clubes esportivos identificados como ‘estrangeiros’ foram ‘abrasileirados’ devido à participação de dirigentes esportivos e atletas na CFS. / The 'Nation Torch Relay' – NTR – it is a cultural practice that marks the beginning of the celebrations from 'Nation’s Week’ in Porto Alegre city by the 1930's end. From 1938, the NTR has annually been edited by the National Defense League (NDL) with portoalegrenses sports leaders support. There were those leaders who idealized the NTR in Porto Alegre, after they watched the "Olympic Torch Relay" at Berlin Olympic Games opening ceremony in 1936. This study aims to understand the participation of portoalegrenses sports clubs in the construction of representations from the Brazilian national identity through the invention of the 'Nation Torch Relay' in the period from 1938 to 1947. For this purpose, printed and oral sources were used. The printed primary sources are limited to NDL’s documents and works; among the main printed secondary sources are Globo’s Magazine and Correio do Povo newspaper. There were two interviews, which are the oral sources. The ‘Nation Torch Relay’ (1938-1947) was an invented tradition in Porto Alegre city, institutionalized by NDL with social support from the city’s sports clubs. The justification of its achievement was made by historical and sacred’s links and its fixation through annual repetition in the cities. The NTR aimed to pass 'values'; and they were associated to the construction of Brazilian national identity. Thus, it produced in the porto-alegrense imagination, the representation of national cohesion and unity because of the way it roams about the nation and has as a point of culmination Porto Alegre city. In the sports context, it produced the representation that sports clubs identified, as 'foreigners', were 'adopted Brazilian ways and manners' due to athletes and sports leaders participation in the NTR.