Abstract The difference in educators’ and immigrant parents’ definition of parent involvement has led to the view that immigrant parents are less involved in their children’s education than native parents from the middle class (Crozier & Davies, 2005). The purpose of this study was to understand the experience of three immigrant parents born in Africa and the Caribbean with parent involvement in their children’s education at the elementary level. This phenomenological study utilized semi-structured interviews to gain a better understanding of the various ways in which immigrant parents are involved in their children’s education, and the factors that influenced how they became involved. The findings revealed that the essence of the parents’ experience of involvement in their children’s education was maintaining nurturing relationships. Participants guided their children into a relationship with God, they cultivated a loving relationship with their children, and had a cooperative relationship with their children’s school. The parents’ experience is explored using the themes spiritual leadership, creating and nurturing relationships, and anticipatory socialization. The description of the parents’ experiences provides some insight into how immigrant parents view and enact their role in their children’s education. The study also highlights how different cultural beliefs influence the ways in which parents contributed to their children’s development. The parents were already making contributions in a variety of ways to their children’s education. However, for the most part their activities were home-based and geared towards only their own children. There were opportunities for the parent to become more involved in ways that would extend to other members of the school community. The implications of this study for practice are that educators should give an orientation to parents new to Canada about strategies they can use to incorporate school based involvement activities into their busy schedules. This will suggest ideas that parents may not have considered and could be effective in increasing their involvement on the school compound. Implications for future research include the need to investigate how culture delimits the ways in which parents become involved. There is also a need to explore what factors would motivate immigrant parents to become more involved in their children’s education on the school site.

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Parent involvement is as an important contributor to students' academic and social success in school. However, parent involvement at a suburban public K-4 school has lagged, specifically in activities that have been shown to have a positive influence on student achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine parents' perceptions about their involvement in school activities as a means of identifying strategies to increase their engagement. A conceptual framework based on Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's motivational constructs for involvement guided this study. The research questions focused on parents' perceptions of their participation, reasons for and against engaging in school activities, and what the school could do to support their involvement. A purposeful sampling method was used to select participants from among 3rd and 4th grade parents. A basic qualitative design was used to capture the insights of 9 parent participants through individual interviews. Emergent themes were identified through open coding, and the findings were developed and checked for trustworthiness through member checking, an audit trail, reflexivity, and rich descriptions. The findings revealed that parents perceived teachers and administrators should welcome their involvement, create events that recognize parent challenges, and engage parent support. A professional development project was created to provide teachers with strategies to develop effective parent-teacher teams. This study has implications for positive social change by providing a structure to increase parent involvement in constructive and purposeful partnerships with teachers and the school. This in turn could positively influence students' academic journey and achievement.

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The incident, "Sanlu¡¦s poisonous powdered milk" was discovered in September in 2008. It was harmful to many baby's health and made them in risk. Thus, this event evoked the public's fears to milk products. And it also make public to pay attention to the test standard of food safety. And then Melamine derivatives out of the crisis had extended to the cream, protein powder, biscuits and other related food. It is also the most severe issue of public food safety incidents that public concern in recent years. The food safety crisis has expanded to the whole world, and caused panic across the consumer in many nations. Taiwan is also one of the countries affected by the incident. Therefore, this study intends to analyze and compare how the crisis affects consumer purchasing decisions before and after the incident, and to further explore the differences of decision factors among different groups of consumes. In this study, the "Consumer Purchasing Decision Model (EKB Model)" proposed by Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (1978) is adopted as a theoretical basis, "Information search" and "Select assessment" are selected from their third stage of "decision-making process" as two key decision objectives, then the impact of "Involvement" and "Lifestyle" to consumer purchasing decisions is analyzed. We try to collect the primary data through online and paper questionnaire surveys, and the qualified respondents are constrained to those consumers who have experience to buy melamine-contaminated milk products. Some statistical methods such as factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA and T-test are used to analyze the effective survey data, and to explore the key factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. In this study, some appropriate market segments are first determined by clustering the involvement of consumers of milk products and consumer lifestyle, and then consumer behavior characteristics are analyzed for each market segment. Some research key findings and suggestions are stated as follows. 1. In-depth understanding of the differences and needs of different market segments, and prepare different marketing activities to different types of customers. 2. To increase consumer brand reliance by tagging food compliance certification on packaging or by providing after-sales warranty. 3. In addition to advertisement on general media, consumers are more and more relied on network evaluation. Hence, we can strengthen the marketing network by taking the advantages of internet promotion.

This research aims to find out the relations among human capital characteristics, total numbers of employees and expectation of line manager toward HR function on strategic involvement of HR department. 135 questionnaires are conducted and the effective samples are 55. The results indicate the relationship between the total numbers of employees in the company and involvement of HR department in strategic decisions is the strongest. Besides, expectation from line managers toward HR function is unrelated to strategic involvement of HR department.

Mandatory restatements are unique in the nature whereas they are often ignored in restatement literature examining restating firms¡¦ replacement decisions. Furthermore, family studies little examine the role family involvement plays in determining financial reporting quality and firms¡¦ replacement decisions. This paper is motivated to investigate the impact of mandatory restatements and the restatement severity to related parties of financial statements. Particularly, this paper also concerns on the moderating effect of family involvement (family shareholding and family directorships) in the above association. The findings indicate that mandatory restating firms would replace top management, financial executives, firm auditors and supervisors. Firms with higher mandatory restatement severity have more frequent turnover of firm auditors, supervisors and internal auditors. Besides, the findings show that family involvement is an essential moderating factor in the relationship between mandatory restatement and firms¡¦ replacement decisions. The evidence shows that family shareholding has limited motivating effects for family members to be in favor of the replacement of related parties of financial statements involving in material financial reporting failure. However, family directorships enhance family members¡¦ entrenchment in influencing the firms¡¦ replacement decisions so as to strengthen family control. Some evidence indicates that mandatory restating firms would still replace family CEO with family CEO, which further supports the possibility that family members limit managerial positions to capture control of the firms. Overall, the evidence provides a warning sign to Taiwanese security regulators that there¡¦s a necessary to emphasize the punishment mechanisms for those who are responsible for accounting scandals, strengthen managerial turnover disclosure about their family status and educate individual investors the value of turnover disclosure.

The Effect Of Organizational Political Behavior On Employee's Job Involvement Summary The Study explores how Perceived Organizational Political Behavior (POPB) affect employee's Job Involvement (JI). Chang Chan Lin's (2002) Organizational Political Behavior Scale is tested. Through factor analysis, there are seven dimensions of POPB: Attacking Others, Power-Earning, Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions, Using Job Authority, and Using Expert Authority. In JI scale, Kanugo's (1982) ten-item scale is tested. First, examine the relationship between the seven-dimension POPB and JI via Person Correlation. Second, knowing how POPB affect JI via multiple regression. Third, there are four cluster of POPB via cluster analysis, such as: Perceived Gaining Power and Preventing from Responsibility, Perceived Job-Authority Oriented, Perceived Passive Political Behavior, and Perceived Interpersonal Oriented. Finally, analyze how POPB affect JI via multiple regression in each cluster. The result shows that POPB of Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions, and Using Expert Authority have positive effects on JI. Besides, different POPB can positively induce JI in different cluster: In Perceived Gaining Power and Preventing from Responsibility, Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior has mainly positive effect on JI. In Perceived Job-Authority Oriented, Using Expert Authority has mainly positive effect on JI. In Perceived Passive Political Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions has mainly effect on JI. In Perceived Interpersonal Oriented, Using Expert Authority has mainly positive effect on JI.