L'invention des batteries au lithium (LIBs) a déclenché le déploiement massif de technologies portables et encourage de nos jours l'électrification du transport. Ceci mène au besoin de LIBs avec une densité d'énergie encore plus importante, des temps de recharge plus court, un coût plus faible et une sécurité maximale. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse de doctorat se concentre sur la modélisation présentant un outil pour caractériser et simuler les performances de LIB sous des conditions dynamiques pour des applications de puissance. Un nouveau modèle mathématique représentant l'inertie de transport du lithium avec l'approche de Maxwell-Cattaneo-Vernotte est proposé. L'implication de ce modèle dans la simulation sur la réponse dynamique de LIBs sous des pulsations de courant est exploré. Ce modèle est construit avec une approche multi échelle et démontré pour des matériaux actifs de type graphite pour les électrodes négatives. Tout d'abord, un modèle analytique est développé pour extraire et caractériser la diffusion du lithium ainsi que l'inertie dans le matériau actif de l'expérience de PITT. Les valeurs extraites sont par la suite intégrées dans des modèles de demi-cellule pour calibrer la réponse expérimentale en courant. Une étude comparative des modèles p-2D et 3D réalisés de manière systématique. Les résultats montrent l'implication de la diffusion inter-particule sur la performance de LIB aussi bien que la dynamique onduleuse de transport du lithium dans la phase solide soulignant fortement l'inhomogénéité/anisotropie de la dispersion du lithium dans le graphite à une échelle macroscopique. Finalement, la faisabilité d'intégrer le modèle proposé dans un modèle de cellule complète est explorée / The invention of the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) triggered the massive deployment of portable technologies, and is nowadays encouraging the electrification of the transportation. This leads to the need of LIBs with even higher energy densities, shorter recharging times, lower cost and maximal safety. This PhD thesis focuses on computational modeling as a tool to characterize and simulate the LIB operation under dynamical conditions representative of power applications. It proposes a new mathematical model accounting for lithium transport inertia within the Maxwell-Cattaneo-Vernotte framework, and explores its implications for the simulation of the dynamical response of LIBs to current pulses. This model is built through a multiscale approach and demonstrated for graphitic active materials for negative electrodes. First, an analytical model is derived to extract and characterize lithium diffusion and inertia in the active material from PITT experiments. Extracted values are then used in a half cell model to fit experimental current evolution curves, through p-2D and 3D-resolved models which are comparatively investigated. The results show the implication of inter-particle diffusion on the performance of the LIB as well as the wavy lithium transport dynamics in the solid phase emphasizing the inhomogeneous/anisotropic lithium dispersion in the graphitic material at a macroscopic level. Finally, the feasibility of utilizing such a model for complete cell simulations is investigated

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Neste trabalho foram estudadas diferentes modificações superficiais do titânio (Ti) como método de preparação de superfícies de eletrodos para baterias de íons lítio (Li+) Inicialmente, as modificações foram produzidas pelas micro-indentações, com posterior corrosão eletroquímica por pites em soluções de brometo. As superfícies polidas, tratadas termicamente e modificadas através de micro-indentações foram avaliadas em diferentes parâmetros, tais como o potencial aplicado, concentração dos íons agressivos no eletrólito, temperatura, tempo dos testes e principalmente, sobre o impacto das deformações causadas pela força indentações para localização de orifícios produzidos por pites. Filmes porosos de titânia (TiO2) crescidos sobre o Ti puro, foram produzidos por anodização a plasma (anodização por centelhamento ou sparking) em 1M H3PO4 e em 1M Na2SO4 e por anodização nanotubular em 1M H3PO4 + 1M NaOH + 0,4 %(peso) HF. Os resultados mostraram, em óxidos tipo “esponja” formados na anodização a plasma em 1M H3PO4 e 1M Na2SO4, a incorporação de elementos do eletrólito contendo, respectivamente, P e S, numa relação de P/O > S/O e em óxidos nanotulares, a predominante incorporação de elemento de F. Posteriormente, as superfícies corroídas por pites e as superfícies de óxidos crescidos por anodização a plasma foram convertidas por sulfetação em diferentes materiais micro e nanoestruturados compostos por sulfetos e oxisulfetos de titânio, ajustando-se as condições de processo. O desenvolvimento proposto mostrou que é possível modificar a composição química do óxido formado por anodização a plasma para nanocristais de TiS2, nanofitas de TiS3 e TiOxSy, sem danificar a morfologia original dos nanoporos de TiO2. Os compostos formados podem ser usados como eletrodos nanoarquiteturados tridimensionais (3D) para microbaterias de íons lítio (Li+) com alta densidade de potência. A síntese desses compostos é realmente promissora, porque eles têm a capacidade de inserir mais íons lítio do que TiO2 puro, resultando em uma melhoria na capacidade das microbaterias. / In this study, different surface modifications of titanium (Ti) were studied as a method of surface preparation of electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+). Initially, the modifications were produced by micro-indentation with subsequent electrochemical pitting corrosion in solutions of bromide. The polished surfaces, heat treated and modified through micro indentations were evaluated for different values of parameters, such as applied potential, concentration of aggressive ions in the electrolyte, temperature, polarization time, and mainly intensity of the deformation caused by indentations for localizing holes produced by pitting. It was expected the adjust of location of these parameter settings promotes nucleation of pits, according to the pattern of indentations and growth of pitting depth for increased surface area. Porous films of titania (TiO2) were produced on pure Ti by plasma anodization (or sparking) in 1M H3PO4 and 1M Na2SO4. Nanotubes were synthesized by porous anodization in 1M NaOH + 1M H3PO4 + 0.4 (wt%) HF. The results showed oxide "sponge" like formed by plasma anodization, incorporating elements of the electrolyte containing respectively, P and S in a ratio P/O> S/O and, in nanotubular oxides, with predominant incorporation of F. Subsequently, the pitted surfaces and the surfaces of oxides grown by plasma anodization were converted by sulfidation into different micro and nanostructured materials consisting of titanium sulfide and oxisulfides by adjusting the process conditions. The proposed development has shown that it is possible to modify the chemical composition of the oxide formed by plasma anodizing to nanocrystals of TiS2 and nanobelts of TiS3 and TiOxSy without damaging the original morphology of the nanoporous TiO2. The formed compounds can be used as three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectured electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+) with high power density. The synthesis of these compounds is promising due to a higher ability to intercalate more ions lithium than pure TiO2, resulting in an improvement in the capacity of microbatteries.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas diferentes modificações superficiais do titânio (Ti) como método de preparação de superfícies de eletrodos para baterias de íons lítio (Li+) Inicialmente, as modificações foram produzidas pelas micro-indentações, com posterior corrosão eletroquímica por pites em soluções de brometo. As superfícies polidas, tratadas termicamente e modificadas através de micro-indentações foram avaliadas em diferentes parâmetros, tais como o potencial aplicado, concentração dos íons agressivos no eletrólito, temperatura, tempo dos testes e principalmente, sobre o impacto das deformações causadas pela força indentações para localização de orifícios produzidos por pites. Filmes porosos de titânia (TiO2) crescidos sobre o Ti puro, foram produzidos por anodização a plasma (anodização por centelhamento ou sparking) em 1M H3PO4 e em 1M Na2SO4 e por anodização nanotubular em 1M H3PO4 + 1M NaOH + 0,4 %(peso) HF. Os resultados mostraram, em óxidos tipo “esponja” formados na anodização a plasma em 1M H3PO4 e 1M Na2SO4, a incorporação de elementos do eletrólito contendo, respectivamente, P e S, numa relação de P/O > S/O e em óxidos nanotulares, a predominante incorporação de elemento de F. Posteriormente, as superfícies corroídas por pites e as superfícies de óxidos crescidos por anodização a plasma foram convertidas por sulfetação em diferentes materiais micro e nanoestruturados compostos por sulfetos e oxisulfetos de titânio, ajustando-se as condições de processo. O desenvolvimento proposto mostrou que é possível modificar a composição química do óxido formado por anodização a plasma para nanocristais de TiS2, nanofitas de TiS3 e TiOxSy, sem danificar a morfologia original dos nanoporos de TiO2. Os compostos formados podem ser usados como eletrodos nanoarquiteturados tridimensionais (3D) para microbaterias de íons lítio (Li+) com alta densidade de potência. A síntese desses compostos é realmente promissora, porque eles têm a capacidade de inserir mais íons lítio do que TiO2 puro, resultando em uma melhoria na capacidade das microbaterias. / In this study, different surface modifications of titanium (Ti) were studied as a method of surface preparation of electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+). Initially, the modifications were produced by micro-indentation with subsequent electrochemical pitting corrosion in solutions of bromide. The polished surfaces, heat treated and modified through micro indentations were evaluated for different values of parameters, such as applied potential, concentration of aggressive ions in the electrolyte, temperature, polarization time, and mainly intensity of the deformation caused by indentations for localizing holes produced by pitting. It was expected the adjust of location of these parameter settings promotes nucleation of pits, according to the pattern of indentations and growth of pitting depth for increased surface area. Porous films of titania (TiO2) were produced on pure Ti by plasma anodization (or sparking) in 1M H3PO4 and 1M Na2SO4. Nanotubes were synthesized by porous anodization in 1M NaOH + 1M H3PO4 + 0.4 (wt%) HF. The results showed oxide "sponge" like formed by plasma anodization, incorporating elements of the electrolyte containing respectively, P and S in a ratio P/O> S/O and, in nanotubular oxides, with predominant incorporation of F. Subsequently, the pitted surfaces and the surfaces of oxides grown by plasma anodization were converted by sulfidation into different micro and nanostructured materials consisting of titanium sulfide and oxisulfides by adjusting the process conditions. The proposed development has shown that it is possible to modify the chemical composition of the oxide formed by plasma anodizing to nanocrystals of TiS2 and nanobelts of TiS3 and TiOxSy without damaging the original morphology of the nanoporous TiO2. The formed compounds can be used as three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectured electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+) with high power density. The synthesis of these compounds is promising due to a higher ability to intercalate more ions lithium than pure TiO2, resulting in an improvement in the capacity of microbatteries.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas diferentes modificações superficiais do titânio (Ti) como método de preparação de superfícies de eletrodos para baterias de íons lítio (Li+) Inicialmente, as modificações foram produzidas pelas micro-indentações, com posterior corrosão eletroquímica por pites em soluções de brometo. As superfícies polidas, tratadas termicamente e modificadas através de micro-indentações foram avaliadas em diferentes parâmetros, tais como o potencial aplicado, concentração dos íons agressivos no eletrólito, temperatura, tempo dos testes e principalmente, sobre o impacto das deformações causadas pela força indentações para localização de orifícios produzidos por pites. Filmes porosos de titânia (TiO2) crescidos sobre o Ti puro, foram produzidos por anodização a plasma (anodização por centelhamento ou sparking) em 1M H3PO4 e em 1M Na2SO4 e por anodização nanotubular em 1M H3PO4 + 1M NaOH + 0,4 %(peso) HF. Os resultados mostraram, em óxidos tipo “esponja” formados na anodização a plasma em 1M H3PO4 e 1M Na2SO4, a incorporação de elementos do eletrólito contendo, respectivamente, P e S, numa relação de P/O > S/O e em óxidos nanotulares, a predominante incorporação de elemento de F. Posteriormente, as superfícies corroídas por pites e as superfícies de óxidos crescidos por anodização a plasma foram convertidas por sulfetação em diferentes materiais micro e nanoestruturados compostos por sulfetos e oxisulfetos de titânio, ajustando-se as condições de processo. O desenvolvimento proposto mostrou que é possível modificar a composição química do óxido formado por anodização a plasma para nanocristais de TiS2, nanofitas de TiS3 e TiOxSy, sem danificar a morfologia original dos nanoporos de TiO2. Os compostos formados podem ser usados como eletrodos nanoarquiteturados tridimensionais (3D) para microbaterias de íons lítio (Li+) com alta densidade de potência. A síntese desses compostos é realmente promissora, porque eles têm a capacidade de inserir mais íons lítio do que TiO2 puro, resultando em uma melhoria na capacidade das microbaterias. / In this study, different surface modifications of titanium (Ti) were studied as a method of surface preparation of electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+). Initially, the modifications were produced by micro-indentation with subsequent electrochemical pitting corrosion in solutions of bromide. The polished surfaces, heat treated and modified through micro indentations were evaluated for different values of parameters, such as applied potential, concentration of aggressive ions in the electrolyte, temperature, polarization time, and mainly intensity of the deformation caused by indentations for localizing holes produced by pitting. It was expected the adjust of location of these parameter settings promotes nucleation of pits, according to the pattern of indentations and growth of pitting depth for increased surface area. Porous films of titania (TiO2) were produced on pure Ti by plasma anodization (or sparking) in 1M H3PO4 and 1M Na2SO4. Nanotubes were synthesized by porous anodization in 1M NaOH + 1M H3PO4 + 0.4 (wt%) HF. The results showed oxide "sponge" like formed by plasma anodization, incorporating elements of the electrolyte containing respectively, P and S in a ratio P/O> S/O and, in nanotubular oxides, with predominant incorporation of F. Subsequently, the pitted surfaces and the surfaces of oxides grown by plasma anodization were converted by sulfidation into different micro and nanostructured materials consisting of titanium sulfide and oxisulfides by adjusting the process conditions. The proposed development has shown that it is possible to modify the chemical composition of the oxide formed by plasma anodizing to nanocrystals of TiS2 and nanobelts of TiS3 and TiOxSy without damaging the original morphology of the nanoporous TiO2. The formed compounds can be used as three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectured electrodes for ion lithium batteries (Li+) with high power density. The synthesis of these compounds is promising due to a higher ability to intercalate more ions lithium than pure TiO2, resulting in an improvement in the capacity of microbatteries.

Le but de ce travail de thèse, effectué dans le cadre du programme Européen IRSES « Nanolicom », était d’étudier l’influence de la nanostructuration sur les propriétés de transport de deux matériaux conducteurs par les ions lithium, la pérovskite LLTO (Li0.3La0.57TiO3) et le nasicon LATPO (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3).Une première partie importante de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’exploration et au développement de méthodes de synthèse par chimie douce plus favorables à la préparation de poudres nanométriques : la voie sol-gel, la voie des complexes polymérisables, la synthèse hydro-solvothermale et la réalisation de microémulsions. Les matériaux obtenusont ensuite été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X, analyses thermiques et microscopies électroniques.La mise en forme des échantillons ainsi que leur densification ont également fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. En effet, la détermination des propriétés de transport des matériaux nécessite l’utilisation de céramiques denses mais il est difficile de conserver le caractère nanostructuré des poudres lors de l’étape de frittage. Finalement, les mesures de conductivitésioniques ont été réalisées par spectroscopie d’impédance. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus a ensuite été comparé à ce qui a déjà été observé et reporté dans la littérature pour les composés microstructurés de même formulation. / The aim of this thesis, which has been carried out within the European program « Nanolicom », was to study the influence of the nanostructuration on the transport properties of two lithium ionic conductors, the perovskite LLTO (Li0.3La0.57TiO3) and the nasicon LATPO (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3).The first part of this thesis is devoted to the exploration and to the optimization of the best soft chemistry route in order to get nanometric powders: sol-gel route, hydro-solvothermal synthesis, reversed microemulsion method and complex polymerizable Pechini method. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis andelectronic microscopy. Shaping and sintering of the samples were also thoroughly studied. Indeed, the determination of transport properties of the materials requires the use of dense ceramics but it is difficult to preserve the nanostructured character of the powders during the sintering step. Finally, the ionic conductivity measurements were carried out by compleximpedance spectroscopy. All results were then compared to what has been observed and reported in the literature for microstructured compounds of the same formulation.

This diploma thesis deals with the X-Ray crystallography study of structural changes within lithium-ion cells. First part consists of the theoretical discussion about the structural changes in commerce lithium-ion cells with focus on X-Ray crystallography. Then the ex situ, in situ and operando terms are discussed. Verification of the XRD usage is realized on the LiFePO4 material. Experimental part deals with the optimization and preparation of electrochemical cells and the measurements. Finally, results of the Rietveld analysis are discussed.

The dissertation thesis deals with electrode materials and components for lithium-ion power sources. The thesis works with two different kinds of materials, concretely nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 with spinel basis and LiCoO2 with layered structure. The electrochemical properties, structure and element analysis and utilization possibilities in electrochemical industry of new technological electrode material Li4Ti5O12 were investigated. The influences of admixtures and electrolytes on characteristics of electrode materials with aforesaid active masses were also examined. Low cost price, environmental safety and obtained results of electrochemical measurements and structure analysis refer to wide possibilities of usage electrode material Li4Ti5O12 in the field of electrochemistry.

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