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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24632号 / 工博第5138号 / 新制||工||1982(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 安部 武志, 教授 作花 哲夫, 教授 陰山 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The Abraham solvation model (ABSM) is an experimentally derived predictive model used to help predict various solute properties. This work covers various uses for the ABSM including predicting molar enthalpies of vaporization, predicting solvent coefficients for two new solvents (2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane and diethyl carbonate), predicting values for multiple new ionic liquids (ILs). This work also introduces a novel method for updating IL ABSM parameters by updating cation- and anion-specific values using linear algebra and binary matrices.

Ce mémoire portant sur le développement de liquides ioniques protiques à l'état liquide à température ambiante en tant qu'électrolytes pour des supercapacités faradiques à base de dioxyde de ruthénium est divisé en trois études distinctes. La première permet d'évaluer quelles propriétés de ces sels fondus doivent être optimisées pour cette application en utilisant les données recueillies avec une série de nouveaux liquides ioniques protiques constitués de l'acide trifluoroacétique et différentes bases hétérocycliques azotées. La seconde discute de l'effet d'impuretés colorées sur les propriétés des liquides ioniques ainsi que sur des aspects pratiques devant être pris en considération lors des synthèses. La troisième traite d'importantes relations structure–propriétés pour une série de liquides ioniques protiques ayant des cations du type pyridinium et différents anions. Dans leur ensemble, les travaux présentés devraient permettre une recherche plus efficace de liquides ioniques avec des propriétés désirables en vue d'application comme électrolyte dans le futur. / This thesis on the development of room temperature protic ionic liquids as electrolytes in ruthenium-dioxide based faradaic superpacitors consists of three separate studies. The first one establishes which properties of molten salts need to be optimized for this application by using the data obtained from the analysis of a series of protic ionic liquids composed of trifluoroacetic acid and N-heterocyclic bases. The second study elaborates on the effect of colored impurities on the properties of ionic liquids and also reports practical aspects which need to be accounted for during their synthesis. The third study focuses on important structure–property relationships for a series of protic ionic liquids with pyridinium cations and various anions. Altogether, the results presented in here should allow a more efficient design of ionic liquids with desirable properties for application as electrolytes in the future.

Les supercapacités hybrides se taillent de plus en plus une place dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables. L’oxyde de manganèse possède certaines caractéristiques (faible coût, caractère écologique et une capacitance spécifique supérieure) qui font de ce dernier un matériau très attirant pour l’assemblage de tels dispositifs. Ce mémoire, divisé en trois parties, propose l’utilisation des liquides ioniques protiques comme électrolytes pour l’assemblage de supercapacités hybrides à base d’oxyde de manganèse et carbone. D’abord, le comportement pseudocapacitif des électrodes à base de films minces d’oxyde de manganèse dans les liquides ioniques protiques ainsi que leurs propriétés optiques sont étudiés et évalués. Des valeurs de capacitance spécifique allant jusqu’à 397 F/g ont été trouvées dans cette partie. Ensuite, des mélanges composés par un solvant organique (acétonitrile) et le liquide ionique protique sont présentés comme une manière de contourner la faible conductivité de ce dernier qui limite les valeurs de capacitance spécifique à obtenir. Une amélioration de la capacitance spécifique d’environ 30% est reportée dans ce chapitre. Finalement, l’assemblage d’une supercapacité hybride est présenté comme une stratégie efficace qui permet l’élargissement de la faible fenêtre de potentiel de travail obtenue avec les électrodes à base d’oxyde de manganèse. De cette façon, la faisabilité de tel arrangement est montré ici, obtenant de valeurs de capacitance spécifique (16 F/g) ainsi que de puissance (81 W/kg) et d’énergie spécifique (1,9 Wh/kg) acceptables en utilisant des liquides ioniques protiques comme électrolytes de remplissage. / Hybrid supercapacitors continue to carve out a place in the field of renewable energies. Manganese dioxide, because of some attractive characteristics (low cost, environmental friendly and high specific capacitance), is a very promising material for the assembly of such devices. This thesis, divided into three chapters, proposes the use of protic ionic liquids as electrolyte for the assembly of a manganese dioxide/carbon based hybrid supercapacitor. Firstly, the pseudocapacitive behaviour and optical properties of thin manganese dioxide based electrodes in protic ionic liquids were investigated and evaluated. Specific capacitance values of up to 397 F/g are reported in this part. Then, mixtures of an organic solvent (acetonitrile) and protic ionic liquids were proposed in order to enhance the poor conductivity of ionic liquids, which limits the specific capacitance values. A 30% improvement of specific capacitance values is shown in this chapter. Finally, the assembly of a hybrid supecapacitor is presented as an alternative strategy to increase the narrow potential window of stability of manganese dioxide electrodes in our protic ionic liquids. The last chapter describes such a device as well as its specific capacitance (16 F/g), energy (1.9 Wh/kg) and power density (81 W/kg) values obtained in protic ionic liquids.

A celulose é o biopolímero mais abundante da Terra. Ela contempla muitos dos requisitos desejados para substituição de polímeros sintéticos oriundos de petróleo. Entretanto, a insolubilidade da celulose em água e em solventes orgânicos comuns e a sua decomposição antes da fusão impedem seu processamento por extrusão. Uma solução para esse problema é a preparação de derivados de celulose que possam ser processados por extrusão ou regeneração em não solvente. Nesse ponto, os ésteres de celulose, utilizados há décadas, possuem destaque apresentando grande interesse comercial. Contudo, o contínuo estudo dos ésteres de celulose quanto aos métodos de preparação, de suas propriedades e o desenvolvimento de novos compostos se faz necessário para melhorar e ampliar suas aplicações. Sendo assim, essa tese de doutoramento contribuiu para a química dos ésteres de celulose das seguintes formas: (i) estudo de solventes para síntese de ésteres de celulose em condições reacionais homogêneas; e (ii) síntese, caracterização e moldagem de ésteres mistos de celulose com estrutura controlada. Dentro do primeiro tema, soluções binárias de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e líquidos iônicos (ILs) a base de 1-metilimidazol (acetato de 1-(1-butil)-3-metilimidazólio, C4MeImAc; acetato de 1-(2-metóxietil)-3-metilimidazólio, C3OMeImAc) foram avaliadas como solvente para dissolução e acilação (síntese de acetato de celulose e benzoato de celulose) de celulose sob condições reacionais homogêneas. O foco dessa etapa de trabalho foi verificar se a presença de oxigênio etéreo na cadeia lateral do anel imidazólio favorecia a dissolução e acilação da celulose, uma vez que ele é mais básico que o correspondente grupo metilênico. Surpreendemente, o C4MeImAc apresentou melhor capacidade de dissolução de celulose e os ésteres de celulose nele preparados possuem maior grau de substituição. Para compreensão dessa aparente contradição foram utilizadas as técnicas de reologia; de espectroscopia de 1H e 13C NMR de soluções de celobiose em IL/DMSO; e de solvatocromismo (avaliação da acidez e basicidade de Lewis). Todos essesresultados indicam uma menor interação entre a celulose e o IL contendo cadeia alcóxi e corroboram os dados recém-publicados de cálculos teóricos, que indicam a ciclização, via formação de ligações de hidrogênio intramolecular, do cátion C3OMeIm+. Na tentativa de impedir a ciclização do cátion imidazólio e consequentemente melhorar as propriedades do IL contendo cadeia alcóxi, ILs metilados nas posições 1 e 2 do anel imidazólio foram testados. Apesar de a metilação melhorar a capacidade dos ILs para dissolução e acilação da celulose, não foi observado o efeito esperado para a presença do oxigênio etéreo na cadeia lateral do IL. No segundo tema de estudo, ésteres mistos de celulose (CellCarboxy/Ts) contendo grupo tosilato (com grau de substituição fixo, DSTs ≈ 1,0) e grupos carboxilatos (com grau de substituição variável, DSAcyl) com diferentes hidrofobicidades (acetato, butanoato, hexanoato) foram sintetizados em meio homogêneo de cloreto de lítio/N,N-dimetilacetamida (LiCl/DMAc). A dependência no DSAcyl das propriedades de superfície (polaridade empírica, acidez e basicidade de Lewis; ângulo de contato e energia de superfície) desses ésteres de celulose foi determinada e apresentam correlações simples. Os Cell-Carboxy/Ts também foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades térmicas verificando-se que o aquecimento dos ésteres leva à saída dos grupos acila antes do grupo tosilato e que a temperatura de decomposição desses ésteres é menor que a de fusão. Portanto, os Cell-Carboxy/Ts só podem ser moldados por regeneração a partir de soluções. Sendo assim, as técnicas de gotejamento de solução de éster de celulose (solvente acetona) em não solvente (água) e de eletrofiação de solução de Cell-Carboxy/Ts (solvente acetona/DMAc) foram otimizadas para preparação de microesferas e microfibras, respectivamente. As estruturas obtidas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 240 ± 35 nm e 230 ± 20 nm, respectivamente. A aplicabilidade da espectroscopia no infravermelho e no UV-VIS foi avaliada para determinação do DSAcyl dos ésteres mistos obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios. Esses métodos são interessantes, pois permitem a economia de amostra (ca. de 1 % da massa necessária no método tradicional de titulação), o que é relevante em estudos exploratórios de ésteres de celulose onde poucos gramas de amostra são preparados. / Cellulose is most abundant biopolymer in the Earth. It complies with many desired requirements for substitution of petroleum-based polymers. However, cellulose is insoluble in water and common organic solvents and decomposes before undergoes melt flow, which prevents its extrusion processing. One possible solution for this problem is the preparation of cellulose derivatives that can be process by extrusion or by regeneration into non-solvents. In this point, cellulose esters, used for decades, stand out showing great commercial interest. In spite of their long use, the continuous research on cellulose ester focused on new synthetic methods, determination of properties and development of new compounds is necessary to improve and expand their commercial application. Therefore, this PhD thesis contributes to the cellulose esters chemistry in the following way: (i) study of solvents for synthesis of cellulose esters in homogenous reaction conditions (HRC); and (ii) synthesis, characterization and shaping of cellulose mixed esters with controlled structure. In the first approach, binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-methylimidazole (1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium acetate, C4MeImAc; 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium acetate, C3OMeImAc) were evaluated as solvent for cellulose dissolution and acylation (synthesis of cellulose acetate and cellulose benzoate) under HRC. This part of project aim was verify if the presence of ether oxygen on side chain of imidazolium ring can favored the cellulose dissolution and acylation, once it is more basic than the corresponding methylene group. Surprisingly, the C4MeImAc shows higher ability to dissolves cellulose and the biopolymer esters prepared in it have higher degree of substitution. In order to understand this apparent contradiction, were employed the following techniques: rheology, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy of celobiose solution in IL/DMSO; and solvatochromism (evaluation of Lewis acidity and basicity). All results indicate a lower interaction between cellulose and the IL with alkoxy side chain and corroborate the recently published data of theoretical calculation which proposed the cyclization of C3OMeIm+ cation, via intramolecular hydrogen bond. In attempt to avoid the imidazolium cation cyclization and consequently improve the properties ofIL containing alkoxy side chain, ILs methylated at positions 1 and 2 of imidazolium cation were tested. Despite methylation improve the IL ability on cellulose dissolution and acylation, the expected effect for the presence of ether oxygen on IL side chain was not observed. In the second part of this study, cellulose mixed esters (CellCarboxy/Ts) containing tosylate unit (fixed degree of substitution, DSTs ≈ 1.0) and carboxylate groups (variable degree of substitution, DSAcyl) with different hydrophobicity (acetate, butanoate, hexanoate) were synthesized in homogeneous medium of lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc). The dependence on DSAcyl of surface properties (empical polarity, Lewis acidity and basicity, contact angle, surface energy) of Cell-Carboxy/Ts was determined and show simple correlation. The thermal properties of Cell-Carboxy/Ts were also evaluated verifying that the heating of these cellulose esters promotes the scisson of acetate group before the tosylate ones. Further Cell-Carboxy/Ts decompose before they undergo melt-flow, so these cellulose esters can be shaped only by regeneration from their solution. In this way, Cell-Carboxy/Ts was shaped into microspheres and microfibers using the techniques of dropping (acetone solution into water) and electrospinning (acetone/DMAc solution), respectively. The structures obtained have average diameter of 240 ± 35 nm e 230 ± 20 nm, respectively. The applicability of infrared and UV-VIS spectroscopies to determine the DSAcyl of cellulose mixed esters was evaluated obtaining satisfactory results. These methods are interesting because they use few amount of sample (about 1 % of weight required by traditional titration method). The sample economy is relevant in exploratory studies of cellulose esters since they are carried out on few grams of sample.