Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 L36

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The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to present experimental data on changes in permeability of fibers during irradiation using Na22 as the tracer isotope, and 2) to attempt to correlate these findings with the electrical changes observed.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / In work reported by Lichtin, Rosenberg, and Imamuras it was found that water added before irradiation of aerated methanol had a surprising effect on peroxide yields. In the absence of water, no hydrogen peroxide was produced during radiolysis, but in the presence of about 0.5 weight-percent water the yield of peroxide increased abruptly from zero to a plateau G value of 2.8. Attempts to reproduce these data were unsuccessful, however, and it was discovered that the observed effect of water on hydrogen peroxide yields is post-radiolytic in nature. Identical peroxide yields were produced during radiolysis of both dry methanol samples and samples to which water was added before radiolysis. In the dry samples, however, hydrogen peroxide was found to decompose with approximately first-order kinetics. Addition of water subsequent to irradiation inhibited decay. No significant change was noted in the concentration of radiolytically-generated formaldehyde during the period of peroxide decay. The average G(H2o2), obtained by extrapolation of the decomposition curve of radiolytically-generated hydrogen peroxide in dry methanol back to the time of the removal ofthe sample from the 60Co source, was 3.28 + 0.12. Half-decay times varied widely due to the variable dryness of the methanol. It was found that solutions of non-radiolytic hydrogen peroxide in dry methanol likewise underwent first-order decay. The rate of decomposition in these solutions could be accelerated by an increase in temperature or by subsequent radiolysis. The addition of formaldehyde was also found to accelerate peroxide decomposition, although no significant change was noted in the formaldehyde concentration. Methyl hydroperoxide was tentatively identified as a radiation product with a G value of about 0.2. Analysis of a radiolytic sample in which hydrogen peroxide had decomposed completely indicated that methyl hydroperoxide had not undergone similar decay. The nature of the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process is still unknown. Speculation concerning the decay inhibiting effect of water has been developed from several points of view: medium effects, specific interactions, and the possible effects of impurity. Influences of added sulfuric acid and methyl borate on radiolytic peroxide yields were also studied briefly. / 2031-01-01

L’appendicite aiguë est la pathologie abdominale aiguë courante et la plus fréquente parmi celles qui nécessitent une intervention chirurgicale rapide. L’imagerie occupe une place croissante dans son diagnostic parce qu’elle tente d’éviter simultanément les appendicectomies inutiles et les perforations appendiculaires compliquées de péritonite tout en recherchant des pathologies alternatives. Si plusieurs techniques d’imagerie sont disponibles – dont la radiographie sans préparation de l’abdomen (dont la performance est faible) et l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (peu disponible, en particulier en urgence) – l’ultrasonographie (US) et la tomodensitométrie (TDM) occupent des positions centrales. Nos études ont investigué la performance de ces dernières, en considérant notamment la réduction de la dose d’irradiation et le recours aux contrastes artificiels. En effet, l’irradiation liée à l’usage de la TDM est à considérer puisque les patients souffrant d’appendicite aiguë sont jeunes (en moyenne 30 ans) tout comme le recours aux contrastes associé à des coûts, de l’inconfort et des risques. Enfin, la performance de ces techniques étant susceptibles d’être influencée par la corpulence des patients et leur quantité de graisse intra-abdominale, l’influence de ces paramètres sur la performance a été évaluée. A travers quatre études, nous avons montré que l’US et la TDM sans contraste IV ou entérique ont des performances similaires quant au diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë et de pathologies alternatives, indépendamment de l’expérience du radiologue et de la corpulence du patient. Néanmoins, les examens non concluants (sans diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë ni de pathologie alternative mais où l’appendice n’est pas vu) sont plus fréquents en US qu’en TDM. L’appendice normal, dont la visualisation permet d’exclure le diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë, est plus fréquemment visible en TDM qu’en US, mais en TDM la reproductibilité quant à considérer la même structure comme étant l’appendice dépend du lecteur. L’injection IV de contraste iodé n’augmente pas la proportion d’appendices détectés mais la reproductibilité d’un lecteur particulier. Aucune caractéristique du sujet ni de son appendice, y compris son environnement abdominal, ne permet de prédire cette reproductibilité. La performance de la TDM est constante quelle que soit la dose d’irradiation ou le recours au contraste IV et/ou entérique, indépendamment de la corpulence du patient. La hiérarchie de l’information apportée par les signes évocateurs d’appendicite aiguë n’est pas influencée par la dose; l’infiltration de la graisse péri-appendiculaire et le diamètre appendiculaire en étant les signes les plus prédictifs, malgré le moindre rapport signal/bruit de l’image générée à faible dose. La fréquence de visualisation de l’appendice est aussi indépendante de cette dose. L’exactitude du diagnostic dépend principalement du lecteur mais pas du contraste – quelle qu’en soit la voie d’administration (orale ou IV) – ni de la dose d’irradiation. Le genre du patient influence cependant cette exactitude, le diagnostic étant plus fréquemment correct chez l’homme que chez la femme, en particulier dans les pathologies alternatives. En conclusion, comme les techniques US et TDM que nous avons investiguées ont des performances équivalentes, les risques associés à l’irradiation et au contraste doivent intervenir dans leur choix. L’US, utilisée en première intention, devrait être complétée par la TDM si son résultat n’est pas concluant. Dans ce cas, la TDM devrait être réalisée, toujours à basse dose d’irradiation, d’abord sans puis, si nécessaire, avec contraste IV et/ou oral.

Newts, such as Notophthalmus viridescens, can regenerate many structures after amputation or injury and have also shown a refractory response to the formation of cancer in tissues that have regenerative capabilities. The mechanisms behind this latter ability have surprisingly not been studied. In the current study, N. viridescens were exposed to a variety of carcinogens in tissue that cannot regenerate with the intention of inducing tumour formation. After testing multiple carcinogens, multiple sites of injection, and two different modes of delivery, no tumours were generated. Consequently, in vitro assays were developed in order to better understand this ability of newt cells to evade transformation. Mouse and newt muscle cells were exposed to DNA damaging agents, such as irradiation and carcinogens, in culture and their response was monitored with respect to the DNA damage response proteins γ-H2AX, p53, and phospho-p53. These proteins are important as they help prevent mutations in the genome from being passed on to daughter cells and potentially generating cells that proliferate uncontrollably, a hallmark of cancer. Preliminary results suggest that after irradiation, γ-H2AX is present in newt cells for a considerably longer period of time in comparison to mouse cells. p53, as well as phospho-p53, appear to be present at a basal level before and after irradiation in newt cells, whereas mouse cells have a distinct increase upon damage and decrease upon repair. The carcinogen treatments also suggest that newt cells have basal levels of expression of these proteins prior to treatment. These studies suggest that newt cells may have a unique profile of these DNA damage response proteins and may be “primed” to repair any future damage. This is a good first step in understanding what is likely a very complicated explanation for newts’ refractory response to cancer formation.

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