The aim of this thesis is to examine the assumption that Norse settlement in western maritime Scotland was substantially less extensive and influential than in more northerly parts of the maritime zone. This assumption is based on comparison of the apparent ratios of Norse to Gaelic farm-names in these areas; and the observation that the inhabitants of the former were Gaelic-speaking in both the Early Historic and Later Medieval periods. In view of the virtual hiatus in the documentary record between c.AD 750 and c.AD 1150 and the unqualified nature of the place-name ratios, it is suggested that such evidence is misleading. The investigation which follows comprises a detailed case-study of the island of Islay. Although use is made of environmental, archaeological, historical and fiscal data, the main focus is on place-names. Emphasis is placed throughout on the processes by which names become implanted in the landscape and the factors which affect their survival afterwards. There are three sections. Background material for the study of Norse settlement is presented in the first. This includes: a detailed examination of the physical environment, an ethno-linguistic profile for the preNorse community and a review of the evidence for Norse activity in Islay specifically within the context of western maritime Scotland generally. Aspects of Dalriadan and Norse society are highlighted which prompt critical re-appraisal of theories on Norse settlement. It is suggested that this process was not without friction. It may have involved a certain amount of violent depopulation and almost certainly led to social dichotomisation between the Norse incomers and remaining natives. Section two comprises a theoretical and methodological introduction to place-name studies. Following an overview of basic theory, Islay sources and previous approaches to Norse settlement, a model is presented for the study of Islay's Norse place-names. While use is made of both habitative and nature names, the framework selected as most appropriate is Stephen MacDougall's map of 1749-51. As this provides typologically uniform coverage of all of the island's farm-districts from a period preceding the agrarian reforms and settlement re-organisation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it is more likely to reflect the settlement patterns and nomenclature of the Middle Ages than later yet more detailed sources. The third section, which constitutes the bulk of the thesis, concentrates on analysis of the place-name data presented in Appendices I and II. There are two main parts to this section. The linguistic back-ground, economic potential and spatial characteristics of individual farm-districts are examined in the first. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is noted that farm-districts with Norse names are spread fairly evenly across all land-types on the island. They are not primarily coastal, restricted to enclaves or less likely to include Iron Age fortifications than those with Gaelic names. Analysis of the distribution and linguistic categorisation of the nomenclature in view of post-Norse historical developments suggests that many of the island's Gaelic settlement names are the result of prestige immigration in the It century or later. This hypothesis is supported by linguistic investigation of the more common habitative generics shown on MacDougall's map. Magnus Olsen's User-group theory is then applied to the typology and distribution of ON nature-name material. It is argued that this too supports the idea of widespread Norse language use being replaced by a reintroduction of Gaelic and Gaelic naming practices. The second part of this section comprises an examination of land and territorial divisions. The fiscal 'extents' of later medieval and early modem Islay have long been considered anomalous in a Hebridean context. Examination of the historical and fiscal sources in conjunction with a geometric analysis of the farm-districts on MacDougall's map, suggests that Islay may once have been divided into the 'ounceland' units more familiar from surrounding areas. These findings are then developed in the context of ecclesiastic organisation. While certain aspects of Islay's later medieval parish system appear to reflect the military districts of the Senchus fer nAlban, it is argued that these survived through the intermediary of an Orcadian style leiðangr system of naval defence. It is concluded that while the Norse impact on Islay was less long-lived than in more northerly parts of maritime Scotland, it was not necessarily any less intense or destructive with regards to the pre-existing ethno-linguistic identity.

The hinge region of a major anticlinal fold structure in the SW Scottish Highlands was located in the eastern part of the Isle of Islay. The structure plunges gently NNW, with the hinge line measuring 02/026. The hinge region was located by mapping a 2km2 area comprised of deformed Neoproterozoic metasedimentary and metacarbonate rocks, and plotting the measurements on stereograms. The data collected was also analysed to attempt to asses evidence of refolding, and it is suggested in this thesis that the area displays evidence of at least one subsequent refolding event.

An interglacial mudstone sequence from the Port Askaig Tillite Formation on Islay was analysed using an Olympus XRF detector. The resulting geochemical log was compared with an XRF dataset acquired from a Quaternary sedimentary core from the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Chemical proxies representing climatic and environmental changes were analysed in an effort to specifically identify evidence of orbital forcing in the Cryogenian Period. The studied non-glacial rock-section from the Port Askaig Formation was interpreted as being deposited in a shallow marine setting at semitropical latitudes during an episode of global warming at some stage of the Sturtian glaciation (ca 717 – 660 Ma). The transport mechanism of glaciogenic material was by ice rafting. High hematite content was interpreted as an oxygenation event in a peritidal zone when isostatic rebound caused a sea level regression. Increasing amount of muscovite is interpreted to indicate increased weathering. Underlaying sequence of dolostone and overlaying sequence of sandstone were consistent with these interpretations. One interglacial phase is thus observed, which possibly could be attributed to Milankovitch orbital forcing. The interpretation of the paleoclimatic setting of the studied interglacial mudstone did not provide support for the Snowball Earth hypothesis in its “hard” version. Neither did other observations such as evidence of repeating glacial-interglacial cycles and banded iron formations (BIF) appearing also within the Sturtian glaciation.

Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de establecer cuál es el Índice de Progreso Social de la provincia de Islay y de sus seis distritos. Para tal efecto se llevó a cabo un estudio no experimental, el diseño de estudio es descriptivo de corte transversal. Se hizo sobre una muestra de 382 pobladores de los seis distritos que conforman la provincia; se ha utilizado un cuestionario ad hoc de 58 reactivos, así como información secundaria de entidades públicas de la cual se obtuvo información de los doce componentes que conforman el IPS. Los resultados muestran que el Índice de Progreso Social de la provincia de Islay, a nivel provincial alcanza un puntaje calificado como Medio alto (71.15). Según los distritos que conforman la provincia de Islay, la puntuación obtenida es como sigue: 1º Mejía (74.98) y 2º Cocachacra (74.25) 3º Punta de Bombón (73.91), 4º Dean Valdivia (73.69), 5º Islay (68.68) y 6º Mollendo (65.64); alcanzaron una calificación de Medio Alto. Cabe destacar que en la dimensión investigada en cuanto a las Necesidades Humanas Básicas los distritos Cocachacra y Punta de Bombón obtuvieron puntajes cercanos a 85, y lograron un nivel Muy alto de progreso social, mientras los restantes obtienen puntajes que los califican como nivel Alto. Sobre los Fundamentos del Bienestar la provincia de Islay y cinco de sus distritos son calificados con progreso Medio alto, mientras que el distrito de Islay obtuvo un calificativo de Medio bajo. Respecto de las Oportunidades, el distrito de Mejía obtuvo un puntaje que indica un nivel Medio bajo y los otros cinco distritos califican como progreso Medio alto / This research was carried out with the objective of establishing the Social Progress Index of the province of Islay and its six districts. For this purpose a non-experimental study was carried out, the study design is descriptive of cross section. It was made on a sample of 382 settlers of the six districts that conform the province; an ad hoc questionnaire of 58 items was used, as well as secondary information from public entities, from which information was obtained on the twelve components that make up the IPS. The results show that the Index of Social Progress of the province of Islay, at the provincial level, reaches a score qualified as Medium High, seen by districts all those that make up the province score as Medium High. According to the districts that make up the province of Islay, the score is as follows: 1º Mejía (74.98) and 2º Cocachacra (74.25) 3º Punta de Bombón (73.91), 4º Dean Valdivia (73.69), 5º Islay (68.68) and 6º Mollendo (65.64); achieved a High Medium rating. It should be noted that the dimension of the research was in the Basic Human Needs of the distributors Cocachacra and Punta de Bombón obtained scores close to 85, and achieved a Very high level of social progress, while the remaining obtained scores that faced them as a High level. On the Well-being Fundamentals of the province of Islay and five of its districts, qualified with progress Medium high, while the district of Islay obtained a qualification of Medium low. Regarding opportunities, the district of Mejía obtained a score that indicates a low average level and the other five distributed as the progress Medium high / Tesis

Los medios de comunicación juegan un rol fundamental en la narrativa periodística de eventos tan espectacular como un conflicto social. Estructuran protagonistas, antagonistas, y a través de la categoría definen los márgenes de la discusión. Los medios de comunicación masivos son parte de los poderes fácticos, en el caso del Perú, centralizados en ciertos conglomerados económicos, los cuales condicionan el framing y el habitus de consumo. Durante los últimos 15 años hemos sido testigos de una implosión en la red, que ha saturado y descolocado la visualidad hegemónica de los medios capitales. La TV ya no es la única fuente de visualidad y la red se convierte en un espacio de actividad, consumo, apropiación y participación. Lo que parece ser un ejercicio democrático de expresión es, a la vez, un sinónimo de olvido en un océano de información. La siguiente investigación analiza los discursos visuales en resistencia durante los conflictos socioambientales en Islay, Arequipa, debido a la injerencia del proyecto minero Tía María de la Southern Perú Copper Corp. El estudio se centra en el contraste entre visualidades producidas desde la periferia (centralidad de medios en Lima y/o Arequipa) y la localidad durante los meses de mayo y abril del 2015, la etapa más álgida de violencia protagonizado por la Policía y la población manifestante. Esta investigación se enmarca en el estudio de la visualidad de una cultura digital emergente durante las etapas de conflicto, las transformaciones de las prácticas culturales a través de la mediación tecnológica, la cual estimula una constante construcción de identidad en resistencia. A partir de momentos hitos, se analiza los márgenes que constriñen la producción de un conjunto de imágenes que buscan categorizar, donde los límites de la violencia y el miedo exacerban el imaginario de un escenario múltiple de sujetos e intereses alrededor del reconocimiento.

Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de establecer cuál es el Índice de Progreso Social de la provincia de Islay y de sus seis distritos. Para tal efecto se llevó a cabo un estudio no experimental, el diseño de estudio es descriptivo de corte transversal. Se hizo sobre una muestra de 382 pobladores de los seis distritos que conforman la provincia; se ha utilizado un cuestionario ad hoc de 58 reactivos, así como información secundaria de entidades públicas de la cual se obtuvo información de los doce componentes que conforman el IPS. Los resultados muestran que el Índice de Progreso Social de la provincia de Islay, a nivel provincial alcanza un puntaje calificado como Medio alto (71.15). Según los distritos que conforman la provincia de Islay, la puntuación obtenida es como sigue: 1º Mejía (74.98) y 2º Cocachacra (74.25) 3º Punta de Bombón (73.91), 4º Dean Valdivia (73.69), 5º Islay (68.68) y 6º Mollendo (65.64); alcanzaron una calificación de Medio Alto. Cabe destacar que en la dimensión investigada en cuanto a las Necesidades Humanas Básicas los distritos Cocachacra y Punta de Bombón obtuvieron puntajes cercanos a 85, y lograron un nivel Muy alto de progreso social, mientras los restantes obtienen puntajes que los califican como nivel Alto. Sobre los Fundamentos del Bienestar la provincia de Islay y cinco de sus distritos son calificados con progreso Medio alto, mientras que el distrito de Islay obtuvo un calificativo de Medio bajo. Respecto de las Oportunidades, el distrito de Mejía obtuvo un puntaje que indica un nivel Medio bajo y los otros cinco distritos califican como progreso Medio alto / This research was carried out with the objective of establishing the Social Progress Index of the province of Islay and its six districts. For this purpose a non-experimental study was carried out, the study design is descriptive of cross section. It was made on a sample of 382 settlers of the six districts that conform the province; an ad hoc questionnaire of 58 items was used, as well as secondary information from public entities, from which information was obtained on the twelve components that make up the IPS. The results show that the Index of Social Progress of the province of Islay, at the provincial level, reaches a score qualified as Medium High, seen by districts all those that make up the province score as Medium High. According to the districts that make up the province of Islay, the score is as follows: 1º Mejía (74.98) and 2º Cocachacra (74.25) 3º Punta de Bombón (73.91), 4º Dean Valdivia (73.69), 5º Islay (68.68) and 6º Mollendo (65.64); achieved a High Medium rating. It should be noted that the dimension of the research was in the Basic Human Needs of the distributors Cocachacra and Punta de Bombón obtained scores close to 85, and achieved a Very high level of social progress, while the remaining obtained scores that faced them as a High level. On the Well-being Fundamentals of the province of Islay and five of its districts, qualified with progress Medium high, while the district of Islay obtained a qualification of Medium low. Regarding opportunities, the district of Mejía obtained a score that indicates a low average level and the other five distributed as the progress Medium high

Aligned ikaite porphyroblasts have been replaced by calcite with a maximum volume decrease of ~88% in Neoproterozoic Dalradian metalimestone exposed near Ballygrant on Islay, Scotland. Microscopic and structural analyses reveal that the ikaite minerals formed before deformation, at a time when Scotland was located at the lower latitudes, thus indicating a cold climate at the time of formation. The Ballygrant metalimestone underlies a ~900 meter thick glacial deposit that has previously been linked to the ‘Snowball Earth’ hypothesis. The discovery of these ikaite pseudomorphs below the glacial deposit points toward a relatively slow cooling of the climate near the equator reflecting a transition toward a ‘normal’ glacial period and thus refutes a suggested ‘Snowball Earth’ event, which is reported to reflect a more abrupt switch over from warm to cold climate in the sediment record.

En los últimos años, el proyecto minero Tía María ha sido objeto de diversos problemas ocasionados por conflictos entre pobladores y mineros que ocasionaron paralizaciones en la operación, mala imagen de la minería y protestas. Debido a esto, se ha visto la necesidad de implementar una metodología que permita obtener más información para poder ayudar a tratar el conflicto. Para ello, se estudiará la opinión de los pobladores sobre qué factores son los que más influyen en su percepción del proyecto y a qué es lo que más afectará este proyecto. Toda esta data será estudiada con herramientas SIG y procesadas a través del software ArcGIS. En el presente trabajo semostrará este estudio para poder obtener las respectivas conclusiones y aportar con algunas medidas que se podrían ejecutar. De este modo, el problema general radica en una falta de comunicación real y posible desinformación por parte de algunos pobladores, así como una posible imagen no adecuada que la misma empresa se generó por algunos hechos en el pasado. Además, en este estudio, se evaluará la capacidad, alcance y posibilidad del uso de herramientas SIG para esta investigación. Los factores que se evaluarán varían desde elementos que son afectados por la minería como educación, empleabilidad, salud, entre otros hasta la clasificación de los pobladores que opinan entre comerciantes, agricultores y pobladores que no pertenecen a ninguna de las 2 clases mencionadas.

En la presente investigación se analizan las características del conflicto socioambiental que gira en torno al proyecto cuprífero Tía María, lo cual nos ayuda a determinar las estrategias a tomar en cuenta para poder dar una viabilidad social sostenible al proyecto, que aún en el momento de culminación de la presente tesis, sigue paralizado.Se empleo como herramienta principal de recolección de datos una encuesta presencial realizada en las áreas de influencia social directa e indirecta del proyecto Tía María, provincia de Islay – Arequipa, con lo cual se creó una línea base para conocer la percepción presente acerca del proyecto en mención.Los resultados nos confirman la composición del rechazo del proyecto por una parte de la población, la desinformación sobre contaminación, la represión surgida durante las movilizaciones y la sensación de desprotección a la agricultura, actividad económica base de la provincia, se conjugan en una sinergia que frena la inversión. Existe también otra parte de la población que está de acuerdo con la inversión minera, ya que ven a través de ella una oportunidad de desarrollo económico, la cual ayudará a mejorar la calidad de vida de la provincia. / Tesis

This thesis investigates whether lead mining can be detected using palaeoenvironmental data recovered from freshwater loch and marsh sediment. Using radiometric time-frames and geochernical analyses the environmental impact of 18th and 19th century mining on Islay, Inner Hebrides, Scotland, has been investigated. The model of known mining events thus produced has been used to assess previously unrecorded (early) lead mining activity. Previous mining in the area is suggested by 18th century accounts that record the presence of 1,000 "early" workings scattered over the north-east limestone region. While there is little to support the often repeated assertion that lead mining dates back to the Norse Period (circa lOll th centuries) it is clear that it may well have been an established industry prior to the time of the first historical records in the 16th century. In order to use a palaeoenvironmental approach to the question of mining history and its impact, the strategy has been to use integrated loch and catclunent units of study. The areas considered are; Loch Finlaggan, Loch Lossit, Loch Bharradail and a control site at Loch Leathann. Soil and sediment geochemical mapping has been used to assess the distribution of lead, zinc and copper within the catchments. Environmental pathways have been identified and influx of lead, zinc and copper to the loch sediment has been detennined through the analyses of cores from each loch basin. Archaeological fieldsurvey and the re-examination of the results from mineral prospecting data across the study region provides new evidence on the geographical extent and contaminatory effects of leadmining in this area. This study shows how the effect of lead mining can be identified in the palaeoenvironrnental record from circa 1367 AD onwards, so mining in Islay does indeed predate the earliest known archaeological and historical records.