Many mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and subsequently imported into the organelles via active protein transport systems. While usually highly specific, some proteins are dual-targeted to both organelles. In tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum L.</i>), the cDNA encoding the mitochondrial isoform of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+-ICDH) contains two translational ATG start sites, indicating the possibility of two tandem targeting signals. In this work the putative mitochondrial and chloroplastic targeting signals from NADP+-ICDH were fused to a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to generate a series of constructs and introduced into tobacco leaves by <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transient transfection. The subsequent sub-cellular locations of the ICDH:YFP fusion proteins were then examined under the confocal microscope. Constructs predicted to be targeted to the chlroplast all localized to the chloroplast. However, this was not the case for constructs that were predicted to be mitochondrial targeted. While some constructs localized to mitochondria, others appeared to be chloroplast localized. This was attributed to an additional 50 amino acid residues of the mature NADP+-ICDH protein which was present in those constructs. In addition, during the process of generating these constructs our sequence analysis indicated a stop codon present at amino acid position 161 of the mature NADP+-ICDH protein from both Xanthi and Petit Havana cultivars of tobacco. This was confirmed by multiple sequencing reactions and created discrepancies with the reported sequence present in the database. The results of this study raise interesting questions with regard to the targeting and processing of NADP+-ICDH.

Many mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and subsequently imported into the organelles via active protein transport systems. While usually highly specific, some proteins are dual-targeted to both organelles. In tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum L.</i>), the cDNA encoding the mitochondrial isoform of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+-ICDH) contains two translational ATG start sites, indicating the possibility of two tandem targeting signals. In this work the putative mitochondrial and chloroplastic targeting signals from NADP+-ICDH were fused to a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to generate a series of constructs and introduced into tobacco leaves by <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transient transfection. The subsequent sub-cellular locations of the ICDH:YFP fusion proteins were then examined under the confocal microscope. Constructs predicted to be targeted to the chlroplast all localized to the chloroplast. However, this was not the case for constructs that were predicted to be mitochondrial targeted. While some constructs localized to mitochondria, others appeared to be chloroplast localized. This was attributed to an additional 50 amino acid residues of the mature NADP+-ICDH protein which was present in those constructs. In addition, during the process of generating these constructs our sequence analysis indicated a stop codon present at amino acid position 161 of the mature NADP+-ICDH protein from both Xanthi and Petit Havana cultivars of tobacco. This was confirmed by multiple sequencing reactions and created discrepancies with the reported sequence present in the database. The results of this study raise interesting questions with regard to the targeting and processing of NADP+-ICDH.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

A full length cDNA (1463 bp) encoding isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) of Strongyloides stercoralis is described. The nucleotide sequence of this insert identified a cDNA coding for the isocitrate lyase. The conceptually translated amino acid sequence of the open reading frame for S. stercoralis isocitrate lyase encodes a 450 amino acid residue protein with an apparent molecular weight of 50 kDa and a predicted pl of 6.39. The sequence is 69 % A/T, reflecting a characteristic A/T codon bias of S. stercoralis. The amino acid sequence of S. stercoralis isocitrate lyase is compared with bifunctional glyoxylate cycle protein of Caenorhabditis elegans and isocitrate lyases from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Myxococcus xanthus. The full length cDNA of S. stercoralis was expressed in pRSET vector and bacteriophage T7 promoter based expression system. S. stercoralis lyase recombinant protein, purified via immobilized metal affinity chromatography, showed a molecular mass of 50 kDa on polyacrylamide gels. The role of isocitrate lyase in the glyoxylate cycle and energy metabolism of S. stercoralis is also discussed.

Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Le cycle de Krebs occupe une place centrale dans le métabolisme cellulaire et est le point de jonction de nombreuses voies essentielles. Depuis le début des années 2000, un lien a été démontré entre l’apparition de certains cancers et des mutations affectant des gènes codant pour des enzymes du cycle de Krebs, i.e., la succinate déshydrogénase, la fumarase ou les iso-enzymes 1 et 2 de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH). Les mutations des gènes IDH sont présentes dans 15 à 20 % des leucémies myéloïdes aigues (LAM) et jusqu'à 80 % dans certains gliomes. Ces mutations affectent le site actif des enzymes et elles induisent une néo-fonction enzymatique qui se traduit par la production et l'accumulation d'un oncométabolite : le stéréoisomère D du 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) responsable de dérégulations énergétiques et épigénétiques au sein de la cellule. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu entre ces anomalies et la pathologie humaine, mon travail de thèse a impliqué le développement de différentes méthodes analytiques : - tout d'abord une méthode robuste de séparation et de quantification des stéréoisomères D et L par dérivation chirale du 2-HG, ceci en GC tandem MS, - également par GC tandem MS, des méthodes métabolomiques ciblées à haute spécificité pour l'analyse de plus de 120 composés d'intérêt clinique, - des méthodes analytiques à haute résolution et non-ciblées (masse exacte; n=360 composés) adaptées à l'étude de cellules, - et des méthodes d'étude de flux métaboliques sur culture cellulaire basées sur l'analyse des dérivés de traceurs marqués aux isotopes stables. Le développement de ces méthodes m'a permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants. J'ai démontré l'importance du D-2-HG comme marqueur de la présence de mutations IDH1/2 dans une large cohorte de patients leucémiques, à la fois pour le diagnostic et pour le suivi des patients sous traitement. Notre étude pilote a conduit à utiliser ce paramètre en pratique hospitalière courante dans le laboratoire de chimie analytique de l'institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). L'étude de profils métaboliques associés aux mutations affectant les enzymes IDH2 et succinate déshydrogénase nous a permis d'identifier des mécanismes compensatoires du dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs, par exemple la sur-activation de la pyruvate carboxylase. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que ces mécanismes ne sont que partiellement efficaces; ils pourraient ainsi servir de cibles thérapeutiques. Une mutation du gène IDH2 (R140Q) est retrouvée chez des patients atteint de LAM et chez des patients possédant une acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique, maladie héréditaire du métabolisme extrêmement rare. Un inhibiteur spécifique de l'enzyme IDH2 possédant la mutation R140Q est actuellement testé comme traitement dans un essai clinique à l'IGR pour les patients leucémiques. Nous avons étudié les effets de ce composé sur des fibroblastes de notre patient atteint d'acidurie D-2-hydroxyglutarique. Nous avons confirmé ses effets sur l'enzyme IDH et observé des effets secondaires sur le métabolisme des lipides et du cycle de Krebs, à la fois dans les fibroblastes témoin et du patient. Cet inhibiteur étant connu pour avoir des effets sur la différenciation cellulaire, nos résultats pourraient permettre d'expliquer les mécanismes impliqués. Ce travail a apporté de nouveaux outils pour l'exploration des maladies métaboliques traditionnelles ainsi que de certains types de cancers, et il met en avant de nouvelles illustrations de la puissance de l'approche métabolique pour identifier des points d'intervention et de surveillance thérapeutique personnalisée des patients ("théranostique"). / The Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics").

Depuis que Parsons et col. ont découvert en 2008 que le gène de l’isocitrate déhydrogénase 1 (IDH1) est fréquemment muté dans les glioblastomes (12%), de nombreuses équipes ont étudié la prévalence et les caractéristiques des mutations des gènes IDH1 et 2 dans les gliomes.Les mutations du gène IDH1 sont observées dans environ 40% des gliomes. La mutation d’IDH1 la plus fréquentes dans les gliomes (>90% des cas) est la mutation R132H. La fréquence des mutations IDH1 et 2 est inversement corrélée au grade des gliomes (grade II ~80%, III ~50%, and IV ~10%). Les mutations IDH1/2 ont une valeur diagnostique ainsi que pronostique (associées à une meilleure survie). Pendant ce travail de thèse nous avons dans une première partie analysé la distribution de ces mutations IDH1/2 dans les différents gliomes, leur association avec d’autres altérations génétiques, ainsi que leur valeur diagnostique et pronostique dans une cohorte de 1332 patients atteints de gliomes. Nous confirmons sur cette très grande cohorte les données de la littérature et affinons la valeur pronostique des mutations IDH1/2. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons mis en évidence dans les gliomes un polymorphisme (SNP) du gène IDH1 (SNP rs 11554137; C (cytosine) substituted by T (thymin)) précédemment observé dans les leucémies myéloïdes aigues. Ce SNP, codon 105, est localisé dans le même exon que le codon 132 fréquemment muté, et nous avons montré qu’il est associé à une moins bonne survie des patients atteints de gliomes. Les mutations du codon 132 causent une baisse de l’activité enzymatique normale d’IDH1/2 qui est remplacé par le gain d’une nouvelle. Les protéines IDH1/2 mutés, au lieu de produire de l’alpha-cétoglutarate de façon NADP dépendante, réduisent de façon NADPH dépendante l’alpha-cétoglutarate en 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Une forte concentration de 2HG et une baisse de la quantité de NADPH peuvent sensibiliser les tumeurs au stress oxidatif et donc potentialiser l’effet de la radiothérapie, ce qui pourrait expliquer la meilleure survie de ces patients. Nous avons donc dans une troisième partie étudié in vitro l’impact de la mutation IDH1R132H sur la survie après radiothérapie de cellules tumorales exprimant de façon stable ce gène muté. Les résultats obtenus montrent que dans certaines conditions ces cellules pourraient être plus radiosensibles que les mêmes cellules exprimant le gène IDH1 non-muté.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons donc étudié le gène IDH1 dans les gliomes de patients et tenté par une approche fonctionnelle in vitro d’évaluer l’impact de la mutation IDH1R132H sur la radiosensibilité des cellules tumorales. / Since Parsons et al. (2008) found the frequent mutations of IDH1 (12%) in GBMs, various reports have studied the prevalence and characteristic of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations.The mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene occur in nearly 40% of gliomas. The frequency of IDH1 mutations are inversely connected with grade II (~80%), III (~50%), and IV (~ 10%) gliomas. Importantly, the status of IDH1 mutations is associated with a better outcome and demonstrated a diagnostic value. We analyzed also these mutations in distribution, association with tumor-derived other genetic alterations and the diagnostic and prognostic value in a cohort of 1332 glioma patients.A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP rs 11554137; C (cytosine) substituted by T (thymin)] has been studied in gliomas patients. The SNP rs 11554137 (in codon 105) are located in the same exon with the IDH1 R132 mutations (in codon 132). And gliomas patients with SNP rs 11554137: C>T had a poorer outcome than patients without SNP rs 11554137. This was observed a similarly adverse effect in survival in patients with AML. Mutations in codon 132 can cause a decrease of IDH1/2 activity and also gain a new enzyme function for the NADPH dependent reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate. High 2HG and low NADPH levels might sensitize tumors to oxidative stress, potentiating response to radiotherapy, and may account for the prolonged survival of patients harboring the mutations. So we studied further the alterations of function in IDH1R132H mutant cells in vitro. Based on the decrease of defence and the increase of impairing factors in tumor cells, we found that the tumors harbouring IDH1 mutations may have an elevated radiosensitivity. In the present study, we described the impact of IDH1 mutations in gliomas and search for new perspectives for the treatment strategy.

O gene TrCit do fungo filamentoso Trichoderma reesei codifica a proteína citrato sintase, uma enzima chave do ciclo de Krebs. Análise da região 5´ upstream de TrCit mostra que o gene está adjacente ao gene TrIcl (que codifica a proteína isocitrato liase, uma enzima do ciclo de glioxalato), em uma orientação cabeça-cabeça. A região promotora intergênica de 647 pb rica em G + C, apresenta uma ilha CpG, seqüência INR, caixas GC, caixas CAAT, sítios de ligação para diversos fatores de transcrição e é isenta de caixa TATA. O gene TrCit de 1573 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1422 pb produz uma proteína de 474 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 52,3 kD. O gene TrIcl de 1880 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1788 pb produz uma proteína de 596 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 65,4 kD. A atividade transcricional da região promotora foi analisada utilizando como repórter o gene de higromicina B fosfotransferase (hph). Uma região funcional necessária à transcrição de ambos os genes foi identificada na região central do promotor e contém uma caixa GC que liga o putativo fator de transcrição Sp1 de T. reesei (TrZnFSp1). O gene do putativo fator de transcrição “zinc-finger" TrZnFSp1 de 1500 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1344 pb produz uma proteína de 448 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 48,4 kD. Os resultados mostram que ambos os genes são transcritos de forma divergente a partir de um promotor bidirecional que compartilha na região central uma caixa GC, necessária para a transcrição de ambos os genes. / The TrCit gene from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei codes for the citrate synthase protein, a key enzyme in the Krebs cycle. Analysis of TrCit 5’ upstream region showed that it is adjacent to the TrIcl gene that codes for isocitrate lyase protein, an enzyme involved in the glyoxylate cycle. Both genes, on a head-to-head orientation, are separated by an intergenic GC-rich and TATA-less promoter region of 647 base pairs. This bidirectional promoter has diverse cis regulatory elements: a CpG island, two INR sequences, GC boxes, CAAT boxes and several putative interaction sites for different transcription factors. The TrCit gene, 1,573-base pair-long, has an open reading frame of 1,422 base pairs interrupted by two introns. The gene codes for a protein with an estimated molecular weight of 52.3 kD. The TrIcl gene, 1,880-base pair-long, contains 3 exons and 2 introns and a putative coding sequence of 1,788 base pairs. The estimated molecular weight of TrICL is 65.4 kD. he transcriptional activity of the intergenic promoter region was analyzed using hygromicin B phosphotransferase (hph) as a reporter gene. A functional region required for the transcription of both genes was identified in the centre of this promoter. It has a GC box that interacts with a putative transcription factor Sp1 from T. reesei (TrZnFSp1). The results presented in this work show that both genes are divergently transcribed from a bidirectional promoter that shares an essential central GC box.

O gene TrCit do fungo filamentoso Trichoderma reesei codifica a proteína citrato sintase, uma enzima chave do ciclo de Krebs. Análise da região 5´ upstream de TrCit mostra que o gene está adjacente ao gene TrIcl (que codifica a proteína isocitrato liase, uma enzima do ciclo de glioxalato), em uma orientação cabeça-cabeça. A região promotora intergênica de 647 pb rica em G + C, apresenta uma ilha CpG, seqüência INR, caixas GC, caixas CAAT, sítios de ligação para diversos fatores de transcrição e é isenta de caixa TATA. O gene TrCit de 1573 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1422 pb produz uma proteína de 474 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 52,3 kD. O gene TrIcl de 1880 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1788 pb produz uma proteína de 596 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 65,4 kD. A atividade transcricional da região promotora foi analisada utilizando como repórter o gene de higromicina B fosfotransferase (hph). Uma região funcional necessária à transcrição de ambos os genes foi identificada na região central do promotor e contém uma caixa GC que liga o putativo fator de transcrição Sp1 de T. reesei (TrZnFSp1). O gene do putativo fator de transcrição “zinc-finger” TrZnFSp1 de 1500 pb contém 3 éxons e 2 íntrons. Sua seqüência codificadora de 1344 pb produz uma proteína de 448 aminoácidos, com um peso molecular estimado de 48,4 kD. Os resultados mostram que ambos os genes são transcritos de forma divergente a partir de um promotor bidirecional que compartilha na região central uma caixa GC, necessária para a transcrição de ambos os genes. / The TrCit gene from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei codes for the citrate synthase protein, a key enzyme in the Krebs cycle. Analysis of TrCit 5’ upstream region showed that it is adjacent to the TrIcl gene that codes for isocitrate lyase protein, an enzyme involved in the glyoxylate cycle. Both genes, on a head-to-head orientation, are separated by an intergenic GC-rich and TATA-less promoter region of 647 base pairs. This bidirectional promoter has diverse cis regulatory elements: a CpG island, two INR sequences, GC boxes, CAAT boxes and several putative interaction sites for different transcription factors. The TrCit gene, 1,573-base pair-long, has an open reading frame of 1,422 base pairs interrupted by two introns. The gene codes for a protein with an estimated molecular weight of 52.3 kD. The TrIcl gene, 1,880-base pair-long, contains 3 exons and 2 introns and a putative coding sequence of 1,788 base pairs. The estimated molecular weight of TrICL is 65.4 kD. he transcriptional activity of the intergenic promoter region was analyzed using hygromicin B phosphotransferase (hph) as a reporter gene. A functional region required for the transcription of both genes was identified in the centre of this promoter. It has a GC box that interacts with a putative transcription factor Sp1 from T. reesei (TrZnFSp1). The results presented in this work show that both genes are divergently transcribed from a bidirectional promoter that shares an essential central GC box.