Das Projekt OEKO-ID hat zum Ziel. problematische Bauteilanschlüsse, insbesondere Balkenköpfe von Holzdecken, im Zusammenhang mit "ökologischen" Innendämmsystemen messtechnisch zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren sollen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der hygrothermischen Simulation aufgezeigt werden. Ferner wurde eine neue Methode molekularbiologischer und baubiologischer Untersuchungen, hier zur Detektierung von Schimmelpilzen, entwickelt und optimiert.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Technisch-wissenschaftliche Beschreibung der Arbeit 4 1.1 Projektabriss 4 2 Testhaus und energetische Sanierung 6 2.1 Literaturrecherche 6 2.2 Auswahl der Dämmsysteme 7 2.3 Planung Versuchsgebäude 8 2.4 Adaptierung Versuchsgebäude 8 2.5 Vorbereitende Arbeiten 2.7 Montage der Dämmsysteme 14 2.8 Baupraktische Erfahrungen im Spiegel des WTA-Merkblatts E-8-14 18 2.9 Beschreibung der verwendeten Dämmsysteme 20 2.10 Bewertung der verwendeten Dämmstoffe bezüglich der Verarbeitung 26 2.11 Vergleich der Dämmsysteme bezüglich OI3- Index 29 2.12 Erfahrungen beim Rückbau und der Entsorgung 31 2.13 Zusammenfassung der Eigenschaften der Dämmsysteme 39 2.14 Reduzierung der Transmissionswärmeverluste durch Innendämmmaßnahmen 41 3 Hygrothermische Materialkennwerte und -funktionen 43 3.1 Materialuntersuchungen 43 3.2 Beprobung . 44 3.3 Messverfahren 45 3.4 Verifizierungsexperimente: kontinuierliche Wasseraufnahme und Abtrocknung 52 3.5 Erstellung von Materialfunktionen 53 3.6 Zusammenfassung der Eigenschaften der Materialien und Innendämmsysteme 62 4 Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen und Methodenentwicklung 67 4.1 Vorgehen 67 4.2 Ergebnisse 75 5 Hygrothermische Vor-Ort-Messungen 81 5.1 Auswertung der Messdaten 81 5.2 Außen- und Raumklima 82 5.3 Temperatur und Luftfeuchte auf der Bestandsoberfläche 94 5.4 Temperatur und Luftfeuchte in der Mitte der Balkentasche 105 5.5 Temperatur und Luftfeuchte vor dem Stirnholz 109 5.6 Holzfeuchtemessungen 115 5.7 Oberflächentemperaturen 121 5.8 Temperatur- und Feuchteprofile an den Balken 125 5.9 Abdichtung der Balkenauflagertaschen 140 5.10 Mögliches Schimmelpilzwachstum in den Balkenauflagern 147 5.11 Konvertieren und Auswerten der Messungen 149 5.12 Resümee der hygrothermischen Messungen 149 6 Hygrothermische Simulationen 152 6 Hygrothermische Simulationen 152 6.1 Verwendete Simulationsprogramme 152 6.2 Temperatur-Korrektur der Holzfeuchtesensoren 154 6.3 Einfluss von Schlagregen 158 6.4 Berücksichtigung der Permeabilität der Baumaterialien 162 6.5 Simulation der Messergebnisse 166 6.6 Simulation der Grenzschicht Dämmsystem/ Bestandskonstruktion 168 6.7 Simulation eines Balkenkopfs 170 7 Dissemination - Darstellung der Verbreitungs- und Verwertungsmaßnahmen 174 7.1 Workshops 174 7.2 Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Projekten 175 7.3 Vorträge auf (Fach-)Tagungen und Konferenzen 175 7.4 Publikationen 178 8 Zusammenfassung 180 8.1 Technologische und ökologische Bewertung der Dämmsysteme 180 8.2 Bestimmung der Materialeigenschaften 181 8.3 Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen und Methodenentwicklung 181 8.4 Hygrothermische Vorortmessungen182 8.5 Hygrothermische Simulationen 183 8.6 Dissemination 184 9 Literaturverzeichnis 185 10 Unterschrift 192 A1 Anhang zum Abschnitt 2 Versuchsaufbau 193 A2 Anhang zum Abschnitt 4 - Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen 194 A3 Abdruck der Publikationen in internationalen wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften 208 A4 Bauteilkatalog 230 A5 Monatliche Klima-Durchschnittswerte 247

Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γPGA), which is a biodegradable, non-immunogenic and unusual anionic amino-acid polymer consist of D- and L-glutamic acid units, was exploited for a wide array of useful applications. Bacillus are well known cellular system important for fermentation to synthesize γPGA, which is used as thickener, drugs carrier, cryoprotectant, humectant, biological adhesive, flocculants, or heavy metal absorbent. This study focused on the isolation of Bacillus spp. that is possible to produce γ-PGA from different soil samples from different places in Vietnam. Study the effect of precursors, temperature, carbon sources, times and pH on γ-PGA production. From 31 soil samples and 4 straws samples, strain 20.2 which produced the highest γ-PGA yields (riches 15.2 mg/ml), was identified as Bacillus sp. 20.2 by molecular biology method. The suitable conditions for growing of Bacillus sp. 20.2 strain to produce γ-PGA are at 37°C, pH 7 after 72 hours. Citric acid instead of glucose in a GSP medium is better for producing γ-PGA by strain Bacillus sp. 20.2. / Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) là một polymer amino-acid gồm D và L-glutamic acid, có khả năng phân hủy sinh học, không gây miễn dịch, đã được ứng dụng rộng rãi trong công nghiệp, y học. Bacillus subtilis được biết đến là hệ thống tế bào ý nghĩa quan trọng trong quá trình lên men để tổng hợp γ-PGA. γ-PGA hòa tan trong nước, phân hủy sinh học và không độc đối với con người và môi trường. γ-PGA ổn định với nhiều protease vì các protease thường không nhận acid γ- glutamic (Obst et al., 2004). γ-PGA có cấu trúc đồng phân đơn giản, không gây miễn dịch. Do đó, γ-PGA đã được quan tâm ứng dụng trong các lĩnh vực như y học, công nghiệp thực phẩm, mỹ phẩm và đặc biệt là xử lý nước nhiễm kim loại nặng. Trong nghiên cứu này chúng tôi tập trung phân lập, tuyển chọn các chủng Bacillus có khả năng sinh tổng hợp PGA cao. Sau đó định danh và đánh giá khả năng sinh tổng hợp PGA từ chủng đã phân lập được. Kết quả cho thấy từ 34 mẫu rơm và đất, chúng tôi đã phân lập được chủng với mã số 20.2 có khả năng sinh PGA cao nhất đạt 15.2 mg/ml. Chủng này đã được định danh bằng phân tích trình tự gene 16S rRNA và thuộc loài Bacillus sp. Môi trường thích hợp sinh tổng hợp PGA là GSP ở điều kiện 37oC pH7 sau 72 giờ nuôi cấy.

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Basierend auf den physikalischen Eigenschaften der unterschiedlichen ölintrinsischen und injizierten Ladungsträger wird ein neues Leitfähigkeitsmodell für Isolieröl und -papier für die Belastung mit hoher Gleichspannung aufgestellt. Das Modell wird mit der Wahl geeigneter Randbedingungen für das elektrische Feld und der Teilchenströme auf die Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Gleichung übertragen. Es steht damit ein Werkzeug zur Verfügung, das dielektrische Verhalten der Öl-Papier-Isolierung zu modellieren, dessen Parameter auf den physikalischen Ladungsträgereigenschaften wie Mobilität und Diffusion basieren. Mit dessen Hilfe werden sowohl die nichtlineare Leitfähigkeit als auch das Durchschlagverhalten als deren Extrapolation feldstärkeabhängig erklärt.

Basierend auf den physikalischen Eigenschaften der unterschiedlichen ölintrinsischen und injizierten Ladungsträger wird ein neues Leitfähigkeitsmodell für Isolieröl und -papier für die Belastung mit hoher Gleichspannung aufgestellt. Das Modell wird mit der Wahl geeigneter Randbedingungen für das elektrische Feld und der Teilchenströme auf die Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Gleichung übertragen. Es steht damit ein Werkzeug zur Verfügung, das dielektrische Verhalten der Öl-Papier-Isolierung zu modellieren, dessen Parameter auf den physikalischen Ladungsträgereigenschaften wie Mobilität und Diffusion basieren. Mit dessen Hilfe werden sowohl die nichtlineare Leitfähigkeit als auch das Durchschlagverhalten als deren Extrapolation feldstärkeabhängig erklärt.

1. Microbial ecology According to Caumette et al. (2015) the term ecology is derived from the Greek words “oikos” (the house and its operation) and “logos” (the word, knowledge or discourse) and can, therefore, be defined as the scientific field engaged in the “knowledge of the laws governing the house”. This, in extension, results in the simple conclusion that microbial ecology represents the study of the relationship between microorganisms, their co-occurring biota and the prevailing environmental conditions (Caumette et al. 2015). The term microbial ecology has been in use since the early 1960s (Caumette et al. 2015) and microbial ecologists have made astonishing discoveries since. Microbial life at extremes such as in the hydrothermal vents (see Dubilier et al. 2008 and references therein) or the abundance of picophytoplankton (Waterbury et al. 1979; Chisholm et al. 1988) in the deep and surface waters of the oceans, respectively, are only a few of many highlights. Nevertheless, a microbial ecologist who, after leaving the field early in their career, now intends to return would hardly recognise again their former scientific field. The main reason for this hypothesis is to be found in the advances made to the methodologies employed in the field. Most of these were developed for biomedical research and were subsequently hijacked, sometimes followed by minor modifications, by microbial ecologists. The Author presents in this thesis scientific findings which, although spanning only a fraction of the era of research into microbial ecology, have been obtained using various modern tools of the trade. These studies were undertaken by the Author during his employment as postdoctoral scientist at Warwick University (UK), as member of staff at Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) and as scientist at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg. Although the scientific issues and the environmental habitats investigated by the Author changed due to funding constraints or due to change of work place (i.e. from the marine to the mining environment) the research shared, by and large, a common aim: to further the existing understanding of microbial communities. The methodological approach chosen to achieve this aim employed both isolation followed by the characterisation of microorganisms and culture independent techniques. Both of these strategies utilised again a variety of methods, but techniques in molecular biology represent a common theme. In particular, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) formed the work horse for much of the research since it has been routinely used for the amplification of a marker gene for strain identification or analysis of the microbial diversity. To achieve this, the amplicons were either directly sequenced by the Sanger approach or analysed via the application of genetic fingerprint techniques or through Sanger sequencing of individual amplicons cloned into a heterologous host. However, the Author did not remain at idle while with these ‘classical’ approaches for the analysis of microbial communities, but utilised the advances made in the development of nucleotide sequence analysis. In particular, the highly parallelised sequencing techniques (e.g. 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing) offered the chance to obtain both high genetic resolution of the microbial diversity present in a sample and identification of many individuals through sequence comparison with appropriate sequence repositories. Moreover, these next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques also provided a cost-effective opportunity to extent the characterisation of microbial strains to non-clonal cultures and to even complex microbial assemblages (metagenomics). The work involving the high throughput sequencing techniques has been undertaken in collaboration with Dr Jack Gilbert (PML, lateron at Argonne National Laboratory, USA) and, since at Freiberg, with Dr Anja Poehlein (Goettingen University). These colleagues are thanked for their support with sequence data handling and analyses.

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