Bakgrund: Sepsis är kroppens svar på en bakteriell infektion. En patient med sepsis kan vara svår att upptäcka i tid då symtomen initialt kan vara mycket diffusa. Om patienten inte får behandling i tid är dödligheten mycket stor. En specialistutbildad ambulanssjuksköterska ska kunna bedöma patientens tillstånd, utföra åtgärder, utvärdera dessa och samtidigt se till att patienten blir behandlad under rätt vårdnivå. Samtidigt som sjuksköterskans anamnestagande är viktigt får sjuksköterskan inte glömma bort att arbeta patientsäkert och för patientens bästa. Syfte: Syftet var att följa upp det nationella kvalitetsregistret ”Svår sepsis på IVA inom 24t”.  Metod: Studien var en retrospektiv registerstudie där de inkluderade (n=110) var patienter som registrerats i det nationella kvalitetsregistret, ”Svår sepsis på IVA inom 24 t” under åren 2007-2014. Urvalet bestod av patienter behandlade på lokal nivå. Patienterna delades in i grupper beroende på ankomstsätt till sjukhus och data analyserades med hjälp av statistikprogram (SPSS). Resultat: En jämn fördelning avseende patienternas kön- och åldersgrupper påvisades. De som anlänt med ambulans utgjorde den största gruppen (66 %). Denna grupp fick i större utsträckning också sin antibiotikabehandling snabbare insatt (p= 0,032). Medelvärdet för populationens tid till första antibiotikabehandling var 1,35 timme. Ambulanstransporterade patienter visade över lag ett allvarligare sjukdomstillstånd än motsvarande grupp. Samtliga registrerade avlidna på sjukhus hade ankommit med ambulans. Konklusion: Kvalitetsregister kan vara effektivt för att utvärdera och utveckla vården. För att registret ska kunna nyttjas till fullo krävs att registret hålls uppdaterat och är korrekt ifyllt. Ett avsevärt bortfall av data på grund av felaktiga eller saknade registreringar gör denna studies resultat osäkert.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Bacterial infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms are classified among one of the major global health problems. In recent decades, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials has been seen as a major problem in the human and veterinary fields. The dissertation thesis is focused on the development and evaluation of the biological activity of antimicrobial agents, followed by describing the mechanism of antibiotic resistance from a molecularly microbiologically aspects. In the experimental part the nanomaterials, antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics and also the composites from these materials have been used for development of new antimicrobial agents and subsequently tested for their inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The synthesized antimicrobials were physically and chemically characterized and their biological activity was established by basic microbiological and molecular methods. The results show that the produced composites can overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms, show excellent biocompatibility, and can be used in clinical practice in the future.

MRSA is a bacteria that is known to cause a wide range of different infections in humans, some more severe than others. In recent years different strains of the bacteria, mainly the MRSA CC398, has been found in many pig farming operations across Europe. Most of Sweden’s pork imports come from Denmark and Germany and the estimation of the prevalence of MRSA in pig farms throughout both countries are more than 50 percent. For this study Sweden were chosen due to the fact that no pigs have been found to carry the infection in this country. The purpose of this study was to find out if legislation and use of antibiotics in each of the countries somehow influence the spreading of the infection, but also to investigate how MRSA transmits between different individuals. The study is split in two parts, namely a literature review and a small survey that were sent to Swedish pig producers. The survey showed that disease protection is important and that 67 percent of the pig producers that answered are worried that MRSA might come to Sweden. From the comparison of the legislation no real conclusion could be made, but antibiotic group treatments of pigs can be linked to an increased incidence of MRSA in pig farms.

The aim of this thesis was the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials and their composites for environmental applications, application as an antibacterial agent, and crop protection. As the basic constituent of all prepared nanomaterials, graphene oxide (GO) prepared by the modified Hummers method was successfully used. In order to improve the desired properties, the prepared GO was further reduced and modified with magnetic nanoparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) of metals or metalloids to form composites. In the prepared nanocomposites, the synergistic effect of graphene oxide and nanoparticles was utilized. In the case of nanocomposite formed from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and MPs, this composite was used to bind Se (IV) as a heavy metal from an aqueous medium. In addition, the advantage of this material was its reusability after a recovery in ethanol. To protect agricultural crops against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (X. euvesicatoria), which causes the bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper and considerable economic casualties, nanocomposite containing GO and copper and silver NPs was used. This nanocomposite was selected for application to tomato and pepper plants after previous microbiological tests in vitro.

The most significant economic losses in breeding of weaned piglets cause bacterial infectious diseases. The antimicrobial agents are used to combat and control infections. Moreover, antibiotics are still utilized as growth promoters at lower concentrations in some countries. With the increasing incidence of resistant bacterial strains, including human medicine, the use of antibiotics has been limited and controlled in the European Union. Similar antimicrobial effects are provided by zinc oxide, which is used today in prevention instead of prohibited antibiotics. However, high concentrations of zinc get into the environment along with slurry and contaminate the soil. Currently, new forms of zinc nanoparticles have been developed to decrease the effective zinc concentrations utilized in agriculture. The experimental part of this thesis includes 3 experimental groups of weaned piglets. The first group was control group (basal diet), the second was supplemented by zinc oxide and the third group was treated by zinc nanoparticles supplements. These groups were subdivided according to the concentration of zinc compound (500, 1000 and 2000 mg.kg-1) and each group contained 10 piglets. Feces samples were collected on 0th, 5th, 10th and 20th day of the experiment. 224 bacterial strains were isolated from these samples and identified as Escherichia coli, a potential causative agent of coliform infections. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility/resistance to the most common antibiotics employed in Czech animal husbandry and also to the important antibiotics of human medicine. The best results (the highest efficiency) were achieved by ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, cefotaxime and colistin. The most frequent incidence of resistant strains were found for chlortetracycline, ampicillin and amoxicillin. Moreover, 2 isolates were evaluated as producers of extended-spectrum β-lactamases by testing with combination of ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and 5 isolates by testing with combination of cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The comparison of resistant strains incidence across the experimental groups, did not show an induction of antimicrobial resistance in association with dietary administration of zinc nanoparticles in feed mixtures.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Bacterial infections with complicated process and therefore lengthy, often unsolvable treatment due to emerging resistance to antibiotic drugs are currently increasingly frequent problem of many medical fields. The presented thesis entitled "Effect of heavy metal ions on the biological properties, resistance and virulence" was primarily focused on the study of selected metal ions (Ag +, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on the biochemical properties of bacterial strains, in particular observing their influence on free radical formation, creation of oxidative stress and growth properties. Detection of the influence of metals not only on biochemical parameters, but mainly their significant antimicrobial effect directed our further studies to testing of antimicrobial activity of metals (usually silver) or metal nanoparticles synthesized in complexes with polymer substances (chitosan, hyaluronic acid). The obtained results clearly showed the nanoparticles as the best form, so the effects of proven antimicrobial silver nanoparticles were subsequently compared with metalloid selenium nanoparticles, which even surpassed the previous results of antimicrobial activity. Finally, the effect of long-term action of metal ions on the emerging resistance or so-called multiresistance in the case of cross-resistance of metals and antibiotic drugs was tested.

This thesis is aimed to study the effect of product SeaGut, made from sea algae, on prevention and treatment of diarrhoea of suckling piglets. Here was created 8 groups of piglets (4 control groups and 4 experimental groups) within the experiment. In control group, there was used standard treatment of piglets after farrowing, with anticoccidic Cevazuril, active substance toltrazuril. Treatment of occuring diarrhoea was solved by antibiotics – Betamox. In experimental group, anticoccidics and antibiotics were replaced with SeaGut paste. At the same time, piglets of experimental group were fed by mineral feed containing bentonite and zeolithe. During the experiment, health condition was regurarly observed and recorded. Results between groups was statistically compared. Diarrhoea occured on 16th day at piglets within the experimental group, witch is earlier than at piglets withing the control group (20th day). But in the experimental group, there were less piglets with diarrhoea, as well as number of dirrhoea recurrence. Number of deaths of piglets in experimental group was as well low, but this parametr was not statistically significant (P > 0,05). Preventive and therapeutic usage of products containing algae led to significantly better results in treatment of diarrheal diseases of piglets (P < 0,05). The experiment demonstrated the suitability of using SeaGut in the prevention and treatment of diarrheal diseases of piglets as an alternative to the preventive use of anticoccidics and the therapeutic use of antibiotics.