Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The effects of isometric exercises on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) indexes have been investigated. However, the samples are usually reduced, which makes it difficult to generalize the data. Systematic reviews with meta-analyzes are presented as alternatives because it allows the grouping of data from different studies. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on acute PA and HR changes in adults generated by isometric exercise (Study I), as well as to investigate the chronic effects on these same parameters (Study II). To do so, we searched the PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus and PeDro databases for clinical trials published until May 23, 2016 that evaluated changes in BP and HR in adults after isometric exercises and performed with subjects> 18 years. The studies that studied the responses after an isometric exercise session were selected and separated according to the age of the sample, <and> 60 years, to analyze the influence of age on the acute effect. Those with intervention period ≥4 weeks were selected for chronic effect assessment. Thus, 4 articles were included in study I and, although half of the studies were performed with adults and the other with the elderly, the direct comparison of the studies was not performed, due to divergences between the exercise characteristics used. In study II, 2 studies were identified that demonstrated that isometric manual grip training is able to significantly reduce SBP and MAP only, -1.58 [-2.64, -0.51], p = 0.004, and -0.91 [-1.58, -0.24], p = 0.008, respectively, after an intervention period of 8-10 weeks. Thus, it was observed a need to produce studies that seek to evaluate the acute responses to isometric exercise protocols with similar characteristics used in current chronic training programs, especially in the elderly and hypertensive, so that questions about risk and differences between Populations are identified. In addition, isometric manual grip training significantly reduces systolic BP and mean BP of adults. However, studies with different samples and modalities of different isometries are still necessary to safely subsidize the use of this training modality in the management of hypertension. / Os efeitos de exercícios isométricos sobre os índices de pressão arterial (PA) e frequência cardíaca (FC) vêm sendo investigado. No entanto, as amostras costumam ser reduzidas o que dificulta a generalização dos dados. Revisões sistemáticas com meta-análises se apresentam como alternativas por possibilitar o agrupamento dos dados de diferentes estudos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar na literatura a influência da idade sobre as alterações agudas de PA e FC de adultos geradas pelo exercício isométrico (Estudo I), bem como investigar os efeitos crônicos sobre estes mesmos parâmetros (Estudo II). Para tal, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados: PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus e PeDro, por ensaios clínicos publicados até 23 de Maio de 2016 que avaliaram mudanças de PA e FC em adultos após exercícios isométricos e realizados com sujeitos com idade >18. Os estudos que estudaram as respostas após uma sessão de exercício isométrico foram selecionados e separados de acordo com a idade da amostra, < e > 60 anos, para análise da influência da idade sobre o efeito agudo. Aqueles com período de intervenção ≥4 semanas foram selecionados para avaliação de efeito crônico. Assim, foram incluídos 4 artigos no estudo I e, apesar de metade dos trabalhos ter sido realizada com adultos e a outra com idosos, a comparação direta dos estudos não foi realizada, devido às divergências entre as características de exercício utilizadas. No estudo II, foram identificados 2 trabalhos que demonstraram que o treino isométrico de preensão manual é capaz de reduzir significativamente apenas a PAS e a PAM, -1,58 [ -2,64 , -0,51 ] , p = 0,004, e -0,91 [-1,58 , -0,24], p = 0,008, respectivamente, após um período de intervenção de 8-10 semanas. Com isso, observou-se uma necessidade de produção de trabalhos que busquem avaliar as respostas agudas a protocolos de exercicio isométrico com caracteristicas similares as utilizadas nos programas de treinamentos crônicos atuais, sobretudo em idosos e hipertensos, para que questões sobre o risco e diferenças entre as populações sejam identificadas. Além disso, o treino de preensão manual isométrico reduz significativamente a PA sistolica e PA média de adultos. Todavia ,estudos com amostras diferentes e modalilidades de isometrias diferentes ainda são necessarios para subsidiar com segurança a utilização desta modalidade de treino no manejo da hipertensão. / São Cristóvão, SE

Introduktion: Sportrelaterade hjärnskakningar drabbar minst 1.6 till 3.8 miljoner idrottare varje år i USA. Idrottare aktiva inom olika kontaktidrotter har en relativ ökad risk att drabbas av hjärnskakningar. Ungdomar är särskilt känsliga för hjärnskakningar på grund av strukturella och anatomiska skillnader i hjärn- och kroppsutvecklingen, vilket kan leda till allvarligare skador. Låg nackstyrka har visat sig vara en bidragande faktor hos idrottare som drabbats av hjärnskakning. Syfte: Att undersöka vilka typer av nackträningsinterventioner som används och om de ökar nackstyrkan hos ungdomar inom kontaktidrotter. Metod: En strukturerad sökning gjordes i Pubmed, Web of Science, SportDiscus och Medline med hjälp av en PICO. P = Idrottande ungdomar inom kontaktidrotter, 12–19 år. I = Träning av nackmuskulaturen och dess effekt. C = Studier som jämför nackträning med kontrollgrupp utan nackträning. O = Ökad nackstyrka. Resultat: Databassökningen genererade 520 studier. Efter kontroll av titel, abstrakt och full genomgång av studier inkluderades fyra studier. Vid referenssökning hämtades två andra studier in som genomgick samma procedur. Samtliga inkluderade studier fann en ökning av nackstyrka efter intervention. Störst ökning i nackstyrka sågs där nackträningen implementerades i ett befintligt skadeförebyggande program. I fem av sex interventioner användes isometrisk träning för att öka nackstyrkan. Konklusion: Nackstyrka går att öka på relativ kort tid med få eller inga redskap. Det går inte att dra en slutsats kring vilken metod som är effektivast då metoderna varierar. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på fler deltagare och idrotter då befintlig forskning är begränsad. / Introduction: Sports-related concussions affect at least 1.6 to 3.8 million athletes each year in the United States. Athletes active in various contact sports have a relatively increased risk of concussion. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to concussions due to structural and anatomical differences in brain and body development, which can lead to more serious injuries. Low neck strength has been shown to be a contributing factor in athletes suffering from concussions. Aim: To investigate what types of neck training interventions are used and whether they increase neck strength among adolescents involved in contact sports. Method: A structured literature search was done in Pubmed, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Medline using a PICO. P = Adolescent athletes in contact sports, 12-19 years old. I = Training of the neck muscles and their effect. C = Studies that compare neck training with control group without neck training. O = Increased neck strength. Results: The database search generated 520 studies. After checking titles, abstract and full screening of studies, four was included. During reference search, two other studies were found and underwent the same procedure. All included studies found an increase in neck strength after intervention. The largest increase in neck strength was seen where neck training was implemented in an already existing injury prevention program. In five of the six interventions, isometric training was used to increase neck strength. Conclusion: Neck strength can be increased in a relatively short time with few or no tools. It is not possible to draw a conclusion about which method is the most effective one, as the methods vary. Future research should focus on more participants and sports as existing research is limited.