Colorectal tumors with mutations on Wnt family members show an overexpression of several Notch target genes, suggesting a link between Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. In this work, we have demonstrated that there is a direct relation between Wnt and Notch pathways that it is responsible for the maintenance of the intestinal proliferative compartment and crucial for intestinal tumorigenesis. We have identified two different mechanisms through β-catenin interacts with Notch to activate transcription: 1) β-catenin activates Notch through the transcriptional activation of Notch ligand Jagged1. Jagged1 expression leads the binding to the Notch receptor, promoting its cleavage and activation. This mechanism occurs in human colorectal tumors, with nuclear β-catenin, overexpressed Jagged1 and activated Notch. 2) β-catenin and Notch bind simultaneously to a specific group of gene promoters. We observed that this group of genes is overexpressed in tumours with mutations in Wnt signaling. Moreover, β-catenin and Notch physically interact in the nucleus of colorectal tumour cell lines. We have characterized a group of genes that are double target genes for β-catenin and Notch; in other words, these genes require the activation of both Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. These genes are expressed in the intestinal undifferentiated compartment. The loss of any of these signalling pathways reduced stem cell marker expression, reinforcing the importance of the interaction between both signalling pathways. The study of conditional knockouts mice for Jagged1 indicated that Jagged1 is not required for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. However, Jagged1 is crucial during the tumorigenic process. Our data opens a new possibility for colorectal treatment, using inhibitors of Notch ligand Jagged1, avoiding side effects in the intestinal normal tissue.

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Senescent cells interact with the surrounding microenvironment achieving both pro- oncogenic and tumour-suppressive outcomes. In addition to autocrine and paracrine signalling mediated by factors of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), we have recently identified that NOTCH1 can drive a unique form of senescence in adjacent cells via juxtacrine signalling. Here, we show that NOTCH1 signalling confers a dramatic impact on chromatin structure during senescence. RAS-induced senescent (RIS) fibroblasts often develop chromatin structures called senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF). We find that NOTCH1 inhibits SAHF formation at least partially through transcriptional repression of a critical structural component, high-mobility group A (HMGA). Using ATAC-sequencing (assay for transposase accessible chromatin) we demonstrate that nucleosome positioning is substantially altered in RIS and that this re-distribution is also antagonised by NOTCH1, resulting in a distinct chromatin landscape. Importantly, normal or cancer cells that express the NOTCH ligand jagged-1 can drive similar chromatin structural changes in adjacent cells in a cell-cell contact dependent manner. In addition, using a highly optimised chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-seq) protocol and the proximity ligation assay ‘Hi-C’, we demonstrate that HMGA proteins are directly involved in the formation of long-range interactions in RIS cells that may underpin SAHF formation. These ChIP-seq data have also allowed us to identify a unique HMGA1 binding profile, potentially suggesting a novel role for HMGA1 in gene regulation. Together, our data indicate that NOTCH signalling, both cell-autonomously and non-cell-autonomously, can repress HMGA1, a multi-faceted protein that regulates nucleosome positioning (1D structure), SAHF formation (3D structure) and potentially mRNA abundance.