Until the 1980s, there was no Japanese community in Christchurch, but only a small number of individuals living mainly amongst European New Zealanders. However, from the mid-1980s changes in New Zealand's immigration policies and the introduction of a working holiday scheme between Japan and New Zealand, led to the growth of a distinctive Japanese community. Its distinctiveness lays in a fact that unlike the classic 'New' immigrant communities of Japanese in Auckland and some other countries, it consisted largely of permanent residents rather than business expatriates. By the 1990s, the community had become large enough to support formal organisational structures, such as the Japanese Society of Canterbury, established in 1991 and the Japanese Supplementary School of Canterbury, opened in 1999. These organisations were founded by the permanent residents, not business sojourners. They fostered a sense of community and were expressions of Japanese identity, but they also promoted links with the host society. In this respect, they were representative of attitudes prevalent amongst the Christchurch's Japanese permanent residents. A survey conducted as a part of the research for this thesis reveals that Japanese in Christchurch retain a strong ethnic identification with Japan. However, it as well shows that they also have a strong civic identification with Christchurch and with New Zealand because they are glad that they live there; and it shows that most of them socialise extensively with European New Zealanders, support Canterbury and the All Blacks, and adopt aspects of 'Kiwi culture'. They have a dual loyalty to the land of their birth and the place where they live.

Orientador: Armando Pereira Antonio / Banca: Alice Yatiyo Asari / Banca: Claudemira Azevedo Ito / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como base a análise do processo de imigração japonesa para o Brasil. Elegemos para o nosso estudo a colônia japonesa de Álvares Machado e buscamos respostas à diversas questões referentes à imigração, suas motivações, as dificuldades encontradas e a adaptação ao país receptor. Analisamos, ainda a atual situação da colônia japonesa do município para melhor compreender as transformações ocorridas ao longo de todo esse processo. / Abstract: This present paper had as basis the analysis of the Japanese immigration process to Brazil. We selected for our study, the Japanese colony of Álvares Machado and searched for answers to several different questions related to the immigration, its motivations, the difficulties that were found and the adaptation to the hosting country. We also analyzed the current situation of the Japanese colony in the town for better understanding of the transformations that took place during all this process. / Mestre

Orientador: Ethel Volfzon Kosminsky / Banca: Célia Sakurai / Banca: Claude Lépine / Resumo: Campo Grande recebeu a partir de 1909, grande contingente de imigrantes japoneses. Tornou-se assim, uma das cidades com o maior número dessa população no Brasil. Uma de suas características é o fato de possuir boa parte de seus nipônicos oriundos da ilha de Okinawa. O grupo oriental exerceu - e ainda exerce grande influencia na cidade, possuindo como uma de suas festas turísticas o Bon Odori, incorporado pela Prefeitura Municipal ao calendário de festividades de comemoração do aniversário da divisão do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. A cidade possui também como carro-chefe de sua gastronomia um prato japonês, chamado sobá, trazido á Cidade Morena pelos novos habitantes provenientes de Okinawa. O presente trabalho, portanto, pretende compreender qual a importância desses dois elementos diacríticos da cultura japonesa e Campo Grande na construção de uma identidade nipônica nessa cidade, levando ainda em consideração, o fato de que as mulheres orientais, possuem na família e na colônia papel importantíssimo, como mantenedoras das tradições e costumes. São as "peças de resistência" que transmitem aos descendentes os conhecimentos e informações sobre seu país de origem, através da socialização das crianças - filhos e netos - e através de sua intensa participação nos Clubes e Associações Japonesas em Campo Grande. / Abstract: Campo Grande received from 1909 large contingent of Japanese immigrants. It is thus one of the cities with the largest number of the population in Brazil. One of his characteristics is the fact possess much of its nipponics from the island of Okinawa. The eastern group exercised - and still exerts great influence in the city, having as one of its tourist festivals the Bon Odori, built by the Municipality the timing of the festivities commemorating the anniversary of the division of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul the city has also car-head of its Japanese cuisine a dish called sobá, brought to "Cidade Morena" by the new inhabitants from Okinawa. This study, therefore, aims to understand how important these two elements characters of Japanese culture and Campo Grande in the construction of an identity nipponic this city, even taking into account the fact that women east, have in the family and in the colony role important, as maintainers traditions and customs. They are the "pieces of resistance" that transmit the offspring the knowledge and information about their country of origin, through the socialization of children - children and grandchildren - and through its participation in the intense Japanese Clubs and Associations in Campo Grande. / Mestre

O judô tem como marco a criação da escola Kodokan em 1882, idealizado por Jigoro Kano, com a intencionalidade educativa como referência norteadora, segundo os métodos de treinamento mental e físico. Buscava o desenvolvimento físico, intelectual, moral para o uso na vida cotidiana, com uma proposta que invertia a ordem dos elementos constantes nos combates guerreiros onde o processo se torna mais valoroso do que o resultado e, o produto mais significativo é aquele que se colhe em conjunto. Estes sentidos são expressos pelos princípios seyrioku zenyo: melhor uso da energia e jita kyoei: auxílio e prosperidade mútuos. No Brasil o judô veio trazido por imigrantes japoneses e foi difundido em diversos contextos, interesses e práticas, entre elas a transmissão e preservação cultural e a relacionamento social. Diante destes aspectos este estudo tem por objetivo discutir e analisar a presença destes princípios na vida cotidiana de mestres de judô, a partir de suas memórias, que participaram da difusão da região de Mogi das Cruzes e foram alunos de pioneiros do judô no Brasil. Para tanto é utilizado o Método história de vida. Os dados apontam para presença dos princípios propostos, destacando-se elementos cotidianos valorizados por eles, destacando; as origens familiares; a iniciação desafiadora; o treinamento rigoroso; a crença no esforço; o orgulho constante; a imagem idolatrada dos mentores e; a marcialidade. Diante de situações como o caráter de mudança imposto pela sociedade; o processo de esportivização que a arte sofreu e; as perseguições políticas e ideológicas / Judo is marked by the creation of the Kodokan school designed in 1882 by Jigoro Kano, with the intentions guiding educational reference, according to the methods of mental and physical training. He sought the physical, intellectual, moral, for use in everyday life, with a proposal that reversed the order of the elements contained in the fighting warriors where the process becomes more valuable than the result, and the most significant product is one that is harvested together. These directions are expressed by the principles seyrioku zenyo: better use of energy and jita kyoei: aid and mutual prosperity. In Brazil judo came brought by Japanese immigrants and was broadcast in various contexts, interests and practices, including the transmission and cultural preservation and social relationship. Given these aspects the study aims to discuss and analyze the presence of these principles in everyday life master of judo, from his memoirs, who participated in the diffusion region of Mogi das Cruzes and students were the pioneers of judo in Brazil. For this is the method used life history. The data indicate the presence of the principles proposed, especially evidence valued by them everyday, highlighting, family background; initiation challenging, rigorous training and the belief in the effort, pride constant image idolized mentor, the martial. Faced with situations like the character of change imposed by society, the process of Sportization that art has suffered and, the political and ideological persecution

O judô tem como marco a criação da escola Kodokan em 1882, idealizado por Jigoro Kano, com a intencionalidade educativa como referência norteadora, segundo os métodos de treinamento mental e físico. Buscava o desenvolvimento físico, intelectual, moral para o uso na vida cotidiana, com uma proposta que invertia a ordem dos elementos constantes nos combates guerreiros onde o processo se torna mais valoroso do que o resultado e, o produto mais significativo é aquele que se colhe em conjunto. Estes sentidos são expressos pelos princípios seyrioku zenyo: melhor uso da energia e jita kyoei: auxílio e prosperidade mútuos. No Brasil o judô veio trazido por imigrantes japoneses e foi difundido em diversos contextos, interesses e práticas, entre elas a transmissão e preservação cultural e a relacionamento social. Diante destes aspectos este estudo tem por objetivo discutir e analisar a presença destes princípios na vida cotidiana de mestres de judô, a partir de suas memórias, que participaram da difusão da região de Mogi das Cruzes e foram alunos de pioneiros do judô no Brasil. Para tanto é utilizado o Método história de vida. Os dados apontam para presença dos princípios propostos, destacando-se elementos cotidianos valorizados por eles, destacando; as origens familiares; a iniciação desafiadora; o treinamento rigoroso; a crença no esforço; o orgulho constante; a imagem idolatrada dos mentores e; a marcialidade. Diante de situações como o caráter de mudança imposto pela sociedade; o processo de esportivização que a arte sofreu e; as perseguições políticas e ideológicas / Judo is marked by the creation of the Kodokan school designed in 1882 by Jigoro Kano, with the intentions guiding educational reference, according to the methods of mental and physical training. He sought the physical, intellectual, moral, for use in everyday life, with a proposal that reversed the order of the elements contained in the fighting warriors where the process becomes more valuable than the result, and the most significant product is one that is harvested together. These directions are expressed by the principles seyrioku zenyo: better use of energy and jita kyoei: aid and mutual prosperity. In Brazil judo came brought by Japanese immigrants and was broadcast in various contexts, interests and practices, including the transmission and cultural preservation and social relationship. Given these aspects the study aims to discuss and analyze the presence of these principles in everyday life master of judo, from his memoirs, who participated in the diffusion region of Mogi das Cruzes and students were the pioneers of judo in Brazil. For this is the method used life history. The data indicate the presence of the principles proposed, especially evidence valued by them everyday, highlighting, family background; initiation challenging, rigorous training and the belief in the effort, pride constant image idolized mentor, the martial. Faced with situations like the character of change imposed by society, the process of Sportization that art has suffered and, the political and ideological persecution

This dissertation examines the socio-cultural conditions of Japanese society as reflected in factors that induce recent Japanese immigration to Canada. The examination is based on interview research done with six female and six male Japanese immigrants living in Vancouver, who arrived in Canada after the mid-1990s. While previous migration studies emphasized political-economic conditions as the causes of migration flow, the narratives of these interviewees reveal a different migratory pattern that is motivated by spiritual well-being and life values. In order to encapsulate the complexity of contemporary migration flow, the push/pull factors that induced interviewees' emigration are thematically categorized and analyzed within a frame that emphasizes both these factors' interdependence with the interrelationships of Japanese social systems that have swayed the interviewees' decision to emigrate from Japan, and the nature of complexity in Japanese society. Showing the pluralism of these factors, they are categorized into nine themes: 1)physical environment; 2) spiritual enrichment and a stress-reduced life style; 3) socio-cultural constraints; 4) family life; 5) education; 6) age restrictions; 7) gender roles; 8)diversification, and 9) self-actualization. Luhmann's theory of social systems and Foucault's notion of governmentality serve as touchstones for the re-interpretation of the push/pull factors based on the examination of the interrelations among three Japanese social systems of family, education, and employment. The analysis reveals the complexity of the push/pull factors. Moreover, the interviewees' image of a "simple Canada," which also contributes to their decision to immigrate, is explained in terms of the "double complexity" of Japanese society stemming from both the complexity of modern society and the complexity of an amalgam of "modern" and "pre-modern" elements in Japanese society. Through an extensive examination of the correlations between the experiences of contemporary Japanese migrants and Japanese social systems, this study brings new insights to discussions on tensions between human agency and social structure, and the importance of intangible, mental images in the ways people shape their lives.

This dissertation examines the socio-cultural conditions of Japanese society as reflected in factors that induce recent Japanese immigration to Canada. The examination is based on interview research done with six female and six male Japanese immigrants living in Vancouver, who arrived in Canada after the mid-1990s. While previous migration studies emphasized political-economic conditions as the causes of migration flow, the narratives of these interviewees reveal a different migratory pattern that is motivated by spiritual well-being and life values. In order to encapsulate the complexity of contemporary migration flow, the push/pull factors that induced interviewees' emigration are thematically categorized and analyzed within a frame that emphasizes both these factors' interdependence with the interrelationships of Japanese social systems that have swayed the interviewees' decision to emigrate from Japan, and the nature of complexity in Japanese society. Showing the pluralism of these factors, they are categorized into nine themes: 1)physical environment; 2) spiritual enrichment and a stress-reduced life style; 3) socio-cultural constraints; 4) family life; 5) education; 6) age restrictions; 7) gender roles; 8)diversification, and 9) self-actualization. Luhmann's theory of social systems and Foucault's notion of governmentality serve as touchstones for the re-interpretation of the push/pull factors based on the examination of the interrelations among three Japanese social systems of family, education, and employment. The analysis reveals the complexity of the push/pull factors. Moreover, the interviewees' image of a "simple Canada," which also contributes to their decision to immigrate, is explained in terms of the "double complexity" of Japanese society stemming from both the complexity of modern society and the complexity of an amalgam of "modern" and "pre-modern" elements in Japanese society. Through an extensive examination of the correlations between the experiences of contemporary Japanese migrants and Japanese social systems, this study brings new insights to discussions on tensions between human agency and social structure, and the importance of intangible, mental images in the ways people shape their lives.

This dissertation examines the socio-cultural conditions of Japanese society as reflected in factors that induce recent Japanese immigration to Canada. The examination is based on interview research done with six female and six male Japanese immigrants living in Vancouver, who arrived in Canada after the mid-1990s. While previous migration studies emphasized political-economic conditions as the causes of migration flow, the narratives of these interviewees reveal a different migratory pattern that is motivated by spiritual well-being and life values. In order to encapsulate the complexity of contemporary migration flow, the push/pull factors that induced interviewees' emigration are thematically categorized and analyzed within a frame that emphasizes both these factors' interdependence with the interrelationships of Japanese social systems that have swayed the interviewees' decision to emigrate from Japan, and the nature of complexity in Japanese society. Showing the pluralism of these factors, they are categorized into nine themes: 1)physical environment; 2) spiritual enrichment and a stress-reduced life style; 3) socio-cultural constraints; 4) family life; 5) education; 6) age restrictions; 7) gender roles; 8)diversification, and 9) self-actualization. Luhmann's theory of social systems and Foucault's notion of governmentality serve as touchstones for the re-interpretation of the push/pull factors based on the examination of the interrelations among three Japanese social systems of family, education, and employment. The analysis reveals the complexity of the push/pull factors. Moreover, the interviewees' image of a "simple Canada," which also contributes to their decision to immigrate, is explained in terms of the "double complexity" of Japanese society stemming from both the complexity of modern society and the complexity of an amalgam of "modern" and "pre-modern" elements in Japanese society. Through an extensive examination of the correlations between the experiences of contemporary Japanese migrants and Japanese social systems, this study brings new insights to discussions on tensions between human agency and social structure, and the importance of intangible, mental images in the ways people shape their lives. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Este trabalho pretende apresentar a situação dos imigrantes japoneses e seus descendentes na região amazônica, durante a década de 50, particularmente no Estado do pará, onde houve maiores reflexos (positivos e negativos) de sua presença. Pretende-se assim, iniciar um debate sobre o impacto desses nikkeys tanto na região quanto no Brasil como um todo, e entender a profundidade destas influências nos âmbitos econômicos, políticos e sociais. / This article intends to present the situation of Japanese immigrants and their descendants in the Amazon region during the 1950s, particularly in the states of Amazonas and Pará, where there were more positive and negative effects of their presence. The aim is to begin a debate about the impact of these nikkeys in the region as well as in Brazil as a whole, and to understand the depth of these influences in the economic, political and social spheres.

Esta tese constitui um estudo sobre o papel da mobilização feminina em discursos sobre identidade, etnicidade e pertencimento nacional. O objeto de pesquisa são as associações femininas fujinkai constituídas no âmbito da imigração japonesa para o Brasil ao longo do século XX. A partir de uma análise informada por aportes teóricos e epistemológicos dos estudos de gênero, sociologia histórica das migrações e estudos pós-coloniais, a pesquisa sugere que o associativismo feminino nipo-brasileiro esteve articulado a questões e ansiedades em relação à mistura racial e perda cultural e contribuiu para a produção de representações positivas sobre o Japão e os japoneses no arena global. Com a derrota do país na Segunda Guerra Mundial, essas organizações ressurgem com novos propósitos, promovendo trabalhos voluntários de interesse cultural e filantrópico e contribuindo para a formulação de sentidos de identidade japonesa distanciados dos referenciais imperiais-nacionalistas e alinhados à narrativa de ascensão socioeconômica do grupo na sociedade brasileira. Longe de apresentar conclusões definitivas, este trabalho busca estabelecer um campo de possibilidades analíticas a partir da problematização dos sentidos políticos da mobilização feminina no âmbito da domesticidade e as articulações do gênero com outras relações de poder como classe, raça, etnicidade e nacionalidade. / This thesis is a study about the role of women\'s mobilization in matters of identity, ethnicity and national belonging. It focuses on women\'s associations called fujinkai established by Japanese immigrants in Brazil throughout the twentieth century. This analysis is based on theoretical and epistemological contributions from gender studies, historical sociology of migration and postcolonial studies. The research data suggests that Japanese-Brazilian female associations were articulated to address issues and anxieties regarding racial mixture, cultural loss and to aid the production of positive representations about Japan and the Japanese in the global landscape. After Japan was defeated in World War II, these organizations resurfaced with a new purpose, promoting voluntary works of social, cultural and philanthropic interest, contributing to the create new Japanese identities distanced from imperial-nationalist references and aligned with a project of socioeconomic ascension for Japanese-Brazilians in Brazil. Far from presenting definitive conclusions, this work seeks to establish analytical possibilities by problematizing the political meanings of women\'s domestic roles and mobilization and the interplay between gender and other relations of power such as class, race, ethnicity and nationality.