Large scale power generation commences with the combustion of coal or other fuel, which in turn converts high pressure water into steam which then drives a turbine thus generating electricity. Burning high moisture coal, such as lignite, for power generation implies that a significant amount of energy is wasted in vaporising the moisture, which could otherwise be used in the steam raising process. This implies that more moist coal would be required to drive the same process than if the coal was drier, thus increasing the amount of combustion products such as greenhouses gases. Introducing a dried coal in an existing boiler will significantly change the heat flux profiles, which could result in boiler damage or excessive fouling. Flame temperature is influenced by the supply of reactants; in most cases the limiting reactant will be oxygen. The supply of oxygen (through air) to a pneumatically transported coal stream and subsequent reaction is controlled by the localised fluid mechanics or ‘mixing’. This research aims to provide an understanding of the mixing process between the pneumatically transported coal and air in brown coal fired boilers by modelling the individual jets. The effects of the change in velocity ratio for the air (secondary) jets and fuel (primary) jets of rectangular burners typical of those found in brown coal fired boilers has been studied experimentally and is reported in this thesis. In particular, scientific analysis was used to investigate the physical mechanisms which control fuel-air mixing, and to quantify the concentration of primary and secondary fluid. The concentration data was used in a regression model in conjunction with a reactive combustion model, developed from a 1:30 scale cold model of the Yallourn W’ stage 2 boiler, in order that overall boiler performance can be assessed. This overall study is fundamental as a result of the questions raised concerning the future of brown coal in modern society. A qualitative flow visualisation study of the unconfined 1:30 scaled primary, and two adjacent rectangular jets, was conducted using single colour planar laser induced fluorescence. The characteristics of the jet flow were examined by imaging individually seeded primary and secondary jets and were visualised through four different planes longitudinally, on the axes of each jet. In addition, a transverse qualitative and quantitative study on the rectangular jets was also conducted for the individually seeded jets, and was visualised through planes of flow perpendicular to the direction flow, specifically at axial stations of x/D =0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The flow characteristics were also examined under different co-flow conditions, particularly secondary to primary jet velocity ratios (λ) of 0, 0.55, 1.4, 2.8, 3.6 and ∞. This quantitative data yields the basis for a 3D regression model to predict fuel-air mixing in actual boilers. A semi-quantitative investigation into some geometrical modifications on the rectangular jets was also conducted at velocity ratios of λ=0, 0.55 and 1.4. The rectangular nozzles were fitted with base plates orientated at 90 degrees and 60 degrees to the direction of flow. The longitudinal flow visualisation study highlighted the effect of velocity ratio on the flow field of the primary and secondary jets. In particular it showed that the main structures of the primary and secondary jets are sensitive to the co-flowing conditions. The primary jet also experienced the formation of coherent structures close to the bluff body re-circulation region for λ>2.8. The quantitative transverse analysis of the rectangular jets showed that the primary jet and secondary jets close to the nozzle exit plane distorted with a change in co-flowing conditions. The primary jet experienced distortion for λ>1.4, and the secondary jets experienced distortion for λ <1.4. A plausible mechanism for this “distortion” can be explained by different co-flowing conditions altering the velocity gradients of the jet, thus changing the denomination of the counter rotating vortices present in the corners of rectangular jets, allowing them to alter jet shape. The transverse quantitative analysis of the rectangular jets allowed for graphical representation of the normalised concentration of the primary and secondary jets in the radial direction and the centreline mixture fraction decay. The analysis of the latter showed that the primary jet, under all co-flow conditions, reached self-similarity at approximately x/D =4, whereas the secondary jets did so at x/D =2. The primary jets observed greater rates of centreline dilution at high velocity ratios, whereas the secondary jets did so at λ=0.55. The quantification of the centreline concentration decay obeyed the inverse rate law for all co-flowing conditions. The first order decay constant K₁, was found to be heavily dependant on velocity ratio. The planar transverse quantitative data of the primary and secondary jets was used with the method of weighted squares to develop a regression model that would three-dimensionally reproduce the scalar mixing field as a function of velocity ratio. The regression model reproduces scalar quantities for λ=0 and λ=0.55 to 3.6 for the primary jet and λ=0.55 to 3.6 and ∞ for the secondary jet, and is capable of predicting primary and secondary bulk fluid concentrations within 30 to 40 % of the measured values. A sensitivity analysis on the regression model revealed that it is highly responsive to the momentum-controlling region between the jets with a change in velocity ratio. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297627 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2007

Large scale power generation commences with the combustion of coal or other fuel, which in turn converts high pressure water into steam which then drives a turbine thus generating electricity. Burning high moisture coal, such as lignite, for power generation implies that a significant amount of energy is wasted in vaporising the moisture, which could otherwise be used in the steam raising process. This implies that more moist coal would be required to drive the same process than if the coal was drier, thus increasing the amount of combustion products such as greenhouses gases. Introducing a dried coal in an existing boiler will significantly change the heat flux profiles, which could result in boiler damage or excessive fouling. Flame temperature is influenced by the supply of reactants; in most cases the limiting reactant will be oxygen. The supply of oxygen (through air) to a pneumatically transported coal stream and subsequent reaction is controlled by the localised fluid mechanics or ‘mixing’. This research aims to provide an understanding of the mixing process between the pneumatically transported coal and air in brown coal fired boilers by modelling the individual jets. The effects of the change in velocity ratio for the air (secondary) jets and fuel (primary) jets of rectangular burners typical of those found in brown coal fired boilers has been studied experimentally and is reported in this thesis. In particular, scientific analysis was used to investigate the physical mechanisms which control fuel-air mixing, and to quantify the concentration of primary and secondary fluid. The concentration data was used in a regression model in conjunction with a reactive combustion model, developed from a 1:30 scale cold model of the Yallourn W’ stage 2 boiler, in order that overall boiler performance can be assessed. This overall study is fundamental as a result of the questions raised concerning the future of brown coal in modern society. A qualitative flow visualisation study of the unconfined 1:30 scaled primary, and two adjacent rectangular jets, was conducted using single colour planar laser induced fluorescence. The characteristics of the jet flow were examined by imaging individually seeded primary and secondary jets and were visualised through four different planes longitudinally, on the axes of each jet. In addition, a transverse qualitative and quantitative study on the rectangular jets was also conducted for the individually seeded jets, and was visualised through planes of flow perpendicular to the direction flow, specifically at axial stations of x/D =0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The flow characteristics were also examined under different co-flow conditions, particularly secondary to primary jet velocity ratios (λ) of 0, 0.55, 1.4, 2.8, 3.6 and ∞. This quantitative data yields the basis for a 3D regression model to predict fuel-air mixing in actual boilers. A semi-quantitative investigation into some geometrical modifications on the rectangular jets was also conducted at velocity ratios of λ=0, 0.55 and 1.4. The rectangular nozzles were fitted with base plates orientated at 90 degrees and 60 degrees to the direction of flow. The longitudinal flow visualisation study highlighted the effect of velocity ratio on the flow field of the primary and secondary jets. In particular it showed that the main structures of the primary and secondary jets are sensitive to the co-flowing conditions. The primary jet also experienced the formation of coherent structures close to the bluff body re-circulation region for λ>2.8. The quantitative transverse analysis of the rectangular jets showed that the primary jet and secondary jets close to the nozzle exit plane distorted with a change in co-flowing conditions. The primary jet experienced distortion for λ>1.4, and the secondary jets experienced distortion for λ <1.4. A plausible mechanism for this “distortion” can be explained by different co-flowing conditions altering the velocity gradients of the jet, thus changing the denomination of the counter rotating vortices present in the corners of rectangular jets, allowing them to alter jet shape. The transverse quantitative analysis of the rectangular jets allowed for graphical representation of the normalised concentration of the primary and secondary jets in the radial direction and the centreline mixture fraction decay. The analysis of the latter showed that the primary jet, under all co-flow conditions, reached self-similarity at approximately x/D =4, whereas the secondary jets did so at x/D =2. The primary jets observed greater rates of centreline dilution at high velocity ratios, whereas the secondary jets did so at λ=0.55. The quantification of the centreline concentration decay obeyed the inverse rate law for all co-flowing conditions. The first order decay constant K₁, was found to be heavily dependant on velocity ratio. The planar transverse quantitative data of the primary and secondary jets was used with the method of weighted squares to develop a regression model that would three-dimensionally reproduce the scalar mixing field as a function of velocity ratio. The regression model reproduces scalar quantities for λ=0 and λ=0.55 to 3.6 for the primary jet and λ=0.55 to 3.6 and ∞ for the secondary jet, and is capable of predicting primary and secondary bulk fluid concentrations within 30 to 40 % of the measured values. A sensitivity analysis on the regression model revealed that it is highly responsive to the momentum-controlling region between the jets with a change in velocity ratio. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297627 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2007

Ce travail vise à modéliser les jets diphasiques de gaz liquéfiés et s'intéresse en particulier à la vitesse et au diamètre des gouttes formées au voisinage de l'orifice ( diamètres de brèche compris entre quelques millimètres et quelques dizaines de centimètres ). Le modèle calcule l'évolution le long du jet de la température, de la concentration en fluide, de la taille et de la vitesse des gouttes et calcule surtout la fraction de « rain-out » (liquide qui se dépose au sol). Ce travail est une contribution au développement d'outils pour estimer des distances de sécurité dans le cadre des études de danger.<br />Une campagne expérimentale a permis de mesurer le débit du jet, le diamètre et la vitesse des gouttes qui résultent de sa fragmentation , ainsi que la fraction de « rain-out ». Fluide : eau surchauffée ; températures de réservoir : 110 à 160°C ; pressions de réservoir : 3 à 10 bar abs ; géométries de la brèche : orifices -diamètres 2 et 5 mm- et conduites -diamètre 2 mm, longueur 100 mm et diamètre 5 mm, longueur 250 mm-.<br />Les mesures nous ont permis de valider le modèle proposé pour le débit de l'écoulement dans une conduite ou un orifice, ainsi que pour le jet de brouillard. Les mesures de distribution granulométrique des gouttes nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une population de « grosses gouttelettes » (150 µm < d < 600 µm), très minoritaires en nombre, mais qui représentent plus de 80 % de la masse. Même si l'existence de ces « grosses gouttelettes » n'a jamais encore été signalée dans la littérature et si le mécanisme physique qui les génère n'est pas élucidé, elles nous paraissent nécessaires pour comprendre le caractère hétérogène du « rain-out » : l'observation montre clairement des gouttes qui tombent sous le jet de brouillard.<br />Partant d'un échantillon parmi nos mesures et celles du CCPS sur d'autres fluides (CFC-11, Cyclohexane, Méthylamine, Cl2), nous avons proposé une corrélation pour le diamètre « nécessaire » des gouttelettes (celui qui conduit le modèle à prévoir le « rain-out » correct). Notre modèle, complété par cette corrélation, permet de prévoir la fraction de « rain-out » à [-10 %, +30 %] près, soit une amélioration significative de l'état de l'art.

The effects of the orifice geometry and the surface boundary condition on the heat transfer distribution to a flat surface of an impinging jet array were investigated. The jet array impinged normally onto the surface which was either isothermal or had a uniform heat flux. The experiments were performed for the flow rate range from 0.0039 to 0.0070 m��/s corresponding to jet Reynolds numbers of 5000 to 11000. The jet-to-surface spacings varied from 1 to 4 jet diameters. After impinging, the air jet was constraine4 to exit in one direction creating a "crossflow". condition. The isothermal surface results are presented in terms of the average heat transfer coefficient. For the uniform heat flux surface, both average and local values are presented. The average and local heat transfer distributions were mapped using thermochromic liquid crystals. Results are presented for two jet geometries: circular and cusped ellipse. The cusped ellipse jets show better heat transfer performance compared to the circular jets for both surface boundary conditions. This is thought to be a result of increased turbulence and the axis-switching phenomenon. Results for the uniform heat flux surface boundary higher than for the isothermal surface boundary condition. This result can be explained by the difference between the surface temperature and the jet temperature for both surface boundary conditions. Correlations of Nusselt versus Reynolds numbers are presented for both jet geometries and surface boundary conditions. / Graduation date: 2000

La Cromodinàmica Quàntica (QCD) és la teoria de camps que descriu les interaccions fortes entre quarks i gluons. La signatura més destacada de QCD en col·lisionadors hadrúnics és la producció de jets col·limats d'hadrons. La mesura de la producció d'aquests jets associats amb un bosó vectorial, W o Z/gamma*, proporciona un test estricte dels càlculs pertorbatius de QCD (pQCD). A més a més, alguns processos de nova física en col·lisionadors hadrúnics, com ara la producciÓ del bosó de Higgs i partícules supersimètriques, poden ser molt semblants a la producció de bosons vectorial associats amb jets que constitueixen un fons irreductible en aquestes cerques. Per tant l'estudi i comprensió de processos Z/gamma*+jets és una part crucial del programa de física del col·lisionador Tevatron. Durant el Run I del Tevatron, protons i antiprotons col·lidien amb una energia en el centre de masses sqrt(s) de 1.8 TeV. La producciÓ de Z/gamma*+jets es va estudiar durant el Run I amb el detector CDF utilitzant 106 pb-1 de dades. Les mesures es van comparar amb les prediccions de l'ordre més baix en teoria de pertorbacions (LO) més parton shower d'alguns generadors de Monte Carlo. Les comparacions estaven dominades per les grans incerteses en les prediccions de LO. En el Run II, el Tevatron i el detector CDF es van millorar i, entre d'altres importants millores, sqrt(s) es va augmentar a 1.96 TeV. El bon funcionament de l'accelerador i del detector van proporcionar una quantitat més gran de dades que va fer possible mesures diferencials de gran precisió.Aquesta tesi doctoral presenta la mesura de seccions eficaces inclusives de jets en esdeveniments amb Z/gamma*->ee utilitzant 1.7 fb-1 de dades obtingudes amb el detector CDF durant el Run II del Tevatron. L'algoritme de con Midpoint s'ha utilitzat per a buscar jets en els esdeveniments després d'haver identificat la presència d'un bosó Z/gamma* a través de la reconstrucció dels productes de la seva desintegració. Les mesures s'han comparat amb les prediccions del següent nivell (NLO) en pQCD per esdeveniments amb un o dos jets en l'estat final. Les prediccions pertorbatives s'han corregit per les contribucions de processos no-pertorbatius, com l'underlying event i la fragmentació dels partons en jets d'hadrons. Aquests processos no són descrits per la teoria de pertorbacions i s'han d'estimar amb models fenomenològics. En aquesta tesi, s'han realitzat un conjunt de mesures per a testejar diferents models d'underlying event i hadronització implementats en programes de Monte Carlo de LO més parton shower. / Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the field theory that describes the strong interactions between quarks and gluons. The most prominent signature of QCD at hadron colliders is the production of collimated jets of hadrons. The measurement of the production of such jets in association with a vector boson, W or Z/gamma*, provides an stringent test of perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations. Furthermore, some of new physics processes at hadron colliders, such as the production of Higgs bosons and supersymmetric particles, can be mimicked by the production of vector bosons in association with jets that constitute irreducible backgrounds to these searches. Therefore, the study and understanding of Z/gamma*+jets processes is a crucial part of the physics program of the Tevatron collider. At the Run I of the Tevatron, protons and antiprotons collided with an energy in the center-of-mass ps of 1.8 TeV. Z/gamma*+ jets production was studied during Run I with the CDF detector using 106 pb-1 of data. The measurements were compared to the predictions from leading order (LO) plus parton shower Monte Carlo generator programs. The comparisons were mainly dominated by the large scale uncertainties in the LO predictions. In Run II, the Tevatron and the CDF detector were upgraded and, among other important improvements, sqrt(s) was increased to 1.96 TeV. The good performance of the accelerator and the detector made available a larger amount of data, making possible precise differential measurements.This Ph.D. thesis presents the measurement of inclusive jet cross sections in Z/gamma*(->ee) events using 1.7 fb-1 of data collected by the upgraded CDF detector during the Run II of the Tevatron. The Midpoint cone algorithm is used to search for jets in the events after identifying the presence of a Z/gamma* boson through the reconstruction of its decay products. The measurements are compared to next-to-LO (NLO) pQCD predictions for events with one and two jets in the final state. The perturbative predictions are corrected for the contributions of non-perturbative processes, like the underlying event and the fragmentation of the partons into jets of hadrons. These processes are not described by perturbation theory and must be estimated from phenomenological models. In this thesis, a number of measurements are performed to test different models of underlying event and hadronization implemented in LO plus parton shower Monte Carlo generator programs.

Després de 20 anys de preparació, el LHC s'encendrà a finals del 2009, col.lisionant protons a energies de 14TeV, per recrear els primers moments del Big Bang. Les partícules s'acceleraran al llarg del túnel circular de 27 km de circumferència fins a velocitats properes a la de la llum. El túnel, situat prop de Ginebra, i els seus experiments formen un dels més grans esforços de la història per estudiar l'estructura fonamental de la matèria. S'espera que a aquestes altes energies de col.lisió nous fenòmens físics puguin esdevenir i siguin descoberts. Entre les restes resultants de les col.lisions entre protons, evidències de dimensions extres, de la misteriosa matèria fosca que inunda el nostre univers o de la partícula de Higgs que dona massa a les partícules elementals, podran ser observades. ATLAS és un dels experiments del LHC. A més a més del descobriment de nova Física en el seu programa, també està inclosa la investigació de la Física ja coneguda. Un millor coneixement de la teoria pertorbativa de Quantum Chromodynamics és un dels objectius d'ATLAS. QCD és la teoria que descriu les interaccions fortes entre quarks i gluons. Aquesta teoria encara roman sense resoldre, ja que no exiteix un mètode d'aproximació vàlid per qualsevol escala d'energies. La teoria pertorbativa de QCD pot descriure un gran nombre d'interaccions a altes energies. El seu formalisme ha donat una eina molt valuosa dins l'estudi de les interaccions fortes. La signatura més notable dels processos QCD en col.lisionadors d'hadrons és la producció de jets de partícules col.limats. La mesura d'aquests jets en associació amb un bosó vector, W o Z, proporciona un test estricte dels càlculs de la teoria pertorbativa de QCD. A més, alguns dels processos de la nova Física, com la producció del bosó Higgs o de partícules supersimètriques, poden ser imitats per la producció dels bosons vectros en associació amb jets, que constitueixen un background irreduïble a l'investigació d'aquests nous processos. Aquesta tesi presenta la mesura de la "inclusive jet cross section" en events amb un bosó Z(e,e,) o Z(mu,mu), comparant les prediccions teòriques amb les dades "real", i.e. events Monte Carlo "fully-reconstructed", pel primer 1fb-1 de dades obtingudes amb el detector ATLAS. Les dades reconstruïdes i corregides es comparen amb les prediccions de la teoria pertorbativa de QCD a nivell NLO i LO. Aquestes prediccions pertorbatives es corregeixen amb les contribucions de processos no pertorbatius, com l'underlying event o la fragmentació dels partons dins dels jets d'hadrons. Aquests processos no poden ser descrits per la teoria pertorbativa, i s'estimen amb models fenomenològics. S'han utilitzat dos tipus diferents de dades reconstruides Monte Carlo, ALPGEN i PYHTIA. S'han estudiat les comparacions entre les prediccions d'ambdós generadors. Els processos background han estat estimats utilitzant diferents mètodes "data-driven". Per la recerca dels jets, s'ha utilitzat l'algoritme ATLAS Cone 0.4, després d'identificar la presència d'un bosó Z mitjançant la reconstrucció del seu decaiment (electrons o muons). Les dades reconstruides han estat corregides pels efectes del detector, utilitzant factors independents. Aquest anàlisi ha estat realitzat abans que ATLAS recollís les primeres dades reals, abans de l'inici del LHC, per aquest motiu aquesta tesi es basa en dades simulades amb generadors Monte Carlo. Mentres dura la preparació d'un experiment de Física d'altes energies com ATLAS, aquestes simulacions són molt importants pel desenvolupament d'estratègies eficaces d'anàlisi de dades i reconstrucció d'objectes físics mesurats pel detector. / Después de 20 años de preparación, el LHC va a encenderse a finales del 2009, colisionando protones a una energia de 14 TeV, para recrear los primeros momentos después del Big Bang. Las partículas serán aceleradas a lo largo del tunel circular de 27 km de circumferencia hasta velocidades próximas a la de la luz. El túnel, situado cerca de Ginebra, y sus experimentos forman uno de los más grandes esfuerzos de la história para estudiar la estructura fundamental de la materia. Se espera que a estas elevadas energías de colisión, nuevos fenómenos físicos puedan ocurrir y sean descubiertos. Entre los resultantes escombros de las colisiones entre protones, evidencias de dimensiones extras, de la misteriosa materia oscura que inunda nuestro universo o de la partícula de Higgs que da masa a las partículas elementales serán observadas. ATLAS es uno de los experimentos del LHC. Además del descubrimiento de nueva Fisica en su programa, también está la investigación de la Fisica ya descubierta. Un mejor conocimiento de la teoría perturbativa de Quantum Chromodynamics es uno de los objetivos de ATLAS. Quantum Chromodynamics es la teoria de campos que describe las interacciones fuertes entre quarks y gluones. Esta teoría todavia permanece sin resolver, ya que no existe un método de aproximación válido para cualquier escalada de energía. La teoría perturbativa de QCD puede describir un gran numero de interacciones a altas energías. Su formulismo ha dado una herramienta muy valiosa en el estudio de las interacciones fuertes. La signatura más notable de procesos QCD en collisionadores de hadrones es la producción de jets colimados de hadrones. La medición de estos jets en asociación con un bosón vector, W o Z, proporciona un test severo de los cálculos de la teoría perturbativa de QCD. Además, algunos de los procesos de nueva Física en los colisionadores de hadrones, como la production del boson de Higgs o de partículas supersimétricas, pueden ser imitados por la producción de bosones vectores en asociación con jets, que constituyen un background irreducible a la investigación de estos nuevos procesos. Esta tesis presenta la medida de la "inclusive jet cross section" en sucesos con un boson Z (ee) o Z(mu,mu), comparando las prediciones teoricas con los datos "reales", i.e. sucesos Monte Carlo "fully-reconstructed", para el primer 1fb-1 de datos obtenidos con el detector ATLAS. Los datos reconstruidos y corregidos son comparados a las predicciones de la teoria perturbativa de QCD a nivel NLO y LO. Estas predicciones perturbativas se corrigen con las contribuciones de procesos no perturbativos, como el underlying event o la fragmentación de los partones en jets de hadrones. Estos procesos no pueden ser descritos por la teoria perturbativa, y son estimados con modelos fenomenologicos. Se han ultilizado dos tipos distintos de datos reconstruidos Monte Carlo, ALPGEN y PYTHIA. Comparaciones entre las predicciones de ambos generadores Monte Carlo han sido estudiadas. Los procesos background han sido estimados usando distintos métodos "data-driven". Para la búsqueda de jets se ha usado el algoritmo ATLAS Cone 0.4 jet, después de identificar la presencia de un bosón Z a través de la reconstrucción de su decaimiento (electrones o muones). Los datos reconstruidos son corregidos por los efectors del detector, usando factores independientes. Este analisis ha sido realizado antes que ATLAS recogiera los primeros datos reales, antes del inicio del LHC, por este motivo esta tesis esta basada en datos simulados con generadores Monte Carlo. Mientras dura la preparación de un experimento de fisica de altas energías como ATLAS, estas simulaciones son de vital importancia para el desarrollo de estrategias eficaces de analisis de datos y reconstrucción de objetos físicos medidos por el detector. / After 20 years of preparation, the Large Hadron Collider is going to be switched on in late 2009, smashing protons at an energy of 14 (10) TeV, to recreate the first moments after the Big Bang. Particles will whizz around a circular tunnel of 27 km in circumference at near light speed. The tunnel, built near Geneva, and its experiments constitute one of the largest coordinated efforts ever made to study the fundamental structure of nature. It is expected that at the energies reached in the proton-proton collisions at the LHC, unknown physical phenomena will have to occur and will be observable. Among the particle debris may lie evidence for extra dimensions, mysterious dark matter that pervades the universe or the Higgs boson, which gives mass to elementary particles. ATLAS is one of the LHC experiments. Besides the new phenomena goals in its physics program, there is the understanding of the already known physics. The better understanding of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics theory is one of the aims of ATLAS. Quantum Chromodynamics is the field theory which describes the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. It remains an "unsolved" theory, since no single approximation method can be used to all length scales. Perturbative QCD naturally describes a large set of high-energy, large-momentum-transfer cross sections and its formalism has provided an invaluable tool in the study of the strong interactions. The most prominent signature of QCD at hadron colliders is the production of collimated jets of hadrons. The measurement of the production of such jets in association with a vector boson, W or Z, provides a stringent test of perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations. Furthermore, some of new physics processes at hadron colliders, such as the production of Higgs bosons and supersymmetric particles, can be mimicked by the production of vector bosons in association with jets that constitute irreducible backgrounds to these searches. This PhD. thesis presents the measurement of the inclusive jet cross section in Z &#8594; e+e&#8722; and in Z &#8594; &#956;+&#956;&#8722; events, comparing theory predictions with "real data", i.e. Monte Carlo fully-reconstructed events, for the first 1fb&#8722;1 of data at the ATLAS detector. Reconstructed corrected data is compared to next-to-LO (NLO) and LO pQCD predictions. Perturbative predictions are corrected for the contributions of the non-perturbative processes, like the underlying event and the fragmentation of the partons into jets of hadrons. These processes are not described by perturbation theory and must be estimated using phenomenological models. Two different reconstructed data are used, PYTHIA and ALPGEN Monte Carlo data. Comparisons of both Monte Carlo predictions are studied. Background processes are estimated proposing different data-driven methods to be applied to real data. ATLAS Cone 0.4 algorithm is used to look for jets in the events after identifying the presence of a Z boson through the reconstruction of its decay (electrons or muons). Reconstructed data is corrected for detector effects, using independent factors. As this work was carried out before the "physics-data" start of the LHC, the presented studies are based on Monte Carlo simulations. During the preparation of a high-energy collider experiment, such simulations are important to develop efficient strategies for data analysis and for the reconstruction of the physics objects observed with the detectors.

No description available.

The dissertation first investigates gravity wave generation and propagation from jets within idealized vortex dipoles using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. Several initially balanced and localized jets induced by vortex dipoles are examined here. Within these dipoles, inertia-gravity waves with intrinsic frequencies 1-2 times the Coriolis parameter are simulated in the jet exit region. The ray tracing analysis reveals strong variation of wave characteristics along ray paths. The dependence of wave amplitude on the Rossby number is examined through experiments in which the two vortices are initially separated by a large distance but subsequently approach each other and form a vortex dipole with an associated amplifying localized jet. The amplitude of stationary gravity waves in the simulations with a 90-km grid spacing increases nearly linearly with the square of the Rossby number but significantly more rapidly when smaller grid spacing is used. To further address the source mechanism of the gravity waves within the vortex dipole, a linear numerical framework is developed based on the framework proposed by Plougonven and Zhang (2007). Using the nonlinearly balanced fields as the basic state and driven by three types of large scale forcing, the vorticity, divergence and thermodynamic forcing, this linear model is utilized to obtain linear wave responses. The wave packets in the linear responses compare reasonably well with the MM5 simulated gravity waves. It is suggested that the vorticity forcing is the leading contribution to both gravity waves in the jet exit region and the ascent/descent feature in the jet core. This linear model is also adopted to study inertia-gravity waves in the vicinity of a baroclinic jet during the life cycle of an idealized baroclinic wave. It is found that the thermodynamic forcing and the vorticity forcing are equally important to the gravity waves in the low stratosphere, but the divergence forcing is again playing a lesser role. Two groups of wave packets are present in the linear responses; their sources appear to locate either near the surface front or near the middle/upper tropospheric jet.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Dynamique des fluides : Toulouse, INPT : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 218 réf.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Physique nucléaire : Lyon 1 : 2003. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. 52 réf. bibliogr.