This bachelor thesis, which is also the result of a Minor Field Studies scholarship, examines journalists’ situation in Cuba. The aim is to see the working conditions of the journalists by listening to how they themselves perceive their professional role, what their professional values are and what they see as opportunities and obstacles in their work. A major reason for undertaking this research is the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of journalism studies in developing countries. The results are based mainly on fourteen qualitative interviews with Cuban journalists. By comparing the results with earlier studies including development journalism and studies about digital media in Cuba the study shows that Cuban journalists’ main duty is to defend the Communist Party. Many of the interviewed journalists experience self-censorship as a problem and blame it on Cuba's lack of a press law. Even if journalist salaries are extremely low, just like salaries of other professions in the state, the journalists highlight many positive aspects of their job. The education is free and some of the interviewees have opportunities to travel both within and outside the country because of their job. Cuban journalists are well educated, normally have a great passion for their profession and often have a strong desire to improve their work. The technological development in Cuba is slow but changes the conditions for the journalistic work and will continue to have a great influence on Cuban society.

3 Bibliografický záznam Stratilík, Ondřej: Transformace části domácí blogosféry z formy osobních záznamů do jednoho ze segmentů české žurnalistiky, Praha, Karlova Univerzita, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky, 2011 Počet znaků: 121 023 Anotace: Má diplomová práce se prioritně zaměřuje na dnešní podobu a využití části blogů v rámci českého internetu. Zaměřuje se však i na jejich vývoj ve světě i v České republice, jejich autory, internetovou žurnalistiku, její amaterizaci a rozvoj blogů pod hlavičkou zavedených médií. Důležitým bodem je i spor klasických médií a takzvaných nových médií, za jejichž rozvojem stojí rozšíření internetu. Jak na tento fenomén klasická média zareagovala a jak se mu podřídila. Hlavním materiálem jsou výzkumy mezi českými novináři, firmami a administrátory blogů, které mají zjistit, zda se blogy v roce 2011 používají i jako zdroje informací, nástroje k firemní propagaci a PR a jak se vlastně z běžného uživatele internetu může stát bloger. Výzkumy tedy mají potvrdit či vyvrátit tezi, že blogy nepřinášejí témata vhodná už jen pro okruhu jejich stálých čtenářů a diskutérů, ale že jsou dostatečně atraktivní i pro redaktory českých médií, a stávají se tak součástí české žurnalistiky a mediálního trhu. Diplomová práce by měla dokázat a popsat proces, v...

The thesis The Personalities of the journalists - seniors in Prague intends to cover several subjects. It does not relate to present activities and opinions of the journalists - seniors only. In the first part the thesis focuses on description of the living standards of journalists at the times of so-called period of normalisation, when todays journalists - seniors were economically active. The main emphasis of the description is on the role of the Czechoslovak Union of Journalists. The thesis describes individual segments that union has affected its members through and where it provided benefits and support (abroad recreation, recreation, spa treatment, assistance in solving residential state, language courses). Materials from the Syndicate of Journalists Archive fund are used as the main source of knowledge. The essence of the second part of the thesis are standardized interviews with particular journalists - seniors. The evaluation of their answers complements the findings from the first part and adds some more findings from journalists everydayness in 70s and 80s and the role of the Czechoslovak Union of Journalists in relation to its members. Moreover it brings opinions of the respondents on the situation in media after year 1989 a their comparisons of the journalism in the pre-1989 era and now. Futher...

M.A. / The literature indicates that journalists who experience work related traumatic situations, are at risk for the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Teegen & Grotwinkel, 2001). Moreover, some journalists who develop this disorder do so after covering a relatively minor traumatic story (Castle, 2001). Certain temperament traits have been implicated as vulnerabilities to the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in police officers (Henning, 1999). Few research studies have investigated temperament and sense of coherence as mediating factors for occupational stress in journalists exposed to trauma. The aim of the present study was to address this dearth by investigating whether there are statistically significant differences in the experience of trauma, temperament traits and sense of coherence of journalists with varied responses to occupational stress and trauma. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to divide journalists into three groups, namely those with minor reactions to trauma (n=10), moderate reactions (n=24) and severe reactions of clinical importance (n=16). The first group of hypotheses posed in the study pertains to group differences and postulates that the three groups will have statistically significant differences regarding trauma exposure. The second group of hypotheses deals with group differences and postulates that the three groups of journalists will differ regarding certain temperament dimensions. The third group of hypotheses formulated for the study proposes group differences regarding sense of coherence. Analysis of Variance followed by the Scheffé post hoc multiple comparisons technique indicated statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding experience of trauma as measured by the Trauma Questionnaire; certain temperament-personality traits as measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire; and sense of coherence as measured by The Sense of Coherence Questionnaire. The study revealed that the group with severe reactions to stress and trauma had been exposed to intense trauma involving people and that they report significant emotional reactions to the trauma. The Personality Assessment Inventory indicated that the severe reactions group has temperament profiles characterised by somatic complaints, anxiety, depression, paranoia, borderline features, aggression, suicidal ideation, stress and treatment rejection. This group also showed greater neuroticism-anxiety and aggression-hostility prone temperament types than the other two groups as well as lower comprehensibility and manageability as indicated by the Sense of Coherence Scale. The results of the present study exhibit support that there are various factors that could have an impact on how journalists deal with the traumatic stories they cover and what their personal outcomes are after covering these stories. Journalists who develop severe PTSD have different perceptions of the trauma, temperament profiles and sense of coherence that impact on their ways of coping with the traumatic situations they face daily. Criticism of the study deals mainly with gender, age, race and the subjects' pre-testing history, which were not controlled for. Another possible shortcoming of the research is that the journalists were sourced from main stream publications as well as community papers. This might have had an impact on the amount and type of trauma the journalists were exposed to. It would have been preferable to include a greater number of participants in the study to more efficiently address the many variables. Lastly, pre-trauma temperament traits were not controlled for, due to the complexity and ethical complications involved in the subject matter. It is recommended that age, gender, race, pre-testing history and pre-trauma traits is controlled. This will however require a large sample of journalists, which was not available for the present study. It would also be beneficial to compare frequency and type of trauma exposure, PTSD and temperament in a comparative study where community journalists are compared with main stream journalists. Lastly, the development of South African measures for temperament, PTSD and trauma would be highly advantageous to this field of research.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Over recent years, censorship of the press in Turkey has been under international scrutiny, having been examined on the basis of recent political developments such as the Justice and Development Party’s democratisation promises with the incentive of the EU accession process and the role of the press in Turkey’s democratisation. This research aims to widen the terms of reference by providing a unifying framework for the problems posed by political, historical, and legal agents to press freedom, and analysing their interrelation throughout the history of modern Turkey. It seeks to identify the hindrances encountered by the press, which has its roots in the deep-seated State ideology and institutional framework that prioritises state security over individual rights and freedoms. This thesis therefore sets forth the inextricable link between the political history of Turkey and the current application of the law, and presents an in-depth analysis of Turkish political history in relation to press freedom, legal scholarship, and case-law as evidence to demonstrate this. The analysis of the obstacles to establishing stronger legal protection for the press that would not be affected by political change, is based on doctrinal and socio-legal analysis that investigates the flaws in the Turkish Constitution, Turkish Penal Code and Turkish Anti-Terror Law and questions the judicial approach to the implementation of the right to free expression of the press. The thesis specifies the loopholes in Turkish legislation that allow insufficient legal protection for freedom of the press and the inefficiency of the judiciary to realise the press’s right to free expression. The thesis recommends practical amendments to clarify broadly drawn legal provisions. A reduction in judicial bureaucracy to eliminate political influences on the judiciary. Judicial training for the internalisation of the right to free expression of the press as a human right . All of which would help overcome institutional hindrances based on the perception of a critical press as a threat to state security and national interest.

This study contributes to current critical discussions about the figure of the Victorian woman journalist. Most previous scholarship on nineteenth-century female journalism has focused either on women's anonymous writings or on their contributions to conventionally feminine genres like serial fiction and prose articles on domesticity and fashion. Although women's campaigning journalism has attracted some attention, especially from historians of feminism, its role in the professionalization of women writers has gone largely unexamined. Consequently, it has been assumed that female journalists did not write on social and political issues, unless they wrote anonymously or as reformers with little interest in developing careers as presswomen. This thesis radically revises this view by showing the mid-century rise of female journalists who wrote on serious social and political topics and earned national and international repute. They broke the codes of anonymity in a number of ways, including signing articles in their own names and developing distinctly female personae. They presented themselves as model middle-class professional authors: knowledgeable, financially independent and vocationally committed. They proved, by example, women's fitness for conventionally masculine lines of journalism. By examining their careers in the periodical press, my thesis offers the first in-depth analysis of 'high-minded' female journalism in Victorian England. Beginning with the 1850s, the thesis is organised around certain key developments in the periodical press, such as the debates about professional authorship, discussions of the plight of single women and the nature of female work, and the advent of signed publication. It examines the rise of prestigious presswork by women through the study of three distinct, yet overlapping models of the female professional journalist: the feminist journalist, the mainstream reform journalist, and the foreign correspondent. It then discusses the representation of women's high-minded journalism in the domain of fiction. The study ends in the 1880s, noting how these mid-Victorian models of women's presswork influenced the discussion and practice of female professional journalism in the 1890s.

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The present study examined the role of the Korean ethnic press in Australia with special reference to the ways in which their professional backgrounds shaped the construction of the news content of their newspapers. The study sample consisted of six Korean ethnic newspapers produced in Sydney. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors relevant to the role of journalists were identified in interviews with the editors and publishers. The overall news content was analyzed through quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The principal finding of this study was that none of Shoemaker's (1987) theoretical statements about how economic factors shape news content could be applied to the Korean ethnic press in Australia. Despite their reliance on commercial sources for their economic survival, all six papers devoted more space to issue oriented news than to event-oriented news, and were not responsive to their readers and advertisers in Shoemaker's terms. Journalistic professionalism as discussed by Henningham (1989) also was treated as a less important factor by Korean ethnic newspaper staff. Rather the professional identity of the ethnic press editors and publishers was grounded in the culture of their local community instead of in the mainstream standards of It is concluded that Korean ethnic newspapers in Australia have more pragmatic criteria both for the selection of their news content, and for the professional standards of their newspaper staff.

The financial decline of the traditional media; technological advances and 24/7 news cycles; and the rise of new media are transforming journalism in ways that are seen as problematic and leading towards less professional practices. In Eastern Europe this transformation tops off the still ongoing systemic transformation from communist systems, ongoing since the late 1980s. This study examines how journalists in Macedonia perceive their profession today, what they consider professional journalism, and how they define their role in Macedonian society and democracy. Macedonian media system is fragmented and financially fragile, providing an opening for political and business influence. Foreign capital in the media market is limited and only present in the print media. The ethnic diversity of the country is reflected in the mass media, thus there are number of media working in languages other than Macedonian. The research takes a humanistic approach, employing grounded theory. The researcher discovered five themes in the analysis of interviews with 32 participants: (1) Ideal vs. reality, or when journalists do not behave according to professional standards, even as they define them; (2) Self-censorship, as a rule; (3) The blame game, with older journalists blaming younger journalists, and vice versa, for the problems experienced in journalism; (4) Education, the acknowledged and ignored problem; and (5) Agents of change that cannot change anything, another exhibit of the tensions between the ideal and desired journalistic roles, and reality. These themes constitute the theoretical framework of journalism in transformation.