MA, Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2007 / The settlement of international disputes by peaceful means has been described as one of the principles basic to the whole structure of the international system. It has been contended that this principle is the natural corollary for the prohibition of the use of force in settlement of international disputes enshrined in Art. 24 of the United Nations Charter, and embodied in Art. 2 (3). The UN’s organ assigned this mediation role is the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for matters with respect to state responsibility. The International Criminal Court (ICC), the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the Special Court of Sierra Leone are international tribunals with jurisdiction to try matters relating to individual criminal responsibility. At continental as well as at regional levels, some states have set up their own institutions to peacefully manage conflict amongst them and in the broader region. Nevertheless, the question—in a world where dispute settlement institutions and processes are supernumerary relative to conflicts, can they effectively serve as key to conflict prevention? remains a major concern. Based on critical research, this report inquires whether conflict prevention is mythical or an attainable objective and whether the international judiciary which is prima facie a conflict mediation body can catalyze conflict prevention. In attempting to answer these questions, an understanding of the concepts of free and fair trial is preponderant; coupled with understanding current debates about the undermining of international justice by the states.

The judicial system of Poland is at the forefront of public, constitutional, political and legal debates of the European Union. Different aspects of rule of law in Poland, such as independence of judges, their right to irremovability, the alleged intention of the government to occupy and impact Polish judicial sector are discussed among academics. The aim of this research conducted throughout the thesis is to add complete and all-inclusive analysis of the recent judgment of European Court of Justice (hereinafter: "ECJ") regarding lowering retirement age of judges to the ongoing academic literature. Furthermore, before reaching that conclusion, providing the reader with the review of Polish political debate, the responses of European Union institutions and analysis of the necessity of the reform for Polish judicial system. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

O envolvimento da advocacia nas reformas de ampliação do acesso aos sistemas de justiça tem merecido atenção da literatura comparada, que realça características de comprometimento social e engajamento político de certos movimentos de advogados e suas entidades de classe, mas também aponta para a intervenção desses profissionais na supressão das insuficiências do mercado de serviços legais. A partir de uma abordagem institucional da advocacia, que destaca as disposições constitucionais sobre a participação privilegiada da profissão na administração e funcionamento do sistema de justiça brasileiro, o objetivo do estudo é investigar como a advocacia vem se relacionando com as reformas do acesso à justiça no estado de São Paulo, durante a transição para a democracia e a consolidação democrática no Brasil. A pesquisa envolve a reconstrução do debate sobre o tema no interior da profissão, a partir de uma análise de conteúdo das publicações oficiais das entidades da advocacia. / The advocacy\'s evolvement on the reforms to enlarge the access to judicial systems has deserved attention of comparative literature, which enhances characteristics of social and political engagement of certain movements of lawyers and its professional entities, but also indicates the intervention of these professionals in the suppression of the legal services market\'s insufficiencies. Using an institutional approach of advocacy, that detaches the constitutional disposals about the privileged participation of the profession in the administration and functioning of the Brazilian judicial system, the objective of this study is investigate how advocacy has been involved in the access to justice\'s reforms in São Paulo state, during the transition to democracy and democratic consolidation in Brazil. The research involves the reconstruction of the discussion about that subject inside the profession, using acontent\'s analysis of official publications of the advocacy\'s entities.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a compreensão das relações entre direito e política, a partir do estudo da posição dos juristas no Estado e de suas lutas concretas pelo controle da administração do sistema de justiça. A principal hipótese que orientou a pesquisa foi a de que há um campo político da justiça, representado pelo espaço social de posições, capitais e relações delimitado pela ação de grupos e instituições em disputa pelo controle do direito processual e da burocracia judiciária. No interior desse campo político da justiça, a pesquisa buscou identificar, ainda, as posições dominantes das elites jurídicas lideranças institucionais e associativas, e intelectuais especializados em determinadas áreas de conhecimento cuja influência sobre a administração da justiça estatal e as estruturas de seus capitais sociais, políticos e profissionais os diferenciam dos demais agentes do campo jurídico. / This dissertation examines the relationship between Law and Politics by studying the position of lawyers within the State and their struggle for the control of the administration of the judicial system. The main hypothesis is that there is a political field of Justice, represented by a social space of positions, capitals and relationships, and defined by the actions by groups and institutions vying for the control both of procedural law and of the judicial bureaucracy. Additionally, this dissertation aims also, within this political field of Justice, at identifying the dominant position of legal elites institutional and union leaders and scholars from different fields who are distinguished from other agents in juridical field by their influence on the administration of the judicial system and by the structure of its social, political and professional capitals.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a compreensão das relações entre direito e política, a partir do estudo da posição dos juristas no Estado e de suas lutas concretas pelo controle da administração do sistema de justiça. A principal hipótese que orientou a pesquisa foi a de que há um campo político da justiça, representado pelo espaço social de posições, capitais e relações delimitado pela ação de grupos e instituições em disputa pelo controle do direito processual e da burocracia judiciária. No interior desse campo político da justiça, a pesquisa buscou identificar, ainda, as posições dominantes das elites jurídicas lideranças institucionais e associativas, e intelectuais especializados em determinadas áreas de conhecimento cuja influência sobre a administração da justiça estatal e as estruturas de seus capitais sociais, políticos e profissionais os diferenciam dos demais agentes do campo jurídico. / This dissertation examines the relationship between Law and Politics by studying the position of lawyers within the State and their struggle for the control of the administration of the judicial system. The main hypothesis is that there is a political field of Justice, represented by a social space of positions, capitals and relationships, and defined by the actions by groups and institutions vying for the control both of procedural law and of the judicial bureaucracy. Additionally, this dissertation aims also, within this political field of Justice, at identifying the dominant position of legal elites institutional and union leaders and scholars from different fields who are distinguished from other agents in juridical field by their influence on the administration of the judicial system and by the structure of its social, political and professional capitals.

O envolvimento da advocacia nas reformas de ampliação do acesso aos sistemas de justiça tem merecido atenção da literatura comparada, que realça características de comprometimento social e engajamento político de certos movimentos de advogados e suas entidades de classe, mas também aponta para a intervenção desses profissionais na supressão das insuficiências do mercado de serviços legais. A partir de uma abordagem institucional da advocacia, que destaca as disposições constitucionais sobre a participação privilegiada da profissão na administração e funcionamento do sistema de justiça brasileiro, o objetivo do estudo é investigar como a advocacia vem se relacionando com as reformas do acesso à justiça no estado de São Paulo, durante a transição para a democracia e a consolidação democrática no Brasil. A pesquisa envolve a reconstrução do debate sobre o tema no interior da profissão, a partir de uma análise de conteúdo das publicações oficiais das entidades da advocacia. / The advocacy\'s evolvement on the reforms to enlarge the access to judicial systems has deserved attention of comparative literature, which enhances characteristics of social and political engagement of certain movements of lawyers and its professional entities, but also indicates the intervention of these professionals in the suppression of the legal services market\'s insufficiencies. Using an institutional approach of advocacy, that detaches the constitutional disposals about the privileged participation of the profession in the administration and functioning of the Brazilian judicial system, the objective of this study is investigate how advocacy has been involved in the access to justice\'s reforms in São Paulo state, during the transition to democracy and democratic consolidation in Brazil. The research involves the reconstruction of the discussion about that subject inside the profession, using acontent\'s analysis of official publications of the advocacy\'s entities.