The principal objectives of this research are to investigate seasonal and spatial variabilities of species composition and numerical abundance of the copepods in relation to environment factors in the Kaohsiung Harbor and it¡¦s adjacent coastal waters, and compared the carbon ¡B nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the animal. In all, 61 species of copepods belonging to 16 families were identified from the samples collected at six stations in the Kaohsiung Harbor. The mean numerical abundance of copepods was 5.3 ¡Ó4.8 ¡Ñ10 5 inds/100m 3 . The dominant and frequent species were Parvocalanus crassirostris, Oithona dissimilis, Oithona brevicornis, Acrocalanus spp. and immature copepods (copepodite and nauplius), amounting to 91% of the total copepods catch. Among them, P. crassirostris was the most abundant and frequent species (contributed to 30% of the total catch). The numerical abundance of copepods exhibited seasonal and tidal variations, with higher abundance in spring and winter and during the high tide. The species composition of the copepods in the harbor was different from that of the local coastal water, with higher abundance and species number in the latter. From the monthly collections at a fixed station north of Kaohsiung Harbor, 42 species of copepods were identified and the mean abundance of copepods was 3.3 ¡Ó3.6 ¡Ñ10 5 inds/100m 3 . The most dominant and frequent copepods was Parvocalanus. crassirostris, O. dissimilis, O. brevicornis, Acrocalanus spp., Euterpina acutifrons and immature copepods, contributing to 92% of the total numerical abundance of copepods. The abundance of copepods exhibited significant seasonal change at this station, with higher abundance in winter and summer and lower in spring. The carbon content and dry weight of copepod were not significantly different between harbor and coastal water, but copepod¡¦s carbon content showed significant difference among body sizes. Copepod dry weight was significantly different among body sizes, but not seasons.

It can be a real challenge to construct the ambient noise modeling among the harbors of very frequent shipping. Therefore, in these harbors, a great amount of resource has to be utilized for precisely control the ambient noise occurring parameters. In this study, the underwater measuring skill is adapted to collect the ambient noise raw data among the first harbor area of Kaohsiung Harbor and the sound intensity of various ships as well. Besides, the signal processing skill is also conducted for ship tracing experiment. The harbor ambient noise mainly comes from ships. Thus, the understanding of ship activity and their different sound intensity can be a great help to construct the ambient noise modeling. The results of this study indicate¡GShips outside the harbor create more low-frequency noise than those inside the harbor.Waves inside the harbor create more middle-frequency noise than those outside the harbor.In the harbor, those ships with onboard electricity create more noise and there is less noise around the wharfs without any ships. In the part of ship noise study, the intensity is usually correlated with ship types, displacement, ship speed, primary engine and auxiliary engine, etc. However, only two ship types, small and large ships, are categorized in this study. Small ships can be operated easily with the most power outcome, which can create the sound intensity of 155 to 165 dB in average. On the contrary, large ships are usually limited within their operating range and can not move with the most power outcome under the security consideration. Therefore, the sound intensity of large ships is measured between 169 to 177 dB. In the ship tracing experiment, operations are the basis for constructing the harbor ambient noise model.

Kaohsiung harbor is the biggest one in Taiwan. Many previous researches revealed that the pollution of organotin was usually serious in harbors. TBT contained in the antifouling paint of vessels would release into the seawater and contaminate the harbor area. In this study, shrimps (Acetes intermedius) and water samples were collected from Xinbin wharf and the second port entrance in Kaohsiung harbor. After pretreatment, ethylated with sodium tetraethylborate and extracted by hexanes, contents of organotin compounds were analyzed by GC-FPD. The results showed that TBT and DBT were the predominant organotin species in Kaohsiung harbor. In seawater, the concentration of DBT ( 98-257 ng/L ) was higher than TBT ( 17-133 ng/L). In shrimps, the concentration of TBT ( 228-480 ng/g ) was higher than DBT ( 98-257 ng/g). The concentration of TBT in shrimps decreased with the increased wet weight. There was no significant variation for the organotin concentrations in the shrimp samples collected from the second port entrance during the period from September 2002 to May 2003. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of TBT ranged between 6700-17900. The organotin concentrations in shrimps collected from Xinbin wharf also showed no significant variation from August 2002 to May 2003. The BCF values of TBT were between 2200-8300. The ability of shrimps to concentrate organotin compounds was between that of fishes and neogastropods. There were significant differences for the organotin concentrations in shrimps sampled from different sampling area. The shrimps sampled from Kaohsiung harbor were significantly higher in organotin concentration than Tungkang. According to the risk assessment, shrimps from Tungkang were much lower than the tolerable daily intake, however, the shrimps from Kaohsiung harbor were well beyond the dangerous level . In order to understand the toxicity of organotin compounds to the shrimps, experiments on acute toxicity test were conducted. The 72-h LC50 of TBT was 47£gg/L. After toxicity test, live shrimps which were exposed to organotin for 72 hours were assayed. The concentration of TBT in shrimps increased with the exposure concentrations. DBT which was the degradation product of TBT also showed the same trend. The 72-h LC50 of DBT was 225£gg/L. After toxicity test period, the concentration of DBT and its metabolite MBT in shrimps also increased with the increased exposure concentrations. The accumulation rate of the shrimps at 30£gg/L TBT was 17ng/g-h and the elimination rate was 8.8 ng/g-h. The accumulation rate of the shrimps at 100£gg/L DBT was 12 ng/g-h and the elimination rate was 4.2 ng/g-h.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent, ubiquitous, and toxic organic contaminants in coastal sediments. Being hydrophobic in water column, PAHs and PCBs tend to sorb rapidly on particles and eventually accumulate in sediments. Re-suspension of fine or low-density particles from the surface sediment would lead to release of the pollutants bound in sediment particles into water column. This study was to evaluate the potential of remobilization of sediment-bound pollutants into harbor water column by measuring the concentrations and compositions of PAHs and PCBs in different particle size (size fraction: 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 63 £gm) and the different density fractions (density: > 2.15, < 2.15 g/cm3) in the Kaohsiung Harbor area. The total PAH concentrations obtained from the sediments of Kaohsiung sub-channel (KH1) is higher than those of Shang-Zhu-Li fishing ferry (KH2), but it presents the opposite situation in total PCB concentrations. Total PAH concentrations are 3400 and 1700 (ng/g dw) and total PCB concentrations are 103 and 141 (ng/g dw) at sites of KH1 and KH2. PAH and PCB concentrations in the low-density fraction sediment made up more than 91% and 87% of the total concentration of the bulk sediment, respectively; while low-density fraction sediment made up only 4.3 to 7.7% of the bulk sediment in dry weight. According to the chemical fingerprinting, PAH source of Kaohsiung sub-channel (KH1) is from pyrogenic which might be from the diesel oil burning of shipping activities and containerized traffic. But the PAH sources in Shang-Zhu-Li fishing ferry (KH2) were from the combustion of coal and petroleum, which is possibly from iron and steel plant and the power plant nearby. The Toxic equivalents (TEQ) of dioxin-like PCBs in low and high-density fraction sediments were ranged from 1.1-7.6 pg-TEQ/g and 8.9-1500 pg-TEQ/g, respectively. Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), only few PAH concentrations in the high-density fraction sediments were higher than the TEL value, while most of PAH concentrations in the low-density fraction sediments ranged between ERL and ERM values. This suggests the low-density sediment particles possessed higher potential of adverse effects to organisms in the aquatic environment.

The sea transport is a foundation of world¡¦s development that has driven the development of industrialization at the surrounding area of the port. However, the excessive use and development have caused the port environments of a lot of countries to face the awkward situation of great pollution. The harbor of Kaohsiung is one of Taiwan¡¦s large international commercial ports, while becoming Asian-Pacific Operation Centre, but it is facing the challenge for being a port in achieving the sustainable industrialization as well as a clean environmental harbor city. The present research is initiated to collect the data information of international major ports on their organization related to environmental protection measures in achieving their targets to develop the Green port and Eco-port. These consists of the methodology development and strategy on fulfilling the green policy of the environmental obligation and building the goal of sustainable environment to reduce the impact of environment, life and ecology owning to the development of port. The case studies include long beach and Los Angeles of USA, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and Rotterdam of Holland, Yokohama and Osaka of Japan, Tianjin of China. Our objective is to summing up and analyzing these case studies for suggestions that can provide the direction to Kaohsiung plan to become a Green port and Eco-port. Comparing to Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) guidelines on demanding the continuously decrease of the sulfurous content of fuels to prevent port environment from more pollution, Taiwan government is lack of stipulating policies about the environmental measures for the port, but blindly pursuing economic growth and unlimitedly to enlarge the ships. These cause the deterioration of environment to an irreversible situation. For the long-term development of the harbor, Taiwan government should take advantage of IT to improve the service-quality, integrate the harbor and regenerate the river bank for achieving the goal of coexistence between development and conservation in order to reform the port of Kaohsiung to be the first Green Harbor in Taiwan.

Estimation of the transport of persistent organic pollutants via air-water exchange requires precise field concentrations from advanced experimental techniques and adequate physic-chemical parameters generated from proper methods. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the ambient air and water column of Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon were measured and used to determine the air-water exchange fluxes of these compounds from December, 2003 to January, 2005. The Whitman¡¦s thin-film model was used by taking temperature and salinity corrected Henry¡¦s law constants into the model to calculate the fluxes. In addition, particulate concentrations and composition in the ambient air and water column were used to apportion PAH sources and dry particle deposition of PAHs, PCBs and HCB. Instantaneous air-water exchange fluxes of PAHs, PCBs and HCB were calculated from twenty-two pairs of air and water samples. The highest net volatile (+3560 ng m-2 day-1) and absorptive (-1230 ng m-2 day-1) PAH fluxes in this study were both obtained from the three-ring PAH, phenanthrene on April 7 and January 27 in 2004, respectively. Differences of flux magnitude and direction between dry and rain season were obvious for PAHs in this study. Most net fluxes of PCB homologues and HCB in this study are from water to air (net volatilization). The highest net volatile flux observed was +172 ng m-2 day-1 (dichlorobiphenyl) in December, 2003 due to elevated wind speed and dissolved concentration, while the only net absorptive flux observed in this study was -0.03 ng m-2 day-1 (dichlorobiphenyl) in January, 2004. Mean daily PAH diffusive fluxes were -727 ng m-2 day-1 influx in dry season but +808 ng m-2 day -1 efflux in rain season and integrated 3.6 kg and 4.0 kg of PAHs were absorbed into and emitted from harbor lagoon surface waters in dry and rain seasons, respectively. The net PCBs and HCB fluxes suggest that the annual sum of 69 PCBs and HCB measured in this study were mainly volatile (57.4 and 28.3 ¡Ñ103 ng m-2 yr-1, respectively) and integrated 1.5 kg and 0.76 kg of PCBs and HCB emitted from harbor lagoon surface waters to ambient atmosphere in the year. Sources apportionment by the isomer ratios, PAHs in the air phase were mainly from grass, wood and coal combustion and some from liquid fuel combustion. Unlike that in air phase, fluoranthene / fluoranthene + pyrene ratios of water phase suggest PAHs were from incomplete-combusted fuel particles emitted from vehicle exhaust. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted three meaningful PCs for air and water samples, respectively. For the air samples, the three major sources suggested by three sources are vehicular emissions, volatilization to the air from contaminated soil or waters and the coal-burning emission. Among the water samples, the three major sources suggested by three sources are vehicular emissions, oil spill source and coal-burning emission. Air particulate concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and HCB were also used to calculate their dry particle deposition. Throughout our sampling campaigns, PAH dry particle fluxes were quite comparable to fluxes of air-water exchange. On the contrary, PCB and HCB dry particle deposition flux were negligible comparing to their air-water exchange fluxes. Our results suggest PAHs exhibits strong absorptive or weaker volatile fluxes in the dry season but the opposite in the rain season. However, for PCBs and HCB, Kaohsiung Harbor water is potentially an important source to ambient air.

Kaohsiung Harbor is the most significant container harbor of Taiwan. Embracing the excellent geographical features for container transportation, it used to be the most attractive hub port for most of container liners. However, because of Taiwan¡¦s conservative cross-strait policy and the transformation of industries, Kaohsiung Harbor became less and less attractive for its clients in recent decade. To figure out a solution for the authority of Kaohsiung Harbor, the researcher used the Grounded Theory to interview 10 container transportation experts. Then find out 97 concept of how container liners choose their hub port when they¡¦re planning their routes. After this, the researcher integrates those concepts into 16 categories and finds their organic connection in between. Finally, researcher refines 5 central categories out of the 16 categories. Base on the relations between the central categories, researcher creates the hub port selecting model of container liners. According to what researcher found, we acknowledge that within this model, the most important hub port selecting factor for container liners is Operation Cost, then goes to Efficiency, Influence of Authority, Government Policy, and Safety.

Abstract This study investigated the distributions of polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediment cores collected from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. The sediment cores were analyzed for PAHs to reconstruct historical contamination record of these compounds and to find out the possible sources, trends and fluxes. The average concentrations of £U50 and £U16 PAHs ranged from 568 to 816 ng/g and from 169 to 256 ng/g, respectively. Except for sediment cores L10 and L26, the high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 ring PAHs) were found dominant in 1960s-2006, while the low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 ring PAHs) were found dominant before 1960s. Results from diagnostic ratios and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) both suggested that sources of PAHs in the cores of southern continental shelf were primarily from petrogenic, while those in the cores of northern continental shelf were from pyrogenic and petroleum combustion. There is a significant increasing of total PAH concentrations between 1930-1950, suggesting that might be an evident during the World War II. Due to increase of importing fossil fuel and the growth of heavy industrials in Gaoping area, the total concentrations of PAHs showed an increasing trend again since 1950s in the core from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. In addition, during 1990-2006, the total concentrations of PAHs showed a decreasing trend might result from the environmental protection laws. It is noteworthy that in L28 and L29 sediment cores, the increase of total PAH concentrations recorded during 1990-2006 may be due to the dumping of the sludge from dredged Kaohsiung harbor sediments. Comparing with the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the PAH concentrations in the northern continental shelf sediment samples were higher than the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) value, suggesting there might be an adverse biological effects caused by PAHs. Keywords¡GPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Kaohsiung harbor, Sediment quality guidelines (SQG)

The research, first, is to investigate the characteristics and heavy metal content of sediments and bottom water in Kaohsiung harbor by sampling. Second, it is to analyze the correlation of the sediments data by statistics analysis method. According to the correlation ratio, we can try to explain the distribution of heavy metals in the sediments and the water. Finally, it is to analyze the sediments data in Kaohsiung harbor from the year of 2001 to 2004 by principle compounds analysis of multivariate statistical analysis; the purpose is to find out the main reason that causes the variation of the sediments in the harbor area. The result of the sediments analysis shows that, the pollutants in Jen-Gen River, Love River and Canon River deposit in the outlet area and lead to significant difference in spatial distribution of sediments characteristics and heavy metals content in Kaohsiung harbor. The enrichment factors of heavy metals in sediments indicate that, there are enrichments for Hg (EF = 7.9 - 115), Pb (EF = 2.1 ¡V 11.7), Cd (EF = 2.4 ¡V 29.8), and Zn (EF = 1.9 ¡V 19.8) in the harbor area. And there are differences of height in the spatial distribution. The Cr enrichment (EF = 1.1 - 10.9) in the harbor exists only in the nearby area of the river outlet, especially in station KH-10 (EF = 10.9) nearby Jen-Gen River area. There is Cu enrichment in the harbor area (EF = 1.2 - 9.0) except the First and Second Harbor Entrance stations. The correlate tests of the sediments characteristics to the heavy metal concentration show that, volatile solid materials, grease and heavy metals reach significant correlated level (P<0.05); but it is irrelevant between clay and heavy metals (P>0.05). Therefore, the main controlling factor that influences the distribution of heavy metals is not the sedimentary particulates distribution but the organic characteristics. Ni distribution of bottom water in Kaohsiung harbor area, it has higher concentration from station KH-01 to KH-10 (0.4 -1.0£gg/L); and, among them, it has the highest concentration and high variation at station KH-06 (1.0 ¡Ó 1.0£gg/L). The distribution of Cu average concentration is between 1.2 - 2.9£gg/L. There is no absolutely tendency, neither is significant difference. The result of the research on Ni, SiO2 and PO4 correlated analysis is different from the result of Yeats and Campbell (1983), Chung (1995) and Huang (2002). I conjecture that the course could be the different geographic environment (Yeats and Campbell in Atlantic, Chung and Huang in the southwestern waters of Taiwan, the research in Kaohsiung harbor area). The result of sediments principle compounds analysis shows that, the sediment constituents in 2001 and 2002 are high water content, organic and fine-grain organic polluted sediments. The polluted sediments are reduced in 2003 and 2004, and that accords with the time of the harbor area dredges procedures. Therefore, there is causation between them. From PC1 and PC2, we know that Love River (KH-04), Canon River (KH-06) and Jen-Gen River (KH-10) outlet are seriously polluted in the harbor area. The river water that contains the industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater in the upper stream is the most important reason that influences the harbor sediments. The result of the research shows that, the main controlling factor that influences the distribution of heavy metals is the harbor sediment organic characteristics and that could cause the metal ions and organic matter forming into stable organic metals compounds. Its impact to ocean ecosystem is enormous, especially to benthic system. Therefore, I suggest that we should do monitoring analysis on sediment toxicity or toxic organic compounds in order to realize their influences to the ocean ecosystem. And furthermore, we should realize the standing crop and the distribution of the toxic organic compounds so that we can avoid health harming from the accumulation of the ecological food chain returning to human body.

This study investigated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the particulate and dissolved phase, as well as concentrations of PAHs in the sediment in Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon. Sources of PAHs in the water column were determined by isomer ratios, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). The net and annual fluxes of PAHs were calculated after a lagoon-wide water sampling campaign and compared with those found in a previous study (Fang, 2007) in which data from only one water sampling station was used. ¡@¡@In rain season, total PAH concentrations ranged from 21.6 to 36.2 ng/L for water samples, with dissolved and particulate phase concentrations ranged from 15.5 to 27.2 ng/L and from 3.4 to 8.6 ng/L, respectively. In dry season, total PAH concentrations ranged from 13.2 to 31.5 ng/L for water samples, with dissolved and particulate phase concentrations ranged from 8.0 to 21.1 ng/L and from 5.3 to 10.5 ng/L, respectively. Total PAH concentrations were found higher in rain season than in dry season. The highest total PAH concentration in dry season was observed in Chianjen River estuary. Relatively high PAH concentrations were also observed in these southern stations of Kaohsiung Harbor because of their location near Dalin industrial park. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 81.7 to 2279 ng/g for sediment samples, with average of 895 ng/g. The correlations between PAH concentrations and organic carbons, water temperature, salinity and suspended particles were also examined in this study. PAH concentration in dissolved phase was negatively correlated with water temperature (p<0.05). PAH concentration in sediment was positively correlated with organic carbons (p<0.05), and negatively correlated with median diameter (p<0.01). The logKoc¡ÐlogKow relationship in rain and dry season was compared with literature. It was found that the logKoc values were higher than those reported in literature, suggesting that soot particles might play an important role in the transport and distribution of PAHs in the study area. In rain season, PAHs in dissolved phase were mainly from pyrogenic origins; while mainly from petrogenic origins in particulate phase. In contrast, in dry season, PAHs in dissolved phase were mainly from petrogenic origins; while mainly from pyrogenic origins in particulate phase. In addition, it was found, relatively, that petrogenic pollution was introduced maily from the northern area of the lagoon. In rain season, total PCB concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 2.7 ng/L for water samples, with dissolved and particulate phase concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 2.1 ng/L and from 0.24 to 1.4 ng/L, respectively. In dry season, total PCB concentrations ranged from 0.54 to 1.3 ng/L for water samples, with dissolved and particulate phase concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 0.74 ng/L and from 0.32 to 0.76 ng/L, respectively. The direction of net fluxes of PAHs in this study are from water to air (net volatilization) in summer. In winter, however, the absorptive PAH fluxes obtained for four to six-ring PAH, such as fluoranthrene, chrysene + triphenylene and benzo[a]anthracene, indicating that PAHs were absorbed into surface waters. According to our results, it was suggested that the results from previous study (Fang, 2007) might underestimate the net fluxes of Pyrene and total fluxes in dry season. The annual fluxes of PAHs estimated in this study were 212 mg/m2 /year and 5.7 kg of PAHs were emitted annually from the harbor lagoon surface waters to the ambient atmosphere.