No description available.

Acrylfentanyl is a synthetic opioid that has been widely used in the last year. To help in the fight against synthetic drugs two potential metabolites of acrylfentanyl, one monohydroxy and one dihydroxy were synthesized. These metabolites will hopefully later be implemented in the analytical methods for metabolites of acrylfentanyl in urine by the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine. To have metabolites for analysis are very important as they are the main target in drug testing. The method used to synthesize the metabolites is a five-step synthesis with an additional 6th step for the dihydroxy metabolite. The methods used in the synthesis includes protection of amine with tert-butyloxycarbonyl, reductive amination with sodium triaceto boronhydride, alkylation and demethylation with boron tribromide. The methods used produced good results with high yields in nearly all steps.

Paints mostly consist of three major components which are binder, pigment/filler andsolvent. Many other components are added in smaller amount and these are calledadditives. One of these additives is defoamers which are added to the paint todecrease foam which can cause defects in the dried paint for example as pores. Thisstudy was about investigating if the defoamers can be identified and quantified withhigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This includessample preparation, chromatographic separation and detector settings. Calibrationcurves where constructed for paints containing different concentrations of defoamerand for a paint with 0% defoamer where different concentration of defoamer whereadded. Standard addition was done for a paint. Matrix effects were investigated bycomparing signal from defoamer in MeOH compared in paint. This study showed thatthe sample preparation of paints should involve dilution in MeOH or water followedby adding of formic acid and centrifugation and filtration to avoid problems in theinstrument. It is possible to identify if a defoamer is present in paint. Quantificationhas not been achieved, due to possible matrix effects and different response whendefoamer is added to the paint before analysis compared to when the defoamer isadded in the manufacturing process.

Calcium phosphates and recently also magnesium phosphates, are used for medical applications, due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. These properites makes spherical particles of calcium and magnesium phosphate suitable for carrier materials for drug delivery applications. By creating porous and/or hollow particles itis possible to load the particles with a drug and control therelease of the active substance. In this work, an ion-induced method for the synthesis of spherical calcium and magnesium phosphates was developed. A simple precipitation reaction was used, where substituting magnesium ions could replace the function of templates, such as surfactants or micelles, to induce the formation of spheres of a certain size and morphology. Experimental results showed that magnesium had an inhibitory effect on the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium phosphates. By using substituting ions as a structural regulator, it was possible to alter the size, morphology and phase composition of the spheres. At low magnesium concentrations, the spheres had a smooth surface andwere between 200 nanometer to 1 micrometer in diameter and composed of hydroxyapatite and/or magnesium-substituted beta-TCP. At higher magnesium concentrations, the spheres were about 10-50 micrometer with a rough, flaky surface. Results also proved that calcium ionshave the same effect on the crystallisation and self-assembly of magnesium phosphates. Apart from the magnesium concentration, reaction temperature proved to have a high influence on the sphereformation, whereas Ca/P ratio and reaction times above three hours did not affect the sphere formation to the same extent.

It is imperative to develop alternative battery technologies based on naturally abundant elements, with competitive performance as lithium-ion batteries. Sodium has a natural abundance 1000 times more than lithium with both lithium and sodium-ion batteries having similar chemistry. Sodium-ion batteries are potentially an alternative that can achieve such competitive performance, given that electrode and electrolyte materials of high rate and long-term electrochemical performance are being developed. This thesis investigates the rate capability and long-term performance of bulk bismuth electrodes containing varying carbon content. The electrodes were cycled in cells with glyme-based electrolytes: diglyme and tetraglyme. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy showed the morphology and elemental mapping of pristine and cycled bismuth electrodes. The result demonstrates the evolving porosity as the electrode cycled. The galvanostatic cycling of half-cells showed two plateaus each for sodiation and desodiation. Also, two peaks are seen in cyclic voltammetry suggesting a two-phase reaction. When cycled between -0.6 to 0.6 V in a symmetrical cell, the bismuth electrode showed an appreciable rate capability at a current rate of 770  mA/g in diglyme. In tetraglyme, it showed a poor rate capability, even at a current rate of 308 mA/g. The rate performance in a full cell cycled between 0.1 to 3.2 V also showed a good rate capability at a current rate of 770  mA/g in diglyme. Tetraglyme showed poor rate capability at the same current rate. The capacity retention was higher in the symmetrical cells, with 79 % and 78 % capacity retention relative to the initial charge capacity after 100 cycles for diglyme and tetraglyme. At the same current rate and more than 70 cycles, the full cells showed capacity retention of 58 % in diglyme and 44.8 % in tetraglyme. The capacity retention varied slightly for the two different electrode composites.  The superior performance in the symmetrical cell is due to the narrow voltage window.  Evaluating the stability of the solid electrolyte interphase via galvanostatic cycling suggests some stability issues. The full cells showed growing resistance with an increasing number of cycles.

No description available.

Betaglucan is a polysaccharide found in, for example, oats. Betaglucan has many positive health effects when it comes to keeping down the blood cholesterol and maintaining a stable blood sugar level. As betaglucan is water-soluble, it is interesting to examine how the water content, water activity and the texture are affected by adding betaglucan to wheat bread. In this work, two different concentrations of betaglucan (32% and 75%) have been used, to prepare bread with different final concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.2, and 2.0% , and a bread without beta glucan, to compare if they differ in terms of water content, water activity and texture. The betaglucan concentrations in the breads were analyzed with a quantitative enzymatic assay. According to the results obtained, the water content of the breads increases with increased concentration of betaglucan. As betaglucan binds water the baking time needs to be prolonged with higher concentration of betaclucan in the bread. The water activity was found to increase in the crust of the bread from day 1 to day 7. As different parts of the bread contain different amounts of water, the water wants to reach equilibrium and will therefore migrate from the center of the bread to the crust. No difference in terms of water content, water activity and texture was identified between bread baked with 32% or 75% betaglucan.

The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of how the concept of sub-stance is represented in teaching materials for grades 1-3 and 4-6. To be able to answer the question a qualitive analysis of the material contents was used. The analysis process is represented by preparation, organizing and report-ing. By performing a deductive analysis existing information was retested. We constructed a tool-based analysis on concept of substance didactive research, teaching the concepts of chemistry and concepts that are central to teaching. The results of the study show immense differences between the material avail-able to grades 1-3 and 4-6. In the textbooks for grades 1-3, the concept of sub-stance is not presented as a central aspect and there are often no clear connec-tions to other related chemical concepts, while it is more central, and several connections are made to related concepts in the textbooks for grades 4-6. One conclusion is that there is a risk that the content of the textbooks is not suffi-cient and therefore does not cover the entire knowledge required to be able to teach all the necessary elements of the concept of substance. Another conclu-sion is that teachers cannot rely on textbooks alone in teaching the concept of substance. Extra materials are needed to supplement what is missing from the textbooks, supporting the students understanding of chemical concepts and phenomena.

The method Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD, has been available since the 1970´s and it has opened the possibility to fabricate methods for inorganic thin films on a nanoscale. Later the interest for fabricating organic thin films with Molecular Layer Deposition, MLD, and controlling both the thickness and the composition of the film on a molecular scale. To develop the thin films a bit further a combination of organic and inorganic thin films is fabricated and therefore the best properties of the two types of thin films are combined.  The purpose of this bachelor´s thesis was to fabricate the multilayer thin film AlN-HQ on a silicon substrate. It began with a substantial review of the literature and planning of the approach. Followed by the laboratory work with fabricating the thin film by ALD. The laboratory work ended with analyzing the thin films by ATR-FT/MIR (attenuated total reflectance fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy) and XRR (X-ray reflectivity). All data provided where summarized and evaluated. An analysis of the thickness of the thin film was attempted with XRR but was not adequate for these samples. For a development of the method fabrication of the multilayer film AlN-HQ the thickness needs to be known. It could probably be analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM, but that type of analysis was not a part of this study.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka kemilärares uppfattning om vad som är en relevant kemiundervisning samt hur de arbetar för att göra kemiämnet relevant för sina elever på högstadiet. Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien används Stuckeys et. al (2013) modell som handlar om relevansen av naturvetenskaplig utbildning och Roberts vision Ⅰ och vision Ⅱ för Scientific Literacy som ett teoretiskt ramverk. Empirin i denna studie har analyserats framför allt på ett deduktivt sätt men det finns även en del empiri som har präglats av en induktiv strategi. Resultaten av empirin visar att lärarna tolkar begreppet relevans på olika sätt och relaterar detta begrepp till olika sammanhang.