Os compostos heterocíclicos oxigenados possuem grande destaque devido à ocorrência em substâncias com atividade biológica, e por sua alta aplicabilidade como intermediários sintéticos e blocos de construção. Neste sentido, estudou-se a obtenção de diidrofuranos e tetraidrofuranos via ciclofuncionalização de β-cetoamidas e β-hidroxiamidas convenientemente substituídas. As metodologias envolveram agentes eletrofílicos como iodo, reagentes de selênio e telúrio, e sais de mercúrio. A preparação das β-cetoamidas α-substituídas partiu dos β-cetoésteres correspondentes. Com a finalidade de confeccionar derivados tetraidrofurânicos assimétricos, foi investigada a síntese de β-hidroxiamidas α-substituídas com controle estereoquímico. Estudou-se sistemáticas de redução diastereosseletiva de γ-sulfinil-β-cetoamidas assimétricas, reações de crômio-Reformatsky e condensação-alquilação \"one pot\" com enolatos de amidas quirais. / Heterocyclic rings with oxygen atom possess large interest due their occurrence in biologically active compounds and their synthetic applicability in building blocks construction. In this way, it was studied the obtainment of dihydrofurans and tetrahydrofurans via cyclofunctionalization of substituted β-ketoamides and β-hydroxyamides. The methodologies applied electhophilic agents as iodine, selenium and tellurium reagents, and mercury salts. The protocol to afford the α-substituted β-ketoamides used the respective β- ketoesters as starting materials. Aiming to produce asymmetric tetrahydrofurans, it was studied the α-substituted β- hydroxyamides synthesis over stereochemistry control. To perform this propose were investigated stereocontrolled reductions of chiral γ-sulfinyl-β-ketoamides, chromium- Reformatsky aldol reactions and the one-pot condensation-alkylation protocol.

Os compostos heterocíclicos oxigenados possuem grande destaque devido à ocorrência em substâncias com atividade biológica, e por sua alta aplicabilidade como intermediários sintéticos e blocos de construção. Neste sentido, estudou-se a obtenção de diidrofuranos e tetraidrofuranos via ciclofuncionalização de β-cetoamidas e β-hidroxiamidas convenientemente substituídas. As metodologias envolveram agentes eletrofílicos como iodo, reagentes de selênio e telúrio, e sais de mercúrio. A preparação das β-cetoamidas α-substituídas partiu dos β-cetoésteres correspondentes. Com a finalidade de confeccionar derivados tetraidrofurânicos assimétricos, foi investigada a síntese de β-hidroxiamidas α-substituídas com controle estereoquímico. Estudou-se sistemáticas de redução diastereosseletiva de γ-sulfinil-β-cetoamidas assimétricas, reações de crômio-Reformatsky e condensação-alquilação \"one pot\" com enolatos de amidas quirais. / Heterocyclic rings with oxygen atom possess large interest due their occurrence in biologically active compounds and their synthetic applicability in building blocks construction. In this way, it was studied the obtainment of dihydrofurans and tetrahydrofurans via cyclofunctionalization of substituted β-ketoamides and β-hydroxyamides. The methodologies applied electhophilic agents as iodine, selenium and tellurium reagents, and mercury salts. The protocol to afford the α-substituted β-ketoamides used the respective β- ketoesters as starting materials. Aiming to produce asymmetric tetrahydrofurans, it was studied the α-substituted β- hydroxyamides synthesis over stereochemistry control. To perform this propose were investigated stereocontrolled reductions of chiral γ-sulfinyl-β-ketoamides, chromium- Reformatsky aldol reactions and the one-pot condensation-alkylation protocol.

An important role of Pin1 is to catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of pSer/Thr-Pro bonds; as such, it plays an important role in many cellular events through the effects of conformational change on the function of its biological substrates, including Cdc25, c-Jun, and p53. The expression of Pin1 correlates with cyclin D1 levels, which contributes to cancer cell transformation. Overexpression of Pin1 promotes tumor growth, while its inhibition causes tumor cell apoptosis. Because Pin1 is overexpressed in many human cancer tissues, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer tissues, it plays an important role in oncogenesis, making its study vital for the development of anti-cancer agents. Many inhibitors have been discovered for Pin1, including 1) several classes of designed inhibitors such as alkene isosteres, non-peptidic, small molecular Pin1 inhibitors, and indanyl ketones, and 2) several natural products such as juglone, pepticinnamin E analogues, PiB and its derivatives obtained from a library screen. These Pin1 inhibitors show promise in the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic anticancer drugs due to their ability to block cell cycle progression. In order to develop potent Pin1 inhibitors, the concept of transition-state analogues was used for the design of three classes of compounds: ketoamide, ketone, and reduced amide analogues. Specifically, a convergent synthesis of α-ketoamide inhibitors of Pin1 was developed. An α-hydroxyorthothioester derivative of Ser was reacted directly with an aminyl synthon. The reaction was catalyzed by HgO and HgCl2 to form an α-hydroxyamide. Hydrolysis and coupling were combined in one step in 80% yield. Two diastereomers of a phospho-Ser-Pro α-ketoamide analogue were synthesized. The resulting IC50 values of 100 µM and 200 µM were surprisingly weak for the Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Diastereomeric ketones were synthesized by coupling cyclohexenyl lithium to the serine Weinreb amide, via the Michael addition of a carboxylate synthon. The IC50 values of the two ketone diastereomers were determined to be 260 μM and 61 μM, respectively. Five reduced amide inhibitors for Pin1 were synthesized through a selective reduction using borane. The most potent inhibitor was found to be Fmocâ pSerâ Ψ[CH2N]-Proâ tryptamine, which had an IC50 value of 6.3 µM. This represents a 4.5-fold better inhibition for Pin1 than a comparable cis-amide alkene isostere. The co-crystal structure of Acâ pSerâ Ψ[CH2N]-Proâ tryptamine bound to Pin1 was determined to 1.76 Ã resolution. Towards understanding the two proposed mechanisms of Pin1 catalysis, nucleophilic-additition mechanism and twisted-amide mechanism, three classes of Pin1 inhibitors (ketoamide, ketone, and reduced amide analogues) involving a total of nine compounds were synthesized and evaluated. The weak inhibitory activities of ketoamide and ketone analogues do not support the nucleophilic-addition mechanism, while the twisted-amide mechanism of Pin1 catalysis is promising based on the reduced amide inhibitors with good potencies. / Ph. D.

Ce mémoire de thèse se concentre sur la mise au point de nouvelles réactions mettant en jeu des composés 1,3-cétoamides en organocatalyse énantiosélective, enfin d’accéder à des structures inaccessibles jusqu’alors, ainsi que sur le développement d’une nouvelle synthèse de composés 1,3-dicarbonylés originaux et leur utilisation dans des réactions orgcanocatalysées.Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons tous nos essais de fonctionnalisation stéréosélective en des 1,3-cétoamides acycliques non substitués, par réaction de Mannich énantio- et diastéréosélective, par réaction d’amination énantiosélective et par réarrangement de Lossen énantiosélectif. Puis, nous abordons comment les 1,3-cétoamides nous ont permis de réaliser la synthèse multi-composés régio-, énantio-, et diastéréocontrôlée de 1,2,3,4-tétrahydropyridines, motif qui n’avait jamais été obtenu en organocatalyse auparavant et que la synthèse d’une autre famille d’hétérocycles complexes, les 2,6-DABCO.Dans un second temps, nous détaillons la mise au point d’une nouvelle méthode de synthèse, basée sur l’addition de nucléophiles silylés sur des intermédiaires -oxocétènes, générés par réarrangement de Wolff initié par irradiation micro-ondes. Ainsi, des 1,3-cétoaldéhydes masqués des 1,3-cétoamides primaires, des composés bicycliques fusionnés furan-3-ones et un 1,3-cétoazoture d’acyle masqué, ont pu être synthétisés. L’utilisation en organocatalyse énantiosélective de ces substrats originaux est également détaillée. / This thesis focuses on the development of new reactions using 1,3-ketoamides in enantioselective organocatalysis to access structures never obtained before and on the development of a new synthesis of original 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and their use in organocatalyzed reactions.Firstly, we describe all our attemps of -functionalization of acyclic unsubstituted 1,3-ketoamides by enantio- and diastereoselective Mannich reaction, by enantioselective amination reaction and by enantioselective Lossen rearrangement. Then, we address how 1,3-ketoamides allow us to achieve the regio- enantio- and diastereoselective multicomponent synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines, a scaffold never reached previously as well as the synthesis of another family of complex heterocycles, 2,6-DABCO.Secondly, we detail the development of a new synthetic methodology, based on the addition of silylated nuclophiles to -oxoketene intermediates, generated by Wolff rearrangement triggered by microwave irradiation. This way, masked 1,3-ketoaldehydes, primary 1,3-ketoamides, fused bicylic furan-3-ones and a masked 1,3-ketoacyl azide have been synthesized. The use of these original substrates in enantioselective organocatalysis will be discussed as well.

Rhomboids are intramembrane serine proteases that belong to the evolutionarily widespread rhomboid superfamily. Rhomboids developed a slightly different catalytic mechanism compared to classical serine proteases; they utilise a catalytic dyad (Ser/His) instead of the common triad (Ser/His/Asp), and the rhomboid active site is buried in the membrane. This, coupled with their hydrophobicity, makes them quite difficult to study. Therefore, even though they are known to be involved in several important biological processes it is still not clear how exactly most of them are involved in the regulation of or in the pathologies of diseases related to these processes (such as malaria, Parkinson's disease or cancer). Our understanding is hindered by the lack of tools for their characterisation both in vitro and in vivo. In my thesis I present new fluorogenic substrates based on the LacYTM2 sequence, which is hydrolysed by several different rhomboid proteases. Using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based methods, these substrates are suitable for continuous monitoring of rhomboid activity in vitro. Modifications in the P5-P1 residues can improve selectivity for a specific rhomboid, the choice of FRET pair of fluorophores that absorbes light of longer wavelengths makes them suitable for high throughput...

Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à explorer le potentiel d’une réaction multicomposés initiée par une addition de Michael conduisant à des dérivés de 2,6-DABCO. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d’abord étudié l’étendue de la réaction en modifiant les différents partenaires et paramètres réactionnels. Dans le but de rendre ce procédé plus éco-compatible, l’utilisation de liquides ioniques recyclables a aussi été étudié. Dans certains cas, les liquides ioniques ont permis de s’affranchir du solvant organique toxique et du catalyseur hétérogène de la réaction. Enfin, afin de mettre en œuvre une synthèse multicomposés énantiosélective de 2,6-DABCO, nous avons été amenés à développer une nouvelle méthodologie d’addition de Michael énantiosélective organocatalysée de béta-cétoamides sur des dérivés carbonylés alpha,béta-insaturés. Ainsi, des adduits comportant un centre stéréogène quaternaire entièrement carboné ont pu être obtenus avec de bons rendements et des excès énantiomériques qui atteignent 99%. Une étude sur la réactivité de ces adduits nous a permis d’accéder à différentes familles de composés poly(hétéro)cycliques optiquement actifs d’un grand intérêt synthétique. / In this work, we explored the potential of a Michael addition-initiated multicomponent reaction leading to 2,6-DABCO derivatives. In this context, we first studied the scope of the reaction by changing the partners and the parameters of the reaction. In view of making the process more eco-friendly, the use of ionic liquids was also investigated and found that in some cases, the ionic liquids could replace the toxic organic solvent and the heterogeneous catalyst of the reaction. Finally, the implementation of an enantioselective multicomponent synthesis of 2,6-DABCO led us to develop a new methodology of an organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition of beta-ketoamides to alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. In this way, adducts containing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter were obtained in good yields and high to excellent enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%). The study of the reactivity of these adducts allowed the access to different families of optically active poly(hetero)cyclic compounds of high synthetic interest.

Dans le contexte de la synthèse éco-compatible, la réactivité et le transfert de chiralité de sulfoximines dans quelques réactions domino ou consécutives diastéréosélectives ont été étudiés pour la synthèse de carbocycles et d’hétérocycles d’intérêt. L’emploi de béta-cétosulfoximines comme pronucléophiles dans des additions de Michael diastéréosélectives a aussi été étudié. Dans la plupart de ces cas, l’induction asymétrique de l’atome de soufre chiral s’est révélée faible. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’addition de Michael énantiosélective des cyclobutanones activées sur les nitroalcènes par une approche organocatalytique. En utilisant un catalyseur bifonctionnel, les produits attendus présentant deux centres stéréogènes contigus dont un quaternaire, ont pu être obtenus avec de très bons rendements et d’excellentes diastéréo- et énantiosélectivités. Le potentiel synthétique de ces dérivés cyclobutaniques a pu être démontré, en particulier pour la synthèse de gamma-lactones optiquement actives. / In the context of eco-compatible synthesis, reactivity and chirality transfer of sulfoximines in some domino or consecutive diastereoselective reactions have been studied for the synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles of interest. The use of béta-ketosulfoximines as pronucleophiles in diastereoselective Michael additions has also been studied. In most of these cases, the asymmetric induction of chiral sulfur atom was low. Then, we investigated the enantioselective Michael addition of activated cyclobutanones onto nitroalkenes by an organocatalytic approach. The resulting adducts exhibit two contiguous chiral carbon atoms including an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. They were obtained with very good yields and excellent diastereo-and enantioselectivities by using a bifunctional catalyst. The synthetic potential of these cyclobutane derivatives could be shown, especially for the synthesis of optically active gamma-lactones.

Au cours de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles transformations combinant des outils modernes de la synthèse organique que sont les MBFT's (Multiple Bond-Forming Transformations) et l'organocatalyse et impliquant la réactivité des nitroalcènes. Nous avons dans un premier temps élaboré une réaction consécutive hautement stéréosélective Michael – Hétérocyclisation [3+2] – Fragmentation. Au cours de ce processus, deux liaisons C–C, une liaison C–O et un cycle sont formés afin de former des cyclopentanoximes optiquement actifs portant jusqu'à trois centres stéréogènes pouvant être convertis en hydroxylamines ou en indoles. Nous avons ensuite exploité le potentiel pro-nucléophile des composés 1,2-dicarbonylés lors de l'élaboration des premières additions de Michael organocatalysées diastéréo- et énantiosélectives de 1,2-cétoesters et de 1,2-cétoamides sur des nitrooléfines. Les adduits obtenus constituent des plateformes synthétiques vers la construction de carbo- et d'hétérocycles à cinq et six chaînons possédant une large diversité fonctionnelle. Ces travaux ont conduit au développement d'une transformation domino impliquant divers composés 1,2-dicarbonylés et nitroalcènes halogénés afin d'accéder de manière rapide et efficace à des 2-carbonyl- et 2-phosphorylfuranes dont les voies de synthèse sont peu courantes dans la littérature. Les premiers résultats très encourageants quant à l'obtention de furanes atropoisomères ouvrent les portes à une version asymétrique de cette méthodologie. / This work focused on the development of novel transformations combining MBFT's and organocatalysis, the latest powerful tools of organic synthesis, and involving the reactivity of nitroalkenes. We first developed a highly stereoselective consecutive Michael – [3+2] Heterocyclisation – Fragmentation reaction where two C–C bonds, one C–O bond and a cycle are formed to make optically active cyclopentanoximes bearing up to three stereocenters. These products can be converted into hydroxylamines or indoles. We then exploited the nucleophilic potential of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the design of the first organocatalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective Michael additions of 1,2-ketoamides and 1,2-ketoesters onto nitroalkenes. The corresponding adducts are valuable synthetic platforms towards the synthesis of five- and six-membered carbo- and heterocycles with wide functional variety. This work led to the development of a domino transformation involving 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds and halogenated nitroolefines to efficiently access 2-carbonyl- and 2-phosphorylfuranes whose reported synthetic pathways remain rare. The first encouraging trials carried out to make atropisomers enable a potential asymmetric version of this methodology.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans la recherche et le développement de nouvelles molécules à visée thérapeutique via la mise au point de cyclisations radicalaires oxydatives médiées par l'acétate de manganèse(III). Deux problématiques ont dirigé nos recherches. Tout d'abord, nous avons développé une stratégie de synthèse de prodrogues analogues de la pafuramidine, molécule antileishmanienne. Ainsi, une 1ère série d'amidoximes a été obtenue à partir de β-cétosulfones par une synthèse multi-étapes faisant appel aux réactions i) de cyclisations radicalaires oxydatives médiées par Mn(OAc)3 et ii) de couplages pallado-catalysées de Buchwald-Hartwig et de Heck. Suite à l'évaluation biologique in vitro sur Leishmania donovani et sur des cellules humaines, une 2ème série d'amidoximes et en particulier des monoamidoximes a été réalisée, ce qui a révélé une molécule présentant un index de sélectivité 40 fois plus élevé que celui de la pentamidine, médicament utilisé comme référence. Nous avons également mis au point un double couplage "one-pot" de Buchwald-Hartwig dans le but d'obtenir des produits dicouplés dissymétriques, précurseurs éventuels de futures diamidoximes. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la synthèse de composés spirocycliques pouvant constituer un pharmacophore original. De ce fait, une stratégie de synthèse conduisant à divers noyaux tels des tétralines spirocycliques, des spirolactones, des spirobenzophénanthrédin-6(5H)-ones a été mise au point. Ce travail nous a également menés vers la synthèse de dérivés thiobarbiturates, analogues de composés anesthésiques ou anticonvulsivants. / This work focuses on the research and development of new therapeutic molecules through optimized radical cyclizations mediated by manganese(III) acetate. Two problematics directed our research. First, we developed analogous prodrugs of pafuramidine, an antileishmanial molecule. Thus, a 1rst series of amidoximes was obtained from β-ketosulfones by a multi-step synthesis involving i) radical oxidative cyclizations mediated by Mn(OAc)3 and ii) pallado-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig and Heck coupling reactions. The 1rst series being biologically evaluated in vitro, both on Leishmania donovani and human cells, a 2nd series and particularly monoamidoximes was prepared and revealed a molecule presenting a selectivity index 40 times higher than the one of pentamidine, used as reference drug compound. We also developed a one-pot double Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction in the aim to obtain dissymmetric dicoupled products, potential precursors of future diamidoximes. In a second time, we focused on the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds which could constitute an original pharmacophore. Therefore, we performed a synthesis allowing access to a wide variety of scaffolds such as spirocyclic tetralins, spirolactones, spirobenzophenanthridin-6(5H)-ones. This work allowed the synthesis of thiobarbiturates, analogous of anesthetic or anticonvulsive compounds.