Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: Douglass F. Taber, Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry. Includes bibliographical references.

Este trabalho investiga as interações entre o grupo carbonílico e enxofre, oxigênio ou dupla olefínica, através do estudo dos seguintes compostos: ciclopentanona (I), 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III), ciclohexanona (IV), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), cicloheptanona (VII), 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX), 4-tiacicloheptanona (X), ciclooctanona (XI), 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII). É fornecida uma revisão bibliográfica, na qual são apresentados os trabalhos sobre frequência de estiramento e basicidade relativa do grupo carbonílico de cetonas por espectroscopia no infravermelho, sendo destacados alguns aspectos mais intimamente ligados a este trabalho. Entre estes aspectos, podem ser enumerados: ressonância de Fermi na ciclopentanona, efeito de campo, efeito do tamanho do anel sobre a frequência e basicidade da carbonila, e impedimento estérico nas ciclanonas. São descritas as sínteses de algumas das cetonas da série estudada, a saber: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X). São fornecidos os dados das medidas de deslocamentos das frequências de estiramento das hidroxilas de fenol e de p-clorofenol, em associação (1:1) com as treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, à diluição infinita do doador em tetracloreto de carbono (ΔvoOH). São determinadas as constantes de associação (Kass) dos complexos formados entre p-clorofenol e cetonas (1:T), em tetracloreto de carbono, no infravermelho próximo, para as 3- e 4-tiaciclanonas (II), (V), (VIII), (IX) e (X), 3-oxaciclanonas (III) e (VI) e cetonas não substituidas correspondentes (I), (IV) e (VII). São apresentadas as frequências de estiramento do grupo carbonilico (vCO) das treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, em tetracloreto de carbono. Os resultados de ΔvoOH e Kass para as ciclanonas substituídas em posições 3 e 4 por enxofre ou oxigênio, em comparação com as ciclanonas não substituídas correspondentes, indicam que: 1) 3-tiaciclanonas (II) , (V) e (VIII) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade; 2) a ordem de diminuição de basicidade em 3-tiaciclanonas é: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II) > 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) = 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII); 3) 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X) mostram uma diminuição de basicidade comparável à das 3-tiaciclanonas correspondentes; 4) 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade, que é da mesma ordem de grandeza em ambos os compostos; 5) a diminuição de basicidade em 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) é menor e em 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) é maior do que nas tiaciclanonas correspondentes. As medidas de frequência de estiramento da carbonila (vCO) para as mesmas ciclanonas demonstram que: 1) não há diferenças significativas entre as frequências da carbonila de tiaciclanonas e ciclanonas não substituidas correspondentes; 2) há um aumento na frequência da carbonila, passando-se das ciclanonas não substituidas (I) e (IV) para as 3-oxaciclanonas correspondentes (III) e (VI). É apresentada uma discussão, em que a existência de possíveis interações é examinada pela interpretação dos dados experimentais, à luz dos efeitos indutivos e de campo, alterações no anel provenientes da introdução de um heteroátomo, e níveis de energia, proximidade e posição geométrica dos orbitais interagentes. É sugerida a ocorrência de uma interação no espaço significativa entre o heteroátomo e o grupo carbonílico em 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), e a ausência de uma tal interação Significativa em 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) e 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII). Não se elimina, porém, a possibilidade da existência de uma fraca interação no espaço nos dois útimos compostos. O estudo de basicidade de 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII) indica: 1) um aumento na basicidade em relação às cetonas nao substituídas correspondentes; 2) um aumento de basicidade anormal com o aumento de concentração das cetonas em tetracloreto de carbono. Os dados de basicidade, em conjunto com os estudos efetuados paralelamente por Wladislaw e col. e com os resultados de outras medidas da literatura, permitem sugerir para a 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII): 1) a ocorrência de transferência de carga no estado fundamental; 2) a existência, em solução, de um equilíbrio entre duas conformações, uma em que há transferência de carga de enxofre ou dupla olefínica para a carbonila, e outra em que esta transferência é ausente. / This thesis investigates the interactions between the carbonyl group and sulphur, oxygen or ethylene double bond, in the following compounds: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI), 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII), 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX), by comparison with the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. The thesis contains: A literature review on the stretching frequencies and relative basicities of the carbonyl group in ketones, in which some aspects connected with the present work, such as cyclopentanone Fermi ressonance, field effect, ring size influence and steric hindrance are emphasized. The syntheses of 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII). The ΔvoOH data, as measured by i.r. shifts of OH stretching vibration of phenol and p-chlorophenol associated to the ketones studied (1:1), in carbon tetrachloride. The equilibrium constants (Kas.) for the association complexes (1:1) between p-chlorophenol and 3-and 4-thiacyclanones (I), (III), (V), (VI) and (VII) and 3-oxacyclanones (II) and (IV) and the corresponding unsubstituted ketones, in carbon tetrachloride, obtained from near infra-red measurements. The carbonyl stretching frequencies (vCO) for the ketones studied, in carbon tetrachloride. The basicities measurements data indicate that: 3-Thiacyclanones (I), (lII) and (V) are less basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. The basicities decrease order in 3-thiacyclanones is: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I) > 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) = 3-thiacycloheptanone (V). The basicity decrease in the 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII) is similar to that obtained for the corresponding 3-thiacyclanones. 3-Oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) show similar basicity decrease. The basicities of 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) are, respectively lower and higher than those of the corresponding thia analogues. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) are more basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. An abnorml raise of basicity occurs in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) with the increase of concentration in carbon tetrachloride. The carbonyl stretching frequency measurements (vCO) show that: The vCO values for thiacyclanones do not differ significantly from those for the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. 3-Oxacyclanones exhibit higher vCO values than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. A discussion is presented, in which: The possibility of through-space and through-bond interactions in the 3- and 4-substituted cyclanones is considered by examination of experimental data in the light of the possible effects described in the literature review, energy levels, proximity and geometry of the interacting orbitals. The possibility of a charge transfer from the sulphur atom or ethylene double bond to the carbonyl group in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) is examined by comparison of the experimental data of the present thesis with those reported in the 1iterature and those obtained by B.Wladislaw et al. The following conclusions are presented: A significant through-space interaction between sulphur or oxygen atoms and carbonyl group takes place in the 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV). There is no evidence for a sicnificant through-space interaction between sulphur atom and carbonyl group in 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) and 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), though a weak interaction may be present. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) exist in solution, as an equilibrium mixture of two conformations, one in which charge transfer occurs and another in which it is absent.

A series of bis(ethene)rhodium(I) complexes of β-diketonates and similar ligands were prepared. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Crystal structures are reported for bis(η²-ethene)-(1,3(1-ferrocenyl)butanedionato-0.0 ')rhodium(I), 13, (1,5-cyclooctadieiie)(2-acetylphen-oxy-0,0')rhodium(I),18, and some related molecules. [FORMULA OMITTED] The complexes are catalyst precursors for the homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and the hydrosilylation of ketones. The generated hydrogenation catalysts are effective for the reduction of sterically unhindered carbon-carbon double bonds. These catalysts are active in the presence of alcohol, aromatic and carboxylic acid functional groups on the olefin substrate. The catalysts decompose to give a heterogeneously active rhodium precipitate when reducing olefinic substrates which are too sterically hindered. Study of the hydrosilylation reaction revealed that the complexes generate active hydrosilylation catalysts. A series of optically active ligands were tested for their ability to effect asymmetry in the silyl ether products. The bis(ethene)rhodium(I) complexes are fluxional in the NMR time scale due to the motion of the ethylene ligands. A detailed ¹H NMR study was conducted on one of the complexes, bis(η²-ethene)(2-acetylphenoxy-0,0 ')rhodium(I) 15 to explore the nature of the rearrangement. [FORMULA OMITTED] The ¹H NMR study revealed the presence of two different modes of fluxionality. The first type of motion is intramolecular in nature and is due to the rotation of the ethylene ligands about the rhodium-ethylene bond axis. The second type is intermolecular in nature and is due to exchange of the ethylene ligands. This exchange is a measure of the lability of the ethylene ligands. The system allowed the separate study of the ethylene ligands and ΔG‡ values were obtained for each ligand for both of the exchange processes. The results of the study indicate the independance of the ethylene ligands with respect to both fluxional processes. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

The prevalence of both Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing worldwide, and the trends are unfortunately expected to continue. AD has recently been tied with mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, creating a mechanistic tie between AD and T2DM. Unfortunately, insulin resistance is often increased with aging and therefore, all individuals are at risk of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Without proper mitochondrial function, the brain will degenerate, causing impaired cognitive function and reduced quality of life. The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to understand the role of ceramides in insulin-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and; second, to understand how ketones can restore brain mitochondrial function in aged brains. To evaluate the role of insulin resistance and ceramides in brain mitochondrial function, we induced hyperinsulinemia in ApoE4 mice. In addition to insulin, one group received myriocin injections to inhibit ceramide biosynthesis. We observed significant increases in brain ceramides in the insulin-treated group, which correlated with disrupted brain mitochondrial function. However, the group receiving myriocin alone, and, importantly, myriocin with insulin, had normal lipid profiles and normal mitochondrial bioenergetics. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis of the key role of ceramides in insulin resistance-induced mitochondrial dysfunction within the brain. Next, young adult (5 months old) and old (28 months old) rats were assigned to either standard chow diets or very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat, ketogenic diets for 4 weeks. Following the treatment period, we analyzed brain mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We found that the old rats fed the ketogenic diet had improved mitochondrial function in comparison to the old rats consuming standard rodent chow. In addition, the old rats fed a standard diet had significantly higher levels of oxidative stress than the aged rats on the very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. These findings revealed that ketones can protect brain mitochondrial function in aging. Collectively, these results suggest that insulin resistance has a role in the development of brain mitochondrial dysfunction due to ceramide accumulation, while ketones can help mitigate some of the negative consequences of aging, perhaps some due to insulin resistance, on brain mitochondrial function.

The object of this research was to prepare substituted derivatives of various chalcones having the nitro group substituted in the 31-position, the idea being to help complete the series of chalcones having the nitro group in that position. This was to be done by condensing various substituted benzaldehydes with m-nitroacetophenone, using dry hydrogen chloride as a condensing agent. The properties of the resulting chalcones were then to be determined by observing color reactions, spectra, and other general physical properties.

Organic pigments were the source of coloring matters used by man until comparatively recent times. It is to be presumed that the first steps in the use of these pigments no dyes resulted from the accidental staining of the skin or fabric by a vegetable material. Prehistoric man, in order to decorate his implements or his person, or even to make records of his mode of life, used the materials with which he came in daily contact. Coloring materials included earth and vegetable substances found in flowers, seeds, berries, nuts, bark, wood, and roots, and less readily available coloring materials such as those of the heavy metals and those of animal origin. In addition to his knowledge of dyestuffs prehistoric man also developed a knowledge of tanning. He found that some of the vegetation that provided him with coloring matter would also preserve the skins he removed from the animals he killed as food and in doing so would render them suitable for clothing. Shortly after the preparation of the first synthetic dyestuff, the investigation of the natural yellow coloring matters was undertaken by Herzig. Herzig studied quercetin, derived from quercitron bark, and fisetin, which is present in young fuatic. About the same period, von Kostanecki submitted to examination chrysin, a coloring matter which had been isolated from the bud of the common popular. From the properties of this substance and the fact that when hydrolyzed it yields acetophenone and phloroglucinol, von Kostanecki represented it as a dihydroxy phenyl benzo-α-pyrone (I). von Kostanecki designated the mother substance of chrysin as being flavone (II), whereas the mother substance of fisetin (III) was flavonol (IV). The preparation of terephthalates was investigated in this work. The two methods considered were: (1) The condensation of terephthalaldehyde with the benzoates of o-hydroxyacetophenone, o,p-hydroxyacetophenone and o,m,p-trihydroxyacetophenone respectively in dry ethyl acetate using dry hydrogen chloride as the condensing agent, with subsequent debenzylation with 10 percent sodium hydroxide in an atmosphere of nitrogen. (2) The condensation of terephthalaldehyde with o-hydroxyacetophenone and o,p-hydroxyacetophenone using sodium hydroxide as the condensing agent. The dying properties of the compounds were investigated by precipitating the hydroxides of chromium, aluminum and iron salts as modante on woolen patches. The dyes of the latter two mordante were water fast, whereas those of the chromium mordent were not.

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