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Aryl cyclopropyl ketones have often been employed as diagnostic probes for single electron transfer (SET) in organic chemical reactions. The implicit assumption in such studies is that the formation of rearranged product(s) can be ascribed to the intermediacy of a ketyl anion. Through a detailed examination of the decay of electrolytically generated aryl cyclopropyl] ketyl anions, we have shown that the assumptions made in the use of these substrates as SET probes are not necessarily valid. Using derivative cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry it was discovered that the ketyl anions of alkyl- and unsubstituted aryl cyclopropyl ketones (class I), including phenyl cyclopropyl ketone (28a), 1-benzoyl-2-methylcyclopropane (28b), 1-benzoyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane (28c), p-tolyl cyclopropyl ketone (28d), and 1-benzoyl-1-methylcyclopropane (28e), undergo a slow and reversible cyclopropyl carbinyl type rearrangement followed by dimerization of the ring-opened and ring-closed radical anions. The equilibrium constant for the reversible ring opening lies highly in favor of the ring closed form. For (28a^·⁻) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide containing 0.5 M n-Bu₄NBF₄ at 23 °C, the equilibrium constant was estimated at K ≈ 4.6 x 10⁻⁸ with a maximum rate constant for ring opening and a minimum rate constant for ring closing at 2.0 s⁻¹ and 4.3 x 10⁷ s⁻¹ respectively; the rate constant for dimerization was placed at 8.4 x 10⁷ M⁻¹s⁻¹. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1) complement the above observations. Similar results were obtained for all class I compounds. The ketyl anions of aryl cyclopropyl ketones with good radical stabilizing groups on the cyclopropane ring (class ID), including trans-1-benzoyl-2-phenylcyclopropane (66), and 1-benzoyl-2-vinylcyclopropane (76) undergo rapid unimolecular ring opening. The rate constants for opening of (66^·⁻) and (76^·⁻) are greater than 10³ s⁻¹ but probably less than 10⁷ s⁻¹ and 10⁵ s⁻¹ respectively. Based upon our findings, class I ketones are extremely unreliable probes for SET; class II ketones may prove to be useful SET probes, but since absolute rate constants for their rearrangement are not yet known, they should be used only with extreme caution. The implications of these results are discussed in light of utilizing aryl cyclopropyl ketones as probes for SET. / Ph. D.

In 1947, while working on the aromatic cyclodehydration of ketones to their corresponding substituted anthracenes, Vingiello (1a) attempted to prepare 9-cyclohexylanthracene using this method. It was evident in the cyclization of o-benzylcyelohexyl-phenone (I) that the hydrol (II) postulated as an intermediate could lose water in two ways, yielding two different compounds 9,10-dihydro-9-cyclohexenylanthracene (IV) and 9-cyclohexyl-anthracene (III). This is shown in Chart I. Since a carbon, hydrogen analysis gives the same result for both compounds it is obvious that some other method of identification is necessary. It is the purpose of this part of the investigation to attempt to identify the existing structure by ultra-violet absorption analysis, and formation of derivatives and also to attempt to prepare 9-cyclohexylanthracene by an unequivocal method. / Master of Science

Yes / t-BuOK-mediated rearrangement of 1,3-ketoesters with 2-(azidomethyl) aromatics in a two-step, one-pot telescoped sequence affords β-enaminoketoesters in moderate to good yields. A novel pathway is proposed in which the umpolung of the azide is achieved from electrophilicity to nucleophilicity via deprotonation and undergoes nucleophilic attack onto the 1,3-ketoester.

A series of 2,5-diarylidene-cyclopentanones (ndbcp), their protonated cations (ndbcp-H+), and a substituted compound, 2,5-bis-[3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-allylidene-cyclopentanone (2dbma) have been synthesized. Their electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured. The absorption spectra have been assigned with the aid of INDO/S calculations. Molecular structures used for the INDO/S calculations were computed with the PM3 Hamiltonian. Polarized excitation spectra have been measured for 2dbcp and 3dbcp at 77 K in ethanol/methanol glass and used as an aid for the assignments of electronic transitions. Absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured in solvents of varying polarity for all compounds synthesized. The influence of hydrogen bonding on the excitation spectra of compounds has been investigated. Solvent induced shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 3dbcp and 2dbma in combination with the PM3 calculated ground state dipole moment have been used to determine the excited state dipole moment of these compounds. Fluorescence quantum yields have been obtained to analyze the changes in the nonradiative rate of decay from S1. The protonated cations have been prepared in acids of different strength. The influence of acid strength on the excitation and emission spectra has been analyzed by gradually diluting acid solution. Evidence for excited state proton transfer in weak acids has been obtained for 2dbcp and 3dbcp. Brief photochemical studies of 1dbcp and 1dbcp-H+ have been carried out and analyzed by HPLC.

Acetylpropionyl (2,3-pentanedione) and diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) are by-products of sugar manufacture. Both diketones have many uses, mainly food related. Vapour-liquid equilibrium data and infinite dilution activity coefficients are required to design purification processes for these chemicals. A review of available experimental methods revealed that the vapour and liquid recirculating still is most appropriate when both isobaric and isothermal VLE are required. The low-pressure dynamic still of Raal and Muhlbauer (1998) used in this study incorporates many features to ensure that measurements are of excellent quality (as demonstrated by Joseph et al., 2001). VLE measurements were made for the following systems: • Acetone with diacetyl at 30 C, 40 C, 50 C and 40 kPa • Methanol with diacetyl at 40 C, 50 C, 60 C and 40 kPa • Diacetyl with 2,3-pentanedione at 60 C, 70 C, 80 C and 40 kPa • Acetone with 2,3-pentanedione at 50 C, 30 kPa and 40 kPa. All the systems, except for methanol with diacetyl, displayed close to ideal behaviour. This was expected as they are mixtures of ketones. Solution thermodynamics allows one to perform data reduction of the measured VLE data to ensure accurate extrapolation and interpolation of the measurements. Furthermore, the quality of the data can be judged using thermodynamic consistency tests. The data were represented by the Gamma-Phi approach to VLE (the preferred method for low-pressure VLE computations). The two-term virial equation of state was used to account for vapour phase non-ideality. Second virial coefficients were calculated by the method of Hayden and 0'Connell (1975). The liquid phase non-ideality was accounted for by the Wilson, NRTL or UNIQUAC models. The best fit models are proposed for each system, as are parameters as functions of temperature for the isobaric data. The data were judged to be of high thermodynamic consistency by the stringent point test (Van Ness and Abbott, 1982) and the direct test (Van Ness, 1995) for thermodynamic consistency. The data sets were rated, at worst, "3" on the consistency index proposed by Van Ness (1995). A rating of "I" is given for a perfectly consistent data set and "10" for an unacceptable data set. For the system acetone with 2,3-pentanedione, isobars at 30 kPa and 40 kPa were measured. The results from the reduction of the 30 kPa set were used to accurately predict the 40 kPa data set. Infinite dilution activity coefficients were measured by the inert gas stripping method (based on the principle of exponential dilution). In order to specify the appropriate dilutor flask height (to ensure equilibrium is achieved), mass transfer considerations were made. These computations ensured that the gas phase was in equilibrium with the liquid phase at the gas exit point. The following infinite dilution activity coefficients were measured: • Acetone in diacetyl at 30 C • Methanol in diacetyl at 40 C • Diacetyl in 2,3-pentanedione at 60°C • Acetone in 2,3-pentanedione at 50 C. The ketone mixtures, once again, displayed close to ideal behaviour. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The aim of this research project was to investigate the oxidation reactions of olefins to ketones. Initial studies revolved around the oxidation reactions of terminal olefins to symmetrical dialkyl ketones. The inability to isolate pure products, and the consumption of large amounts of the expensive palladium catalyst for each run as well as the extremely low yields that resulted from these oxidation reactions, made it difficult to thoroughly investigate this oxidation system. It was then decided to embark on the investigation of oxidation reactions of a-olefins to methyl ketones. For these studies, six terminal olefins were oxidised to methyl ketones employing seven different oxidation reactions. One of the most important and pioneering reactions m this field is the system employing PdCl2 / CuCl2 / O2 for the oxidation of terminal olefins to methyl ketones, namely the Wacker oxidation reaction. Experimental results, however, indicated that high product contamination from by-products resulted from these oxidation reactions despite the fairly good yields of product from the Wacker oxidation system. Some reaction systems that have been developed from the Wacker oxidation system were also investigated. The oxidation system employing PdCl2 / p-benzoquinone for the oxidation of terminal olefins to ketones was studied. The oxidation reactions resulted in incomplete oxidation with higher olefins (l-decene, l-nonene and l-octene), and complete oxidation of lower olefins (l-heptene, l-hexene and l-pentene) under the same reaction conditions. The products from lower olefins oxidised under these reaction conditions were pure and high yielding Another system that proved efficient both with feasibility and good yields of products was the oxidation system employing Pd(OAc)2 / H202 catalyst to oxidise terminal olefins to methyl ketones. Phase transfer catalysis has been employed in organic chemistry to effect different reactions. In this case two types of phase transfer agents were employed to effect the oxidation of terminal olefins to ketones. The first oxidation system involved the use of a PdCl2 / CuCl2 / O2 catalyst with a quaternary ammonium salt, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to govern the course of the reaction. Reasonable yields were obtained, and moderate purity of products was also observed. The second phase transfer catalysis system employed polyethylene glycol (PEG-200) as a phase transfer agent, and PdCl2 / CuCl2 / O2 as a catalyst for oxidation of olefins to ketones. This oxidation system resulted in different isomers of a ketone from a terminal olefin. Pure methyl ketones were not isolable from the mixture of methyl and ethyl ketones. The oxidation reactions of olefins to ketones employing Pd(OAc)2 / p-benzoquinone in combination with electrolysis were also investigated. The unique feature about these reactions was the fact that cyclic olefins could also be oxidised under these conditions. Good yields were obtained, and high product purity was observed. One of the important oxidation reactions investigated during the project was the reaction that used an alternative metal to the expensive palladium catalyst for the oxidation reactions to ketones. This oxidation system employs CuCl2 / 18-C-6 / acetaldehyde as a catalyst for the oxidation of hydrocarbons to ketones and alcohols. It was discovered during the investigation that olefins can also be used as substrates and are oxidised to the corresponding ketones. The use of olefins as substrates resulted in higher yields than the hydrocarbon oxidation reactions, and less contamination in the product mixture was also observed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

This work is an in-depth study of a system with an approach designed to determine the electrode processes and the factors or conditions which control them.

The development of a palladium-catalysed C–H carbonylation of hindered secondary amines is described. Central to this strategy is the temporary conversion of simple ketones into hindered secondary amines that facilitates a sterically promoted palladium-catalysed C–H activation. A range of functional groups are shown to be compatible with this catalytic process, and with exclusive regioselectivity for the terminal ethyl sp 3 C–H in most cases. This method allows an overall incorporation of a carboxyl group to the b-position of terminal ketones, generating 1,4- dicarbonyl moieties which are important synthetic building blocks. The sterically promoted C–H functionalisation strategy has been employed as the key step in the synthesis of a functionalised analogue of astemizole, a pharmaceutical agent which suffers from undesired hERG activity. The increased steric bulk around the tertiary amine, coupled with introduction of a polar hydroxyl group via the C–H acetoxylation reaction, is proposed to reduce binding to the hERG channel. The hERG profile of this analogue is not yet established.

Este trabalho investiga as interações entre o grupo carbonílico e enxofre, oxigênio ou dupla olefínica, através do estudo dos seguintes compostos: ciclopentanona (I), 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III), ciclohexanona (IV), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), cicloheptanona (VII), 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX), 4-tiacicloheptanona (X), ciclooctanona (XI), 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII). É fornecida uma revisão bibliográfica, na qual são apresentados os trabalhos sobre frequência de estiramento e basicidade relativa do grupo carbonílico de cetonas por espectroscopia no infravermelho, sendo destacados alguns aspectos mais intimamente ligados a este trabalho. Entre estes aspectos, podem ser enumerados: ressonância de Fermi na ciclopentanona, efeito de campo, efeito do tamanho do anel sobre a frequência e basicidade da carbonila, e impedimento estérico nas ciclanonas. São descritas as sínteses de algumas das cetonas da série estudada, a saber: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-tiaciclohexanona (V), 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X). São fornecidos os dados das medidas de deslocamentos das frequências de estiramento das hidroxilas de fenol e de p-clorofenol, em associação (1:1) com as treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, à diluição infinita do doador em tetracloreto de carbono (ΔvoOH). São determinadas as constantes de associação (Kass) dos complexos formados entre p-clorofenol e cetonas (1:T), em tetracloreto de carbono, no infravermelho próximo, para as 3- e 4-tiaciclanonas (II), (V), (VIII), (IX) e (X), 3-oxaciclanonas (III) e (VI) e cetonas não substituidas correspondentes (I), (IV) e (VII). São apresentadas as frequências de estiramento do grupo carbonilico (vCO) das treze cetonas cíclicas estudadas, em tetracloreto de carbono. Os resultados de ΔvoOH e Kass para as ciclanonas substituídas em posições 3 e 4 por enxofre ou oxigênio, em comparação com as ciclanonas não substituídas correspondentes, indicam que: 1) 3-tiaciclanonas (II) , (V) e (VIII) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade; 2) a ordem de diminuição de basicidade em 3-tiaciclanonas é: 3-tiaciclopentanona (II) > 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) = 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII); 3) 4-tiaciclohexanona (IX) e 4-tiacicloheptanona (X) mostram uma diminuição de basicidade comparável à das 3-tiaciclanonas correspondentes; 4) 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) apresentam uma diminuição de basicidade, que é da mesma ordem de grandeza em ambos os compostos; 5) a diminuição de basicidade em 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) é menor e em 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI) é maior do que nas tiaciclanonas correspondentes. As medidas de frequência de estiramento da carbonila (vCO) para as mesmas ciclanonas demonstram que: 1) não há diferenças significativas entre as frequências da carbonila de tiaciclanonas e ciclanonas não substituidas correspondentes; 2) há um aumento na frequência da carbonila, passando-se das ciclanonas não substituidas (I) e (IV) para as 3-oxaciclanonas correspondentes (III) e (VI). É apresentada uma discussão, em que a existência de possíveis interações é examinada pela interpretação dos dados experimentais, à luz dos efeitos indutivos e de campo, alterações no anel provenientes da introdução de um heteroátomo, e níveis de energia, proximidade e posição geométrica dos orbitais interagentes. É sugerida a ocorrência de uma interação no espaço significativa entre o heteroátomo e o grupo carbonílico em 3-tiaciclopentanona (II), 3-oxaciclopentanona (III) e 3-oxaciclohexanona (VI), e a ausência de uma tal interação Significativa em 3-tiaciclohexanona (V) e 3-tiacicloheptanona (VIII). Não se elimina, porém, a possibilidade da existência de uma fraca interação no espaço nos dois útimos compostos. O estudo de basicidade de 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII) indica: 1) um aumento na basicidade em relação às cetonas nao substituídas correspondentes; 2) um aumento de basicidade anormal com o aumento de concentração das cetonas em tetracloreto de carbono. Os dados de basicidade, em conjunto com os estudos efetuados paralelamente por Wladislaw e col. e com os resultados de outras medidas da literatura, permitem sugerir para a 5-tiaciclooctanona (XII) e 3-ciclohexenona (XIII): 1) a ocorrência de transferência de carga no estado fundamental; 2) a existência, em solução, de um equilíbrio entre duas conformações, uma em que há transferência de carga de enxofre ou dupla olefínica para a carbonila, e outra em que esta transferência é ausente. / This thesis investigates the interactions between the carbonyl group and sulphur, oxygen or ethylene double bond, in the following compounds: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI), 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII), 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX), by comparison with the corresponding unsubstituted compounds. The thesis contains: A literature review on the stretching frequencies and relative basicities of the carbonyl group in ketones, in which some aspects connected with the present work, such as cyclopentanone Fermi ressonance, field effect, ring size influence and steric hindrance are emphasized. The syntheses of 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-thiacyclohexanone (III), 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV), 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII). The ΔvoOH data, as measured by i.r. shifts of OH stretching vibration of phenol and p-chlorophenol associated to the ketones studied (1:1), in carbon tetrachloride. The equilibrium constants (Kas.) for the association complexes (1:1) between p-chlorophenol and 3-and 4-thiacyclanones (I), (III), (V), (VI) and (VII) and 3-oxacyclanones (II) and (IV) and the corresponding unsubstituted ketones, in carbon tetrachloride, obtained from near infra-red measurements. The carbonyl stretching frequencies (vCO) for the ketones studied, in carbon tetrachloride. The basicities measurements data indicate that: 3-Thiacyclanones (I), (lII) and (V) are less basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. The basicities decrease order in 3-thiacyclanones is: 3-thiacyclopentanone (I) > 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) = 3-thiacycloheptanone (V). The basicity decrease in the 4-thiacyclohexanone (VI) and 4-thiacycloheptanone (VII) is similar to that obtained for the corresponding 3-thiacyclanones. 3-Oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) show similar basicity decrease. The basicities of 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV) are, respectively lower and higher than those of the corresponding thia analogues. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) are more basic than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. An abnorml raise of basicity occurs in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) with the increase of concentration in carbon tetrachloride. The carbonyl stretching frequency measurements (vCO) show that: The vCO values for thiacyclanones do not differ significantly from those for the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. 3-Oxacyclanones exhibit higher vCO values than the corresponding unsubstituted ketones. A discussion is presented, in which: The possibility of through-space and through-bond interactions in the 3- and 4-substituted cyclanones is considered by examination of experimental data in the light of the possible effects described in the literature review, energy levels, proximity and geometry of the interacting orbitals. The possibility of a charge transfer from the sulphur atom or ethylene double bond to the carbonyl group in 5-thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) is examined by comparison of the experimental data of the present thesis with those reported in the 1iterature and those obtained by B.Wladislaw et al. The following conclusions are presented: A significant through-space interaction between sulphur or oxygen atoms and carbonyl group takes place in the 3-thiacyclopentanone (I), 3-oxacyclopentanone (II) and 3-oxacyclohexanone (IV). There is no evidence for a sicnificant through-space interaction between sulphur atom and carbonyl group in 3-thiacyclohexanone (III) and 3-thiacycloheptanone (V), though a weak interaction may be present. 5-Thiacyclooctanone (VIII) and 3-cyclohexenone (IX) exist in solution, as an equilibrium mixture of two conformations, one in which charge transfer occurs and another in which it is absent.