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Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-20T13:29:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rafael Veloso Patr?cio.pdf: 9711857 bytes, checksum: 5f7e5b198769c9a633040fd42126df03 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:29:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rafael Veloso Patr?cio.pdf: 9711857 bytes, checksum: 5f7e5b198769c9a633040fd42126df03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / Funda??o de Apoio a Pesquisa Cient?fica e Tecnol?gica da UFRRJ-FAPUR / Controling of downhole pressure is essential for a safety process of oil well drilling. In a permeable formation, fluids from reservoir come into the annulus region (wellbore) when the downhole pressure is below pore pressure, featuring a disorder called kick. Literature reports some mathematical models developed to predict the behavior of the wellbore in presence of gas kick, however, there are few works reporting control and experiments. By this reason, it was built an experimental plant in order to study system?s behavior during fluid inlet (gas) from reservoir to annulus, and then, sought to develop a control strategy able to mitigate this disorder, without shut-in the well. A strategy with reconfiguration of the control law feedback?feedforward was designed to reject disturbance (gas inlet in the annular), to ensure the drilling within the operating window. Parallelly,simulation studies were developed which are: the construction of mathematical model, validated by the employment of the experimental unit, and the implementation of control based on reconfiguration of control law. / O controle da press?o anular de fundo ? fundamental para que a perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo seja feita de forma segura. Em uma forma??o perme?vel, fluidos do reservat?rio migram para a regi?o anular quando a press?o anular de fundo est? abaixo da press?o de poros, caracterizando o dist?rbio denominado kick. A literatura reporta alguns modelos matem?ticos desenvolvidos para prever o comportamento do po?o na presen?a de kick de g?s, por?m poucos s?o os trabalhos abordando controle e experimentos. A partir desta motiva??o, foi constru?do uma planta experimental para estudar o comportamento do sistema durante a entrada de fluido (g?s) do reservat?rio no anular, e assim, buscou-se desenvolver uma estrat?gia de controle que mitigue tal dist?rbio sem a necessidade do fechamento total do po?o. Uma estrat?gia com reconfigura??o da lei de controle feedback?feedforward foi desenvolvida para rejeitar a perturba??o (entrada de g?s no anular), visando assegurar a perfura??o dentro da janela operacional. Paralelamente, foram desenvolvidos estudos de simula??o quais sejam: a constru??o de um modelo matem?tico, validado empregando-se a unidade experimental, e a implanta??o de controle baseado em reconfigura??o da lei de controle

[pt] O estudo de controle de poço é fundamental para determinar as principais variáveis envolvidas nas operações de perfuração e construção de um poço. A análise dessas operações visa estabelecer parâmetros importantes que devem ser acompanhados, a fim de evitar um influxo de fluidos da formação para o poço (kick). Para que as operações de perfuração sejam sempre seguras, é necessário que a pressão hidrostática no fundo do poço seja superior a pressão de poros da formação. Este trabalho apresenta uma modelagem matemática, desenvolvida para simular um kick de água e óleo da formação que adentra um poço terrestre vertical e, assim, prever o comportamento da pressão dentro da coluna de produção e no espaço anular durante uma situação de controle de poço. A operação de controle é composta pelo influxo do kick, fechamento do poço e expulsão do fluido invasor. O caso de kick de gás não foi abordado devido à sua complexidade. O modelo estudado foi simulado no Visual Basic do Excel com emprego de uma formulação do método das características com diferenças finitas. Foram implementadas considerações sobre o efeito da geometria do poço, perdas de carga por fricção, expansão do influxo e modelo de escoamento bifásico. / [en] The study of well control is critical to determine the main variables involved in well drilling and construction operations. The analysis of these operations aims to establish important parameters that must be followed in order to avoid an influx of fluids from the formation into the well (kick). In order to guarantee safety during drilling operations, the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the well must be greater than the formation pore pressure. This work presents a mathematical modeling, developed to simulate a water and oil kick from the formation that enters a vertical onshore well and, thus, predict the pressure behavior inside the production string and the annular space during a well control situation. The control operation is composed of the kick inflow, well closure and expulsion of the invading fluid. The gas kick case was not assessed because of its complexity. The studied model has been simulated in Visual Basics, in Excel, using the characteristics method with finite difference formulation. Considerations were taken about the effect of well geometry, friction loss, influx expansion and two phase flow model.

Atominterferometrie (AI) auf Basis von Lichtpulsen ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug der Präzisionsmesstechnik in Bereichen der inertialen Sensorik oder Fundamentalphysik geworden. Vor allem in Kombination mit ultrakalten, atomaren Quellen, sowie der Verwendung im schwerelosen Raum, werden hohe Sensitivitäten erwartet, die Verletzungen des schwachen Äquivalenzprinzips nachweisen können. QUANTUS-2 ist ein mobiles Atominterferometer, das am ZARM Fallturm in Bremen operiert. Durch seine Atomchip-basierte atomare Rubidiumquelle mit hoher Flussdichte dient es als Vorreiterexperiment für zukünftige Weltraummissionen, bei denen Schlüsseltechnologien wie die Erzeugung von Bose-Einstein Kondensaten (BECs), Delta-Kick Kollimation oder Anwendung verschiedener AI-Geometrien auf sekundenlangen Zeitskalen untersucht werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Kalium-Diodenlasersystem aufgebaut, um die Funktionalität auf Zwei-Spezies Nutzung zu erweitern. Basierend auf dem Design des Rubidium-Diodenlasersystem mit mikrointegrierten Laserdiodenmodulen und kompakter Elektronik, konnte es erfolgreich qualifiziert werden. In einem Machbarkeitsbeweis wurde eine magneto-optische Falle mit Kalium generiert, die die Fähigkeit des Lasersystems zum Fangen von Atomen demonstriert. Mit Rubidium wurden offene Ramsey-Interferometer und Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZIs) am Boden und in über 155 Abwürfen untersucht. Die Kombination von unterschiedlich stark Delta-Kick kollimierten BECs und AI in Schwerelosigkeit eröffnete eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der magnetischen Linsendauer zur optimalen Kollimierung. Asymmetrische MZIs mit Interferometerzeiten von 2T > 1s konnten erfolgreich demonstriert werden. Mit gravimetrischen Untersuchungen am Boden auf Basis von MZIs und einer zusätzlichen Methode der Atomlevitation wurde die lokale Gravitationsbeschleunigung g ermittelt. Die untersuchten Schlüsseltechnologien sind fundamentale Notwendigkeiten, um den Weg für zukünftige Weltraummissionen aufzubereiten. / Light-pulse atom interferometry (AI) is an important tool for high precision measurements in the fields of inertial sensing or fundamental physics. Especially in combination with ultra-cold atomic sources and operation in microgravity, high sensitivities are expected that are necessary for the search for violations of the weak equivalence principle. QUANTUS-2 is a mobile atom interferometer operating at the ZARM drop tower in Bremen. With its high-flux, atom chip-based atomic rubidium source, it serves as a pathfinder for future space missions, examining key technologies like the generation of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), implementation of delta-kick collimation or application of various AI geometries. In this thesis, a potassium diode laser system has been built to complete the preordained functionality of dual-species operation. Based on the design of the rubidium laser system with micro-integrated laser diode modules and compact electronics, it successfully passed the qualification tests. In a proof of principle measurement, a potassium magneto-optical trap could be generated to prove the system’s capability of trapping atoms. With rubidium, open Ramsey type interferometers and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) were examined on ground and in over 155 drops in microgravity. The combination of variably delta-kicked collimated BECs and AI in microgravity revealed a new technique to determine the magnetic lens duration for optimal collimation. Asymmetric MZIs with interferometry times of 2T > 1s have successfully been demonstrated. Gravimetric examinations on ground with MZIs and by an additional levitation technique have been performed to determine the local gravitational acceleration g. The examined key technologies are fundamental necessities that have to be considered to pave the way for future space missions.

Title: The influence of equipment and arms on skeletal muscles activities while practising direct kick. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to find out the influence of carried equipment and arms on the activity of skeletal muscles when a direct front kick is being practised. The methods used: This thesis has an empirically observational character. Muscular activities were measured by means of surface electromyography synchronised by Qualisys screen system. To obtain statistic data, a t-test has been used, requiring 5 % significance level. Results: While carrying a 15-kilogram load, the activity of skeletal muscles was not significantly reduced when performing a direct front kick. However, a 30- kilogram load caused a substantial reduction of skeletal muscular activities during the kick described above. After adding a 15-kilogram bag to another 15 kilograms in the form of a body armour, a helmet and arms, the muscular activity changed its features in a considerable way. Furthermore, most respondents proved 45-kilogram load to be over their limit. The equipment and arms of that weight led to the summation action potential, exceeding the power- coordinative functional reserve, and thus the deformation of the direct front kick technique. Keywords: close combat, EMG, equipment, arms, direct front kick

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a preferência podal e assimetrias interlaterais de desempenho no chute de potência em crianças. Vinte e quatro meninos praticantes de futsal foram divididos em três grupos etários: seis, oito e 10 anos. A análise da preferência podal foi realizada por meio da observação da preferência de uso por uma das pernas em diferentes tarefas motoras, classificadas nas categorias: estabilização, mobilização geral (sem relação com tarefas do futebol) e mobilização específica (tarefas relacionadas ao futebol). A análise da assimetria de desempenho foi feita em função de parâmetros cinemáticos, após as crianças terem sido filmadas no desempenho do chute com a perna preferida e com a perna não-preferida com marcadores nas articulações do ombro, quadril, joelho e tornozelo. A avaliação da preferência podal indicou diferenças significativas entre as tarefas de estabilização e as de mobilização. Nas tarefas de estabilização os três grupos apresentaram grande variabilidade, o que abrangeu desde preferência esquerda consistente a preferência direita consistente. Nas tarefas de mobilização a grande maioria das crianças apresentou preferência podal direita consistente em todas as idades. Os resultados indicaram que a preferência podal é dependente da tarefa. A avaliação de desempenho indicou vantagem da perna direita na maioria das variáveis e nenhuma alteração da relação de desempenho entre uma perna e outra foi detectada entre as idades. Esses achados sugerem um desenvolvimento bilateral do chute, propiciado por mecanismos de transferência interlateral de aprendizagem. Tais resultados indicam que a preferência podal e as assimetrias interlaterais de desempenho são similares entre crianças de diferentes faixas etárias com prática regular em ações motoras relacionadas ao futebol / This study aimed at assessing podal preference and interlateral asymmetries in the performance of kicking in children. Twenty-four soccer player males were assigned to three age groups: 6, 8, and 10-year olds. Lateral preference was assessed on the basis of frequency of use of the right and the left foot/leg to perform different podal tasks, characteristic of the following categories: stabilization (balance tasks), general mobilization (tasks unrelated to soccer), and specific mobilization (tasks related to soccer). Performance asymmetry was quantified with different kinematic parameters, on the basis of images of kicking of either body side, using markers on the shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle joints. The results from assessment of podal preference indicated that for the stabilization tasks the three age groups presented a great variability, ranging from consistent preference for the left leg to consistent preference for the right leg. In both categories of mobilization tasks consistent preference for the right leg was prevalent in all ages. These results showed that podal preference is task-dependent. Analysis of performance asymmetry revealed a right leg advantage in most variables, and that no modification of the relationship between the legs was detected across ages. These findings suggest a bilateral development of kicking, possibly due to mechanisms of interlateral transfer of learning. These results indicate that both podal preference and interlateral podal asymmetries of performance are similar between children of different ages having regular practice in motor actions related to soccer

<p>The aim of this work is to analyze if a change in the benthic community can be detected two years after a restoration of a small stream. The samples were taken in a small stream at Tinnerö Eklandskap just south of Linköping. In addition to the restored area, two reference sites upstream and downstream of the restored area were sampled to compare to the restored site. The method used for sampling of benthic fauna in the stream was kick sampling. ASPT, Berger-Parker and Renkonen-indices were used to find out if there was any difference between the reference areas and the restored area. In addition to indices, rank-abundance curves and species lists were made to see if there was any trend difference between the different areas. The only index that showed a difference between the different areas was Berger-Parker diversity index. The reason why there were no greater differences between the areas may be due to the fact that two years is too short to allow time for the benthos to re-colonize the restored area.</p>

The aim of this work is to analyze if a change in the benthic community can be detected two years after a restoration of a small stream. The samples were taken in a small stream at Tinnerö Eklandskap just south of Linköping. In addition to the restored area, two reference sites upstream and downstream of the restored area were sampled to compare to the restored site. The method used for sampling of benthic fauna in the stream was kick sampling. ASPT, Berger-Parker and Renkonen-indices were used to find out if there was any difference between the reference areas and the restored area. In addition to indices, rank-abundance curves and species lists were made to see if there was any trend difference between the different areas. The only index that showed a difference between the different areas was Berger-Parker diversity index. The reason why there were no greater differences between the areas may be due to the fact that two years is too short to allow time for the benthos to re-colonize the restored area.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a preferência podal e assimetrias interlaterais de desempenho no chute de potência em crianças. Vinte e quatro meninos praticantes de futsal foram divididos em três grupos etários: seis, oito e 10 anos. A análise da preferência podal foi realizada por meio da observação da preferência de uso por uma das pernas em diferentes tarefas motoras, classificadas nas categorias: estabilização, mobilização geral (sem relação com tarefas do futebol) e mobilização específica (tarefas relacionadas ao futebol). A análise da assimetria de desempenho foi feita em função de parâmetros cinemáticos, após as crianças terem sido filmadas no desempenho do chute com a perna preferida e com a perna não-preferida com marcadores nas articulações do ombro, quadril, joelho e tornozelo. A avaliação da preferência podal indicou diferenças significativas entre as tarefas de estabilização e as de mobilização. Nas tarefas de estabilização os três grupos apresentaram grande variabilidade, o que abrangeu desde preferência esquerda consistente a preferência direita consistente. Nas tarefas de mobilização a grande maioria das crianças apresentou preferência podal direita consistente em todas as idades. Os resultados indicaram que a preferência podal é dependente da tarefa. A avaliação de desempenho indicou vantagem da perna direita na maioria das variáveis e nenhuma alteração da relação de desempenho entre uma perna e outra foi detectada entre as idades. Esses achados sugerem um desenvolvimento bilateral do chute, propiciado por mecanismos de transferência interlateral de aprendizagem. Tais resultados indicam que a preferência podal e as assimetrias interlaterais de desempenho são similares entre crianças de diferentes faixas etárias com prática regular em ações motoras relacionadas ao futebol / This study aimed at assessing podal preference and interlateral asymmetries in the performance of kicking in children. Twenty-four soccer player males were assigned to three age groups: 6, 8, and 10-year olds. Lateral preference was assessed on the basis of frequency of use of the right and the left foot/leg to perform different podal tasks, characteristic of the following categories: stabilization (balance tasks), general mobilization (tasks unrelated to soccer), and specific mobilization (tasks related to soccer). Performance asymmetry was quantified with different kinematic parameters, on the basis of images of kicking of either body side, using markers on the shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle joints. The results from assessment of podal preference indicated that for the stabilization tasks the three age groups presented a great variability, ranging from consistent preference for the left leg to consistent preference for the right leg. In both categories of mobilization tasks consistent preference for the right leg was prevalent in all ages. These results showed that podal preference is task-dependent. Analysis of performance asymmetry revealed a right leg advantage in most variables, and that no modification of the relationship between the legs was detected across ages. These findings suggest a bilateral development of kicking, possibly due to mechanisms of interlateral transfer of learning. These results indicate that both podal preference and interlateral podal asymmetries of performance are similar between children of different ages having regular practice in motor actions related to soccer