Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the applicability and suitability of the syntactic decomposition approach to account for the causative and anticausative alternation in Kikongo (Kizombo) in terms of the structural nodes of Voice, vCAUS and Root as posited in this approach to (anti-)causativity (see Alexiadou 2010). In addition, the aspectual approach postulated by Vendler (1957) and further developed by Verkuyl (1972) and Smith (1997) is invoked for the reason that the two alternants in the causative and anticausative alternation in Kikongo (Kizombo) are associated with aspectual verb class differences. Research on the causative and anticausative alternation has long been the focus of extensive work in typological and theoretical linguistics. Two central issues revolve around the debate: first the properties of meaning that determine the alternation and the derivational relationship between the alternants, and second, the relation between the causative alternation and other transitivity alternations, e.g. passives and middles. This dissertation demonstrates that there is a wide range of acceptability judgments associated with anticausative uses of Kizombo in externally and internally caused change of state and change of location/position verbs. The verb root is the element of meaning that allows the Kizombo verbs to alternate irrespective of their verb classes, including agentive verb roots. All the causative variants of externally caused verbs are morphologically unmarked, but all the anticausative variants are morphologically marked. However, all the internally caused change of state verbs are morphologically unmarked. Both the causative and anticausative variants of change of location/position verbs are morphologically unmarked. The anticausative and passive sentences can license an external causer through an implicit argument. While the passive verb sentences can be modified by by-agent, purpose clause and agent-oriented phrases, the anticausative sentences can be modified by instrument, natural force, agent-oriented and by-self phrases. The acceptability of modifiers with anticausatives and passives presupposes a presence of a causer in both constructions. The causative form of change of location/position verbs is syntactically intransitive (i.e. in the locative-subject alternation), but its anticausative variant acquires a transitive-like form. Thus, the concept of causative is related to cause and effect of the argument participating in the process. The study considers competing approaches concerning the derivational direction of the causative and anticausative alternation. Given the data in Kizombo, it is argued that the syntactic decomposition approach is the most appropriate to account for the example sentences in the causative and anticausative constructions. The transitive approach could probably deal with the externally caused change of state verbs, as discussed in chapter 6, but would face a challenge relating to the change of location/position verbs because none of the variants is morphologically marked. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die toepaslikheid en geskiktheid van die benadering tot sintaktiese ontleding ondersoek ten einde rekenskap te gee van die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in Kikongo (Kizombo) ten opsigte van die strukturele vertakpunte van Voice, vCAUS en Root soos in hierdie benadering tot (anti-)kousatiwiteit gestel (sien Alexiadou 2010). Daarbenewens is die aspektiese benadering soos voorgestaan deur Vendler (1957) en verder ontwikkel deur Verkuyl (1972) en Smith (1997) gebruik omdat die twee alternante in die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in Kikongo (Kizombo) met aspektiese verskille in werkwoordklasse geassosieer word. Navorsing oor die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling is reeds lank die fokus van omvangryke werk in tipologiese en teoretiese linguistiek. Twee sentrale kwessies word by die debat betrek: eerstens die eienskappe van betekenis wat die wisseling en die afleidende verband tussen die alternante bepaal, en tweedens, die verhouding tussen die kousatiewe wisseling en ander transitiwiteitswisselinge, bv. passief- en middelkonstruksies. Hierdie verhandeling toon dat daar ʼn wye reeks aanvaarbaarheidsuitsprake is wat met antikousatiewe gebruik van Kizombo by verandering van toestand en verandering van plasing/posisie van werkwoorde wat ekstern en intern veroorsaak word, geassosieer word. Die werkwoordwortel is die betekeniselement wat dit vir die Kizombo-werkwoorde moontlik maak om te wissel ongeag hulle werkwoordklasse, met inbegrip van agenswerkwoordwortels. Al die kousatiewe variante van ekstern veroorsaakte werkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk, maar al die antikousatiewe variante is morfologies gemerk. Al die intern veroorsaakte verandering van toestandswerkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk. Beide die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe variante van verandering van plasing/posisie van werkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk. Die antikousatiewe en passiewe sinne kan ʼn eksterne doener deur ʼn implisiete argument toelaat. Terwyl die sinne met passiewe werkwoorde gewysig kan word deur deur-agent, doel-sinsdeel en agent-georiënteerde frases, kan die antikousatiewe sinne gewysig word deur instrument-, natuurlike krag-, agent-georiënteerde en deur-self-frases. Die aanvaarbaarheid van modifiseerders met antikousatiewe en passiewes voorveronderstel ʼn aanwesigheid van ʼn doener in albei konstruksies. Die kousatiewe vorm van verandering van plasing/posisiewerkwoorde is sintakties onoorganklik (m.a.w. in die lokatief–onderwerp-wisseling), maar die antikousatiewe variant daarvan verkry ʼn oorganklik-agtige vorm. Die begrip van kousatief hou dus verband met oorsaak en gevolg van die argument wat aan die proses deelneem. Die studie neem kompeterende benaderings met betrekking tot die afleidende rigting van die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in ag. Gegewe die data in Kizombo, word aangevoer dat die benadering van sintaktiese ontleding die geskikste is om rekenskap te gee van die voorbeeldsinne in die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe konstruksies. Die oorganklike benadering sou waarskynlik aan die ekstern veroorsaakte verandering van toestandswerkwoorde, soos in hoofstuk 6 bespreek, aandag kon skenk maar sou voor ʼn uitdaging met betrekking tot die verandering van plasing/posisiewerkwoorde te staan kom aangesien geeneen van die variante morfologies gemerk is nie.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Heidemann.pdf: 1457877 bytes, checksum: fc6e212760dd8970a59e0bc4ec33bfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-31 / This dissertation is an attempt to investigate the relationship between culture and re-ligion; specifically, the values of the bantu culture and it s traditional religion as a fac-tor for recognizing and expressing it s identity. Religion is the structure of life and it is religion that determines the social organization of a group. The hypothesis that Christianity and it´s past methodology almost always negated the difference and the propositions of the kikongu people is the starting point, since these people were con-sidered inferior and to better their lot it would be necessary for them to accept the european colonizer as a model for their life. For this reason, the paradigm of incul-turation constitutes the presuppostion for the possibility to salvage the kikongu cul-ture and to dialogue with it. The african continent with it s identity and it s originallity has a precious contribution to offer to humanity and also to Christianity, including the life cycle, the valorization and respect for life, solidarity and hospitality. For the kilongu, divine energy is present everywhere in creation. The universe enriches itself and the world is transformed by ceaseless mutation and the interchange of vital en-ergy. / Neste trabalho, procurou-se investigar a relação entre cultura e religião, os valores da cultura banto e a sua religião tradicional como fator de reconhecimento e expressão de sua identidade. A religião é a armadura de vida e é ela que determi-na a organização social do grupo. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o cristianismo em seu método no passado, quase sempre agiu na negação da alteridade e do projeto dos povos kikongo. Considerando esses povos como inferiores e para elevá-los era necessário que eles aceitassem o modelo de vida do colonizador europeu. Diante deste fato o paradigma da inculturação constitui o pressuposto, a partir do qual é possível resgatar a cultura kikongo e dialogar com ela. O continente africano, com sua identidade, originalidade própria, tem uma contribuição preciosa de sua cultura, a oferecer à humanidade e também ao cristianismo, tais como o ciclo vital, a valori-zação e o respeito pela vida, a solidariedade, a acolhida. Para o kikongo a energia-divina faz-se presente em todas as partes da criação. O universo enriquece-se, transforma-se o mundo pela incessante mutação e pelo intercâmbio da energia vital.

Les classificateurs ga (cl. 16), ku (cl. 17) et mu (cl. 18) marquent respectivement les valeurs de « contact », de « distance » et d’« intériorité » : a) lorsqu’ils sont préfixés à la base ‑úma /endroit/ ; b) lorsqu’ils apparaissent dans le verbe conjugué ou préfixés aux thèmes des déterminants ; c) lorsqu’ils sont suivis d’un nom en isolation ; d) ou lorsqu’ils ils sont suivis d’un verbe.Bu (cl. 14) marque en outre une valeur « abstraite » lorsqu’il se combine avec des bases lexicales ; il exprime le temps, la comparaison et la cause, lorsqu’il est préfixé aux thèmes des déterminants ; il sert en troisième lieu à marquer l’hypothèse lorsqu’il est employé sous la forme d’un morphème libre. / Classifiers ga (cl. 16), ku (cl. 17) and mu (cl. 18) express respectively “contact”, “distance” and “interiority”: a) when they are prefixed by ‑úma /place/; b) when they appear in conjugated verbs or are prefixed by themes of determinants; c) when they are followed by a name in the form of a free morpheme; d) or when they are followed by a verb. Bu (cl. 14) expresses, in addition, “abstract” value when it is combined to lexical bases; when it is prefixed to the themes of determinants, it carries temporal, comparative and causal values; it serves thirdly to mark the hypothesis in the form of a free morpheme.