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Sowohl MAPK als auch Adenosin werden mit Tumorproliferation und Angiogenese in Verbindung gebracht. MDA-MB-231 Östrogenrezeptor-negative Brustkrebszellen zeigen eine sehr starke Expression des A2BAR, der außerdem der einzige von dieser Zelllinie exprimierte Adenosinrezeptor ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen eine hohe basale MAPK-Aktivität aufweisen, welche durch Stimulation mit FCS nicht weiter gesteigert werden kann. Diese hohe basale MAPK-Aktivität wird durch die src-Kinase und Her2 verursacht, da eine Inhibition dieser beiden Tyrosinkinasen eine Hemmung der basalen ERK-Phosphorylierung induziert. Interessanterweise führt die Stimulation des A2BAR der MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen mit dem unselektiven Agonisten NECA zu einer zeitanhängigen Inhibition der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung. Eine Behandlung der Brustkrebszelllinie mit 10 µM CGS 21680 zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die ERK-Aktivität, weshalb davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass die zeitabhängige Inhibition der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung durch den A2BAR vermittelt wird. Eine Beteiligung von cAMP an der MAPK-Signaltransduktion des A2BAR scheint insofern wahrscheinlich, als sowohl eine Behandlung der Zellen mit Forskolin als auch der Kombination aus cAMP-AM und dem PDE4-Inhibitor Rolipram eine zeitabhängige Hemmung der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung induzieren. Jedoch scheint weder die PKA noch die PI3K an dieser Signaltransduktion des A2BAR beteiligt zu sein, da die A2BAR-vermittelte Inhibition der MAPK auch in Anwesenheit von PKA- und PI3K-Inhibitoren bestehen bleibt. Auch scheinen cAMP-GEFs wie beispielsweise Epac in diesem Zusammenhang keine Rolle zu spielen. In Gegenwart des PLC-Inhibitors U-73122 und des Ca2+-Chelators BAPTA verschwand die NECA-induzierte Hemmung der ERK-1/2-Phosphorylierung, was für eine Beteiligung der PLC und des Ca2+ an der A2BAR-vermittelten Hemmung der MAPK-Aktivität spricht. Letzten Endes konnte jedoch kein Mechanismus eruiert werden, welcher diese A2BAR-vermittelte, Ca2+-abhängige MAPK-Hemmung mediiert, da weder eine Inhibition der PKC, der CamKII oder des Calcineurins Einfluss auf die NECA-induzierte MAPK-Hemmung hatten. Was Wachstum und Proliferation der Östrogenrezeptor-negativen Brustkrebszelllinie MDA-MB-231 anbelangt, so konnte gezeigt werden, dass der unselektive Agonist NECA zu einer signifikanten Wachstumshemmung dieser Brustkrebszelllinie führt. Allerdings kommt es aufgrund einer Desensitisierung der A2BAR in MDA-MB-231-Brustkrebszellen lediglich zu einem transienten proliferationshemmenden Effekt nach Stimulation mit NECA. / MAP kinases as well as adenosine are involved in angiogenesis and proliferation of malignant tumors. The estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 expresses A2B adenosine receptors (A2BAR) as the sole adenosine receptor subtype at remarkably high levels. These MDA-MB-231 cells show a very high basal MAPK activity which seems to be maximal as it can not be stimulated further with FCS or EGF. This high basal MAPK activity is caused by src-kinase and her2, as inhibition of these two tyrosinkinases induces an inhibition of basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Interestingly, stimulation of A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with the unselective agonist NECA leads to a time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas treatment of the cells with 10 µM CGS 21680 had no influence on ERK-activity. Thus it can be assumed that the time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation is mediated via the A2BAR subtype. A role of cAMP for the MAPK signal transduction of the A2BAR seems to be likely because stimulation of the cells with Forskolin as well as treatment with a combination of cAMP-AM and the PDE4-inhibitor Rolipram results in a time-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorlyation. However, neither PKA nor PI3K seem to be involved in the signal transduction of the A2B adenosine receptor, as the A2BAR-mediated inhibition of MAPK persists in the presence of PKA- and PI3K-inhibitors. CAMP-GEFs like EPAC do not seem to play a role in this signal transduction mechanism either. The presence of the PLC-inhibitor U-73122 and the Ca2+-chelator BAPTA abolishes the NECA effect, suggesting a role for PLC and Ca2+ for the A2BAR-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Finally, a mechanism leading to this A2BAR-mediated and Ca2+-dependent MAPK inhibition could not be found out because neither an inhibition of PKC, nor inhibition of CamKII or Calcineurin had an influence on the NECA effect. Concerning growth and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells it could be shown that the unselective agonist NECA leads to a slight but significant growth inhibition in these cells. However, this proliferation-inhibiting effect of NECA is only transient because of a desensitization of A2B adenosine receptors in these breast cancer cells.

Auf der Suche nach physiologischen Substraten der MAPK-aktivierten Proteinkinasen (MAPKAP-Kinasen), 3pK und MAPKAP-K2 (MK2), wurden Mitglieder eines Säuger-Polycomb-Komplexes, HPH2 und das Protoonkoprotein Bmi1, als Interaktionspartner identifiziert. Proteine aus der Polycomb-Gruppe (PcG) sind dafür bekannt, multimere, Chromatin-assoziierte Proteinkomplexe zu bilden. Diese wirken als transkriptionelle Repressoren und spielen als solche eine wichtige Rolle sowohl in der Regulation von Entwicklungsprozessen als auch in der Kontrolle der zellulären Proliferation. HPH2 bindet im Hefe two-hybrid-System sowohl an 3pK als auch an MK2. Die Kinasen coimmunpräzipitieren auch mit den PcG-Proteinen. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, daß nicht aktivierte und DNA-assoziierte 3pK, ähnlich wie Bmi1, in einem in vivo Repressionsassay als transkriptioneller Repressor wirkt. Dies unterstellt, daß 3pK, wie Bmi1, fähig sein muß, andere PcG-Proteine an das Zielgen zu rekrutieren, wo sich dann ein biologisch funktioneller Repressionskomplex rekonstituiert. Bmi1 ist ein Phosphoprotein und beide MAPKAP-Kinasen konnten in dieser Arbeit als in vitro Bmi1-Kinasen identifiziert werden. Da der Phosphorylierungsstatus von Bmi1 mit seiner Dissoziation und der anderer PcG-Proteine vom Chromatin korreliert, könnten die MAPKAP-Kinasen Regulatoren einer phosphorylierungs-abhängigen PcG-Komplex/Chromatin-Interaktion sein. 3pK und MK2 wurden hier als die ersten Kinasen identifiziert, die in Assoziation mit Proteinen von PcG-Komplexen vorliegen, was ein funktionelles Zusammenwirken von MAPK-Signaltransduktionsnetzwerk und der Regulation der PcG-Funktion nahe legt. Ein weiterer durch das two-hybrid-System und Coimmunpräzipitationsexperimente identifizierter Interaktionspartner beider hier analysierter MAPKAP-Kinasen ist der basische Helix-Loop-Helix- (bHLH) Transkriptionsfaktor E47. Dieses E2A-kodierte Protein bindet als Homo- bzw. Heterodimer mit gewebespezifischen bHLH-Proteinen an sogenannte E-Box-DNA-Motive und ist so in die Regulation gewebespezifischer Genexpression und Zelldifferenzierung involviert. In dieser Arbeit konnten 3pK und MK2 als in vitro Kinasen des in Zellen phosphoryliert vorliegenden Transkriptionsfaktors identifiziert werden. Weiterhin führte die transiente Expression jeder dieser Kinasen in einem Reportergenassay mit einem E-Box-Promotorkonstrukt zu einer Repression der transkriptionellen Aktivität von E47. Der bHLH-Transkriptionsfaktor E47 interagiert also mit beiden MAPKAP-Kinasen, 3pK und MK2, was die Kinasen als neu identifizierte Regulatoren der E47-abhängigen Genexpression präsentiert. Mit dieser Arbeit ist ein erster Aufschluß der physiologischen Aktivität der MAPKAP-Kinasen 3pK und MK2 als transkriptionelle Regulatoren gelungen. / SUMMARY In a search for physiological substrates for the MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAP kinases), 3pK and MAPKAPK-2 (MK2), constituents of a mammalian polycomb complex, HPH2 and the proto-oncoprotein Bmi1 were identified as interaction partners. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are characterised to form large multimeric, chromatin-associated protein complexes with repressive transcriptional function. PcG complexes have an important role in the regulation of developmental processes and in the control of cellular proliferation. HPH2 binds to either kinase in a yeast two-hybrid assay and both, 3pK and MK2 are shown here to coimmunoprecipitate with HPH2 and Bmi1 or Bmi1 from mammalian cell lysates, respectively. Further, non-activated and DNA-bound 3pK could be identified as a transcriptional repressor of a chromatin-embedded gene in an artificial repression assay similar to the function of Bmi1. This suggests, that non-activated and DNA-bound 3pK, like Bmi1, must be able to recruit other PcG proteins to the target gene to reconstitute a functional repressive complex. Bmi1 is a phosphoprotein and both, 3pK and MK2 were identified in this paper to be in vitro Bmi1-kinases. Since the Bmi1 phosphorylation status was shown to be correlated with its dissociation from chromatin, it is likely that the MAPKAP kinases might be regulators of phosphorylation-dependent PcG-complex/chromatin interaction. In summary, the MAPK-activated protein kinases 3pK and MK2 are the first kinases identified to be assembled with members of PcG-protein complexes, suggesting a link of the MAPK signalling network to the regulation of PcG complex function. Another new interaction partner of both MAPKAP kinases which was identified by means of the two-hybrid system and coimmunoprecipitation experiments is the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor E47. This E2A-encoded protein is known to be involved in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression and cell differentiation. E47 is a phosphoprotein, and 3pK and MK2 were identified as E47-kinases in vitro. Further, expression of either kinase results in a repression of the transcriptional activity of overexpressed E47 in transient reporter gene assays with an E-box containing promoter construct. In summary, the MAPK-activated protein kinases 3pK and MK2 were identified to be assembled with the bHLH transcription factor E47 suggesting that these kinases are regulators of E47 activity and E47 dependent gene expression. These results provide first evidence for the physiological function of the MAPKAP kinases 3pK and MK2 as transcriptional regulators.

Es wird angenommen, dass die invasiven Stadien parasitärer Helminthen zur Organfindung und zur Weiterentwicklung auf die Sensierung spezifischer Wirts-Signale angewiesen sind, wobei die molekulare Natur dieser Signale bislang weitgehend ungeklärt ist. Vorangegangene Untersuchungen am Fuchsbandwurm Echinococcus multilocularis, dem Erreger der alveolären Echinokokkose, hatten bereits ergeben, dass dessen Metacestoden-Larvenstadium zur Weiterentwicklung kleine, lösliche Wirtsmoleküle benötigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals ein axenisches (Wirtszell-freies) Kultursystem für das Metacestoden-Stadium entwickelt, mittels dessen sich diese Fragestellungen in vitro angehen lassen. Mit Hilfe dieses Kultursystems konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die drei Wirts-Hormone/Zytokine, Insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) und bone morphogeneic protein 2 (BMP2), einen Einfluss auf die Proliferation und die Differenzierung von E. multilocularis haben. Während für Insulin und EGF Wachstums-stimulierende Effekte gezeigt werden konnten, förderte BMP2 die Differenzierung des Metacestoden zum nächsten Larvenstadium, dem Protoscolex. In Modellorganismen wie Säugern, Drosophila und Caenorhabditis elegans verlaufen die durch Insulin- und EGF-ähnlichen Zytokine induzierten Signalmechanismen über die sogenannte mitogen activated protein (MAP)-Kinase-Kaskade. Um zu untersuchen, ob die externe Zugabe von Wirts-Insulin bzw. -EGF in einer Stimulierung der MAPK-Kaskade des Parasiten führt, wurden in dieser Arbeit zunächst die Komponenten dieses Signalweges bei E. multilocularis auf molekulargenetischer und biochemischer Ebene charakterisiert. Die Arbeiten umfassten Studien zu kleinen GTPasen des Parasiten (EmRas, EmRap1, EmRap2, EmRal), zu einem Orthologen der Kinase Raf (EmRaf), sowie Orthologen der Kinasen MEK (EmMKK) und ERK (EmERK). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Faktoren in E. multilocularis Teil einer MAP-Kinase-Kaskade sind. Zudem wurde nachgewiesen, dass diese Faktoren stromabwärts eines EGF-Rezeptor-Orthologen (EmER) des Parasiten fungieren, welches ebenfalls in der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert wurde. Damit wurden die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, den Einfluss exogen zugegebenen Insulins bzw. EGFs auf die Aktivierung der MAP-Kinase-Kaskade im Parasiten zu untersuchen. Erste Analysen zeigten bereits, dass die zentrale Komponente dieser Kaskade, EmERK, durch die genannten Wirts-Zytokine aktiviert wird. Dies legt nahe, dass Wirt-Parasit-Kommunikationsmechanismen über evolutionsgeschichtlich konservierte Signalsysteme eine wichtige Rolle im Infektionsgeschehen der alveolären Echinokokkose spielen. Aufbauend auf dem axenischen Kultursystem ist es in dieser Arbeit auch erstmals gelungen, Primärzellkulturen für E. multilocularis anzulegen und die Parasitenzellen zur in vitro Neubildung von Metacestoden-Vesikeln anzuregen. Erste Experimente zur genetischen Manipulation dieser Primärzellen konnten erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Aufbauend auf der hier vorgestellten Methodik sollte es in künftigen Untersuchungen möglich sein, stabil transfizierte Echinococcus-Zellen zu generieren und diese zur Herstellung vollständig transgener Parasiten-Stadien zu nutzen. Dies würde die zur Untersuchung der E. multilocularis-Entwicklung und der Wirt-Parasit-Interaktionsmechanismen bei einer Infektion zur Verfügung stehenden Methoden entscheidend erweitern und könnte u.a. zur weiteren biochemischen Analyse der in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Signalmechanismen des Parasiten herangezogen werden. / It is assumed that the invasive stages of parasitary helminths are reliant on the sensing of specific host signals for organ targeting and development. The molecular nature of these signals is still mostly unsettled. Previous studies on the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative organism of alveolar echinococcosis showed that the metacestode larval stage requires small, soluble host molecules to develop further. For the first time, in this study an axenic (without host cells) culture system for the metacestode stage was developed which allows to address these questions in vitro. Using this culture system it could be shown that the three host hormomes/zytokines, insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bone morphogeneic protein 2 (BMP2) have influence on proliferation and differentiation of E. multilocularis. While insulin and EGF had growth-stimulating effects, BMP2 results in metacestode differentiation to the next larval stage, the protoscolex. In model organisms such as mammals, Drosophila und Caenorhabditis elegans the signals induced by insulin and EGF-related zytokines are transferred by the so-called mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. In order to determine whether external addition of host insuline or host EGF leads to a stimulation of the MAPK cascade of the parasite, initially the components of the signal path of E. multilocularis were characterized on the moleculargenetic and biochemical level. The research comprised studies on small GTPases of the parasite (EmRas, EmRap1, EmRap2, EmRal) and an orthologue of the Raf Kinase (EmRaf) as well as orthologues of the MEK kinase (EmMKK) and ERK kinase (EmERK). It could be shown that the mentioned factors are part of a MAP kinase cascade in E. multilocularis. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that these factors act downstream of an EGF-receptor orthologue (EmER) of the parasite, which was also analysed in this study. Thereby a base was provided to investigate the influence of exogenic added insulin or EGF on the activation of the MAP kinase cascade in the parasite.First analyses showed that the mentioned host cytokines activate EmERK, the central component of this cascade. This suggests that host-parasite communication via evolutionary conserved signal systems play an important role in the infection scenario of the alveolar echinococcosis. Based on the axenic culture system, for the first time primary cells for E. multilocularis could be cultured and in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles could be excited in the parasite cells. First experiments on genetic manipulation on the primary cells were effected successfully. On this basis it should be possible to generate stable transfected Echinococcus cells and use these to generate completely transgenic parasite stages in future studies. This would be a critical extension of the set of methods available for research of the development of E. multilocularis and the host-parasite interaction mechanisms in an infection and could be drawn on for further biochemical analyses of the signal mechanisms of the parasites presented in this study.

ABSTRACT Pyruvate kinase is an essential enzyme in the anaerobic glycolytic pathway of the erythrocyte. The clinical presentation of this enzyme deficiency is due to the haemolytic process that results from the inability of erythrocytes to generate sufficient ATP. Although pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies comprise more than 90% of all reported red cell enzyme disorders worldwide, the epidemiology of the disease in South Africa is unknown and there is no assay for pyruvate kinase activity currently being used in South Africa. This report describes the implementation of screening and quantitative assays for pyruvate kinase activity in the Red Cell Membrane Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School / NHLS. The accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the assay were verified. Furthermore, a patient with pyruvate kinase deficiency was confirmed and found to have 15% of normal enzyme activity at 37oC. The genetic abnormality was identified as a homozygous G1529A point mutation in exon 11 of the pyruvate kinase gene and to the candidate’s knowledge is the first mutation described in a South African kindred. The patient’s mother was heterozygous for the G1529A mutation and demonstrated an enzyme activity of 58% of normal at 37oC.

Src signaling plays an important role in prostate cancer (PrCa) progression. It has previously been shown that Src interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and enhances AR transactivation. Although it has been shown that Src promotes AR activity, the underlying pathway has not been defined. To help characterize the Src-AR pathway, the cellular localizations of Src, p-Src, AR, pAR, and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA, an AR target gene) were analyzed in androgen-dependent (AD) LNCaP cells and in androgen-independent (AI) castration-resistant C4-2B cells. Using sub-cellular fractionation, the data showed that treatment of AD cells with synthetic androgen R1881 increased p-Src, AR, pAR, and PSA in the nucleus, while the levels of c-Src remained unchanged. Treatment of AI cells with R1881 increased pSrc and AR in the nucleus, while the levels of c-Src and PSA remained unchanged. When using immunofluorescence microscopy, R1881 did not appear to increase the nuclear levels of p-Src or c-Src, so perhaps this technique is not as sensitive or quantitative as subcellular fractionation immunoblots. The presence of PSA in the nucleus was unexpected given its well proven role as a secreted protein. Nuclear PSA was observed upon androgen stimulation in AD and AI cells, and in the nucleus of AI cells upon androgen deprivation. Given PSA's ability to induce cell division and decrease apoptosis when transfected into cells, its presence in the nucleus may imply that PSA acts there to help induce tumorigenesis. The effect of Src on AR activity was further studied by transfection of a dominant negative src (SrcK298M) in AD and AI cells. Transfection with SrcK298M did not affect PSA expression in LNCaP cells, but strongly inhibited PSA levels in AI cells. Integrin signaling through Src was investigated in PrCa by ligand binding assay in AD and AI cells. The data showed that alpha v beta 3 integrin (but not alpha v beta 6) upon attachment to fibronectin or TGF-beta-latency associated peptide (TGF- beta-LAP) increases p-Src levels in AD and AI cells, while the levels of c-Src, PSA, and AKT remain unchanged. Thus, alpha v beta 3 integrin facilitates Src signaling, but the activation does not appear to affect AR transactivation. In conclusion, these data show that Src is required for AR activity and, consequently, PSA expression in AI prostate cancer cells, but not in AD cells. These data also suggest that the nuclear co-localization of p-Src, AR and PSA might allow macromolecular interactions, which can further enhance AR transactivation and promote disease progression. With respect to the switch in tumor progression from an AD to AI state, the data indicate that the integrin-Src pathway does not include AKT or PSA (and not AR by deduction), so perhaps other non-AR pathways help facilitate tumor growth at the AI state.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This work shows for the first time the antinociceptive effect of the citronellyl acetate (CAT) and aimed to characterize the profile of effect and identify possible antinociceptive mechanisms of the cat, in models of acute nociception in mice. The CAT was testeed standardized animal models of pain using mice Swiss (24-32g). The CAT was administered at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 or 200 mg/kg, by gavage. It was used in the tests of abdominal writhings by acetic acid; hot plate; formalin test; mechanic sensitivity; inflamatory hipernociception induced by carrageennan; Nociception test induced by capsaicin, cinnamaldeide, menthol, acid saline, PMA, 8-Br-cAMP, bradykinin or glutamate, as well as in behavioural models (open field and rota rod tests) that allowed to exclude the possibility of a muscle relaxant action or to induce false-positive result in the earlier models. The results showed that the CAT have antinociceptive effect in the visceral nociception model induced by acetic acid (in the 100 or 200 mg/kg doses, with ED50 of 74.42 mg/kg), this effect was verified after 30 minutes of aplication and continued until 240 minutes (200 mg/kg). Pretreatment with CAT showed antinociceptive effect in licking model induced by intraplantar formalin application and in the thermal nociception model (hot plate). CAT showed the decreasing of mechanical sencibility using the von Frey hair. In the antinociceptive mechanism investigation, CAT showed effect related with K+ATP channels, TRPV1, TRPM8, ASIC, glutamatergics receptors, bradykinin receptors, PKA and PKC. IN the investigation of neurotramitters pathways involved in antinociceptive effect of CAT, we can suggest the involvement of serotonergics system (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A/C receptors) and muscarinic, dopaminergic and α2-adrenergics receptors. With the results showed, we can conclude the CAT have antinociceptive effect in mice, and as possible mechanism the modulation of intracellular mediators PKC and/or PKA, relacted with moleculars mechanisms of K+ATP channels, TRPV1, TRPM8, ASIC, glutamatergics receptors, bradykinin receptors, serotonergics system (5-HT1, 5-HT2A/C receptors) and muscarinic, dopaminergic and α2-adrenergics receptors. / Esse trabalho, atà onde se sabe, mostra pela primeira vez o efeito antinociceptivo do acetato de citronelila (CAT) e teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil do efeito e identificar possÃveis mecanismos antinociceptivos do CAT, em modelos de nocicepÃÃo aguda em camundongos. O CAT foi testado em modelos animais padronizados de dor utilizando camundongos Swiss (24-32g). O CAT foi administrado nas doses de 25, 50, 75, 100 ou 200 mg/kg, por via oral. Foram utilizados os testes de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico; placa quente; teste da formalina; nocicepÃÃo mecÃnica, hipernocicepÃÃo inflamatÃria induzida pela carragenina; teste da nocicepÃÃo induzida por capsaicina, cinamaldeÃdo, mentol, salina Ãcida, PMA, 8-Br-cAMP, bradicinina ou glutamato, bem como em modelos comportamentais (testes do campo aberto e rota Rod) que permitiram excluir a possibilidade de uma atividade relaxante muscular ou induzir resultados falso-positivos nos modelos anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que o CAT possui efeito antinociceptivo no modelo de nocicepÃÃo visceral induzida por Ãcido acÃtico (nas doses de 100 ou 200 mg/kg, com DE50 de 74,42 mg/kg), esse efeito foi verificado apÃs 30 minutos da aplicaÃÃo e persistiu por atà 240 minutos (200 mg/kg). O prÃ-tratamento com o CAT mostrou efeito antinociceptivo no modelo de lambedura induzida pela aplicaÃÃo intraplantar de formalina e no modelo de nocicepÃÃo tÃrmica (placa quente). O CAT mostrou diminuiÃÃo da sensibilidade mecÃnica utilizando o filamento de von Frey. Na investigaÃÃo do mecanismo antinociceptivo, o CAT mostrou efeito relacionado com os canais K+ATP, TRPV1, TRPM8, ASIC, receptores glutamatÃrgicos, receptores de bradicinina, PKA e PKC. Na investigaÃÃo das vias de neurotransmissÃo envolvidas no efeito antinociceptivo do CAT, podemos sugerir o envolvimento dos receptores α2-adrenÃrgicos, sistema serotonÃrgico (receptores 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A/C), receptores muscarÃnicos e dopaminÃrgicos. Com os resultados mostrados, podemos concluir que o CAT possui efeito antinociceptivo em camundongos, e como possÃveis mecanismos a modulaÃÃo de mediadores intracelulares PKA e/ou PKC, relacionados com os mecanismos moleculares dos canais K+ATP, TRPV1, TRPM8, ASIC, receptores glutamatÃrgico, receptores de bradicinina, receptores α2-adrenÃrgico, sistema serotonÃrgico (receptores 5-HT1, 5-HT2A/C), receptores muscarÃnicos e dopaminÃrgicos.

Die antiapoptotischen Effekte der Pim-1 Kinase im Rahmen der ischämischen und Desfluran-induzierten Postkonditionierung / Antiapopiotic Effects of ishemic- and Desflurane-induced postconditioning are mediated by Pim-1 Kinase

Bei c-Jun N-terminalen Kinasen (JNKs) (auch als Stress-aktivierte Proteinkinasen SAPKs bezeichnet), handelt es sich um Mitglieder der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinase Familie (MAPK), die die Genexpression als eine Antwort auf eine Vielzahl von physiologischen und nicht-physiologischen Stimuli regulieren. Gendeletionsexperimente (knockout) und der Einsatz von dominant-negativen Mutanten wiesen auf eine Funktion von SAPK/JNKs bei Prozessen der zellulären Differenzierung, dem Überleben und/oder Apoptose sowie onkogener Transformation hin. Direkte Analysen des transformierenden Potentials von SAPK/JNKs wurden bislang durch das Fehlen von konstitutiv-aktiven Mutanten verhindert. Erst unlängst konnte durch die Fusion der MAP Kinase mit seiner direkten, in der Kaskade vorgeschalteten, Aktivatorkinase solche Mutanten bereitgestellt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde ein SAPKb-MKK7 Hybridprotein generiert, mit dessen Hilfe das transformierende Potential von aktiviertem SAPKb charakterisiert werden konnte. Die induzierte Expression von SAPKb-MKK7 führte zur morphologischen Transformation von NIH 3T3 Fibroblasten. Darüber hinaus bildeten diese Zellen kleine Foci aus transformierten Zellen, wuchsen in Soft-Agar und vergleichbar mit onkogenem Ras oder Raf, resultierte auch die Expression von aktiviertem SAPKb in der Zerstörung des F-Aktins. Des Weiteren steigerte die Expression von SAPKb-MKK7 die Proliferationsraten von NIH 3T3 Zellen. Im Gegensatz zu den akut transformierenden Onkogenen wie ras oder raf, ist SAPKb-MKK7 jedoch nicht in der Lage, das Überleben der transformierten Zellen zu bewirken. Unsere Daten schlagen daher vor, das konstitutiv-aktives SAPK/JNK zwar die Hauptaspekte zellulärer Transformation verursacht, aber nicht imstande ist, alle Veränderungen zu induzieren, die benötigt werden, um einen vollständig transformierten Phänotypen zu etablieren, weshalb insgesamt gesehen, sein transformierendes Potential deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt ist. Wir haben zusätzlich damit begonnen, dass tumorgene Potential von SAPKb-MKK7 direkt im Nacktmausmodell zu verifizieren. Die Injektion von SAPKb-MKK7 exprimierenden Fibroblasten resultierte in der Etablierung eines gut definierten Fibrosarkoms, wobei die Latenzzeit länger war als bei v-Raf transformierten Zellen. Somit ist die Expression von aktiviertem SAPK/JNK ausreichend, um die Tumorentwicklung in vivo zu initieren, auch wenn die lange Latenzzeit auf die Notwendigkeit zusätzlicher genetischer Veränderungen hinweist. / The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) (also known as stress-activated protein kinases, SAPKs), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, regulate gene expression in response to a variety of physiological and environmental stimuli. Gene knockout experiments and the use of dominant interfering mutants have pointed to a role of SAPK/JNKs in the processes of cell differentiation, survival and/or apoptosis as well as oncogenic transformation. Direct analysis of the transforming potential of JNKs has been hampered so far by the lack of constitutively active forms of these kinases. Recently such mutants have become available by fusion of the MAPK with its direct upstream activator kinase. In the context of this PhD thesis a constitutively active SAPKb-MKK7 hybrid protein was generated and used to characterize the transforming potential of activated SAPKb. Inducible expression of SAPKb-MKK7 caused morphological transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Additionally, these cells formed small foci of transformed cells, grew anchorage-independent in soft agar and similar to oncogenic Ras and Raf, expression of activated SAPKb resulted in the degradation of F-actin stress fibers. Furthermore, expression of SAPKb-MKK7 increased proliferation rates of NIH 3T3 cells. However, in contrast to the classical oncogenes like ras and raf, SAPKb-MKK7 is not able to selectively support the survival of the transformed cells. Therefore, our data suggest that constitutive SAPK/JNK activation elicits major aspects of cellular transformation, but is unable to induce the complete set of changes which are required to establish the fully transformed phenotype. We have also begun to directly determine the tumorigenic potential of SAPKb-MKK7 in the nude mouse. Injection of SAPKb-MKK7 expressing fibroblasts resulted in the establishement of a well defined fibrosarcoma, albeit at much later timepoints than in the case of v-Raf transformed cells. The long latency with which they develop tumors suggests the requirement of further genetic alterations. Thus expression of activated SAPK/JNK is sufficient to initiate tumor development in vivo.

The Gab2 docking protein is a target of several oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases and potentiates activation of the Ras/extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) pathways. The prototypical member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, c-Src, phosphorylates Gab2 and both proteins are overexpressed in breast cancers. However, whether overexpression of these two proteins contributes to mammary tumourigenesis had not been previously investigated. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Src in breast cancer cell lines reduced Gab2 tyrosine phosphorylation while overexpression of these two proteins increased this effect, demonstrating a contribution of c-Src to Gab2 tyrosine phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. The biological effects of Gab2 and c-Src overexpression were determined in a three-dimensional cell culture model using the human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A. When cultured on a basement membrane, MCF10A cells form acini that model mammary lobules in vivo. Overexpression of Gab2 in MCF10As conferred increased acinar size and independence of the morphogenetic program from exogenous EGF. While overexpression of c-Src alone did not affect acinar morphogenesis, it potentiated the EGF-independent acinar growth induced by Gab2 overexpression. As enhanced c-Src kinase activity is often observed in breast cancer, the effect of Gab2 co-expression with active Src constructs was next determined. Expression of v-Src or c-SrcY527F altered acinar morphology and the resulting structures were categorised as spheroidal, discohesive or dispersed, according to the degree of phenotypic disruption. Gab2 co-expression shifted the proportion of structures towards the dispersed phenotype. This shift reflects a negative role for Gab2 at adherens junctions in the context of active Src expression, as in monolayer cells Gab2 significantly decreased E-cadherin-based adhesive strength without altering the surface expression of this adhesion molecule. Furthermore, Gab2 associated with the E-cadherin complex. The ability of Gab2 to weaken the strength of cell-cell contacts in active Src-expressing cells may be due to enhanced activation of PI3-kinase signalling at adherens junctions, as the potentiating effects of Gab2 in both monolayer and three-dimensional cultures were dependent upon Gab2 recruitment of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. Finally, Gab2 increased migration and invasion of v-Src-expressing cells in transwell assays, however these effects were p85-independent. This is the first study to demonstrate Gab2 co-operation with various forms of Src to augment proliferative, invasive and migratory signals, as well as revealing a novel mechanism whereby Gab2 may promote metastatic spread. This study thus demonstrates multiple roles for Gab2 in contributing to breast cancer progression.