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Implications of Pgrmc1 Regulation of Kit Ligand Synthesis in the HippocampusWoods, Haley 27 October 2017 (has links)
The mammalian hippocampus is responsible for many crucial brain functions such as learning, memory, and neurogenesis in adults. Its degeneration is a pathology associated with the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. A variety of genes have been associated with both neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the brain, some of which include progesterone membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) and kit ligand (KitL). Pgrmc1 is recognized for mediating hormonal functions in both the ovary and neuroendocrine regions such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), but its functions in the hippocampus are not well known. Both Pgrmc1 and KitL share downstream targets, the most strongly supported being genes in the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) pathway. I hypothesized that Pgrmc1 regulates neural targets through KitL/c-Kit signaling. To investigate this hypothesis I used a variety of in vivo and in vitro techniques. These techniques included mapping both KitL and receptor c-Kit in the adult female rat brain using in situ hybridization. I used Pgrmc1 silencing with siRNA in hippocampal-derived mHe-18 cells and Pgrmc1/2 double conditional knock out mouse brains to study Pgrmc1 regulation of KitL synthesis. To determine common downstream targets of KitL and Pgrmc1 I then treated mHe-18 cells with soluble KitL protein. Finally, to determine whether c-Kit mediated effects of Pgrmc1, I treated cells with both Pgrmc1 siRNA and AG-1296, a c-Kit inhibitor. The results show that Pgrmc1 regulates KitL expression, as well as downstream targets Pias1, 2, 3, and 4. However, AG-1296 did not abrogate Pgrmc1 regulation of the downstream targets, demonstrating regulation independent of KitL signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that while Pgrmc1 alters KitL expression and regulates the same genes as KitL/c-Kit, the mechanism of action likely differs. Considering that these two genes are involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, as well as memory and learning, a better understanding of the pathways may help lead the way in treating neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Developmental and molecular aberrations associated with deterioration of oocytes during FSH-receptor deficiencyYang, Yinzhi January 2003 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Role Kit ligandů v hematopoeze Danio rerio / The role of Kit ligands in hematopoiesis of Danio rerioOltová, Jana January 2020 (has links)
Hematopoiesis is a precisely regulated process, dependent on the activity of hematopoietic cytokines and their receptors. Due to an extra round of whole genome duplication in teleost fish, two paralogs of many important genes, including some hematopoietic cytokines and their receptors, are present in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome. In this project, we have been investigating the role of zebrafish Kit ligands in hematopoiesis. Kit ligand is a pleiotropic cytokine, which is essential for vertebrate erythropoiesis; however, in zebrafish, no such role has been reported so far. To determine the function of zebrafish paralogs of Kit ligand (Kitlga and Kitlgb) in hematopoiesis, we performed in vivo and ex vivo gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Strikingly, we were the first to report the synergistic cooperation of zebrafish Kitlga with erythropoietin and dexamethasone, enabling the growth of kidney marrow-derived suspension cells and providing optimal conditions for the expansion of adult erythroid progenitors. We assume that by using different cytokine combinations, optimal conditions for the growth of other hematopoietic cell types can be established, and therefore, this new approach now available for the...
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BMP Signaling Supports Primordial Germ Cell Development by Regulating Kit LigandDudley, Brian Mason January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Genetic background of spontaneous preterm birth and lung diseases in preterm infants:studies of potential susceptibility genes and polymorphismsHuusko, J. (Johanna) 27 May 2014 (has links)
Abstract
Each year in Finland, approximately 5.7% of infants are born preterm, i.e., before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Preterm birth is a major cause of mortality and several neonatal morbidities, especially the respiratory diseases. Infants born very preterm (<32 wk) are at higher risk of developing a chronic lung disease called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The genetic factors predisposing to spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) and BPD are incompletely known.
The aims of this thesis project were to identify genetic factors that affect susceptibility to SPTB and BPD. Genetic case-control association studies were performed in mothers and infants of northern Finnish origin (SPTB study), or in multiple populations of very preterm infants of Finnish or European origin (BPD study). The candidate genes were selected based on their proposed roles in inflammation which is involved in both SPTB and BPD susceptibility. Additionally, the aim was to study the possible functional role of polymorphisms in the gene encoding surfactant protein B (SP-B) that have been shown previously to associate with pulmonary function.
An association between Met31Thr polymorphisms in the gene encoding SP-D (SFTPD) and SPTB infants was found. The other collectin genes that were studied, encoding SP-A and mannose-binding lectin, did not associate with SPTB in mothers or infants.
An intronic polymorphism in the gene encoding Kit ligand (KITLG) was associated with the risk of BPD in the northern Finnish and in the combined population that originated from Finland, Canada and Hungary. The role of KITLG in BPD was further supported by biomarker data, which showed higher concentrations of Kit ligand at the time of birth in infants that later developed BPD. The genes encoding interleukin 6 (IL-6), its receptors, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha or glucocorticoid receptor did not associate with BPD susceptibility.
Finally, a genetic variant 131Thr in the gene encoding SP-B (SFTPB) was associated with lower SP-B levels in vivo and delayed secretion in vitro.
To date, there is no effective method to prevent SPTB, and especially the extremely preterm infants are at an increased risk of developing serious respiratory diseases. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying both SPTB and BPD could help in the successful prediction of risk groups as well as in the design of new preventive and treatment strategies. / Tiivistelmä
Noin 5,7 % lapsista syntyy Suomessa ennenaikaisesti, eli ennen kuin raskaus on kestänyt täydet 37 viikkoa. Ennenaikainen syntymä altistaa vastasyntyneen lapsen vakaville pitkäaikaissairauksille. Erityisesti hyvin pienillä keskosilla, jotka ovat syntyneet ennen 32. raskausviikkoa, on suurempi riski sairastua vakavaan hengitysvaikeuteen eli bronkopulmonaaliseen dysplasiaan, joka tunnetaan myös nimellä BPD-tauti. Perinnölliset tekijät vaikuttavat niin spontaanin ennenaikaisen syntymän (SEAS) kuin BPD-taudinkin taustalla, mutta nämä tekijät tunnetaan huonosti.
Tässä väitöskirjatyössä pyrittiin tunnistamaan perinnöllisiä tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat SEAS:in ja BPD-taudin taustalla. Perinnöllisen taustan selvittämisessä ehdokasgeenien sisältämien muuntelevien kohtien esiintyvyyttä verrattiin terveiden verrokkien ja tautitapausten välillä. SEAS-tutkimuksessa tutkimusväestö koostui suomalaisista äideistä ja heidän lapsistaan. BPD-tutkimuksessa oli mukana hyvin ennenaikaisesti syntyneitä lapsia Suomesta, Kanadasta ja Unkarista. Tämän lisäksi kokeellisten tutkimusten avulla tutkittiin aiemmin keuhkosairauksiin liittyneen geenin muuntelevien kohtien osuutta sen koodaaman surfaktanttiproteiini (SP) B:n toiminnassa.
Tutkimuksissa havaittiin SP-D:tä koodaavan geenin Met31Thr-polymorfismin olevan mahdollinen riskitekijä SEAS:lle lapsilla, mutta se ei selittänyt SEAS-riskiä äideissä. SP-A:ta ja mannoosia sitovaa lektiiniä koodaavilla geeneillä ei ollut yhteyttä SEAS-riskiin.
Kit-ligandia koodaavan geenin intronissa sijaitseva polymorfismi selitti BPD-tautiriskiä pohjoissuomalaisessa sekä yhdistetyssä tutkimusväestössä. Lisäksi lapsilla, jotka myöhemmin sairastuivat BPD-tautiin, havaittiin suurempia Kit-ligandipitoisuuksia syntymähetkellä. Interleukiini 6:ta (IL-6), sen reseptoreita, IL-10:ta, tuumorinekroosifaktori-alfaa tai glukokortikoidireseptoria koodaavien geenien polymorfismien ja BPD-taudin välillä ei ollut yhteyttä.
SP-B:tä koodaavan geenin Ile131Thr-polymorfismin Thr-variaatio liittyi alhaisempaan SP-B:n pitoisuuteen lapsivedessä sekä hidastuneeseen proteiinin tuottoon kokeellisessa solumallissa.
Tulokset antavat uutta tietoa SEAS:n ja BPD-taudin perinnöllisestä taustasta. Tämä tieto voi auttaa synnytyksen käynnistymiseen sekä BPD-alttiuteen johtavien biologisten mekanismien selvittämisessä ja uusien hoitokeinojen kehittämisessä.
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Genetic background and antenatal risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasiaMahlman, M. (Mari) 08 June 2018 (has links)
Abstract
Advances over the past few decades in ante- and neonatal care have led to the survival of a growing number of premature infants of extremely low gestational age. However, the occurrence of serious diseases, particularly those affecting the most immature infants, remains high. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of premature infants, is one such disease. Our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BPD is incomplete; consequently, there are few preventive and therapeutic options for BPD. Moreover, it is challenging to predict the risk of BPD. Previous studies of BPD in twins revealed that the heritability of BPD is quite high. However, the individual genes that predispose premature infants to BPD are largely unknown.
The aim of this study was to identify and study genes associated with BPD in order to investigate its pathogenesis. An additional aim was to add to knowledge of the risk of BPD in newborn premature infants, with an emphasis on twins.
A candidate gene study found no consistent association between common polymorphisms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and BPD. A second candidate gene study noted an association between the gene encoding Kit ligand and BPD. A genome-wide association study found a suggestive association between a locus close to the gene encoding C-reactive protein (CRP) and BPD, and in subsequent analyses, plasma levels of CRP during the first week of life predicted BPD. Finally, a nationwide register study found that the risk of BPD was lower in twins than in singletons.
The results of this study add to what is known of the genetics and pathogenesis of BPD. They also provide new data on the risk of BPD, which may be used to improve early identification of infants for whom the risk of developing BPD is high. / Tiivistelmä
Ennenaikaisen syntymän ja keskoslasten hoidon kehittymisen myötä yhä useammat huomattavan epäkypsinä syntyneet lapset jäävät henkiin. Samalla erityisesti juuri näitä lapsia uhkaavien sairauksien esiintyvyys on pysynyt korkeana. Bronkopulmonaalinen dysplasia (BPD, keskosen krooninen keuhkosairaus) on yksi näistä sairauksista.
BPD:n molekyylitasoinen tautimekanismi on vielä osin tuntematon, eikä BPD:tä tehokkaasti estävää tai siitä parantavaa hoitoa ole. Myös BPD riskin arvioiminen vastasyntyneen keskoslapsen kohdalla on vaikeaa. BPD on huomattavan perinnöllinen tauti. BPD:lle altistavista geeneistä on kuitenkin vasta vähän tietoa.
Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli lisätä tietoa BPD:n tautimekanismista tutkimalla BPD:lle altistavia geenejä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin BPD:n esiintyvyyttä ja syntymää edeltäviä riskitekijöitä erityisesti kaksosten osalta.
Ehdokasgeenitutkimuksessa verisuonten endoteelikasvutekijää koodaava geeni ei assosioitunut toistuvasti BPD:hen. Kit ligandia koodaava geeni sen sijaan assosioitui. Koko genomin assosiaatiotutkimuksessa C-reaktiivista proteiinia (CRP) koodaavan geenin lähistöltä löydettiin BPD:hen mahdollisesti assosioituva alue. Lisäksi ensimmäisen viikon CRP-arvojen osoitettiin ennakoivan myöhemmin kehittyvää BPD:tä. BPD-riskin todettiin olevan matalampi kaksi- kuin yksisikiöisistä raskauksista syntyneillä lapsilla.
Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät tietoa BPD:n perinnöllisyydestä ja sitä kautta BPD:n tautimekanismista. Tutkimus toi myös uutta tietoa BPD:n riskitekijöistä parantaen vastasyntyneen keskoslapsen BPD-riskin arviota.
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