A hiperextensão dos joelhos pode comprometer o controle postural durante o salto vertical. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o deslocamento do Centro de Pressão (CP) e o movimento em membros inferiores durante o salto vertical de sujeitos com joelhos hiperestendidos comparativamente com sujeitos com joelhos alinhados no período de preparo do salto. Dezesseis mulheres foram analisadas durante o salto vertical, através de uma plataforma de força modelo AMTI. Os sujeitos foram enquadrados nos grupos Sujeito-Hiperestendido (n=11) e Sujeito-Alinhados (n=5) de acordo com o alinhamento dos joelhos na avaliação postural tradicional e a análise dos dados cinématicos foram efetuadas. Os sujeitos foram orientados a se posicionar sobre uma plataforma de força e saltar o mais alto possível. A cinemática foi adquirida através de câmera em posição padronizada ao lado direito do sujeito que teve os seguintes pontos anatômicos marcados: 5º metatarso, maléolo lateral, cabeça da fíbula e trocânter maior. A fase de preparo e de impulso, neste estudo chamado de fase de preparo, foi determinada pela curva de velocidade angular do joelho. A aterrissagem foi analisada no 1s, 2s e 3s após aterrissagem. Foram calculados para comparação o CP-AP, o CP-ML e o ângulo e velocidade angular máxima e mínima do tornozelo e joelho. Comparação intergrupos dos intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se Teste de Mann- Whitney aos dados (p<0.05). Comparação intragrupo, entre os intervalos de interesse foi realizada aplicando-se o teste de Friedman seguido do teste de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). Este estudo revelou que indivíduos com hiperextensão de joelhos apresentam controle postural diferente dos com joelhos alinhados durante a execução do salto vertical. Durante a fase de preparo os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão de joelhos e maior deslocamento lateral do COP. Durante a fase de aterrissagem os indivíduos com joelhos hiperextendidos apresentam maior ângulo de extensão e menor ângulo de flexão demandando menor deslocamento lateral do COP do que os indivíduos alinhados / Postural misalignment of knee such as hyperextended knees may compromise postural control during vertical jump. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze COP and lower limbs movements during vertical jump comparing individuals with hyperextended and aligned knees. Sixteen young and healthy women were analyzed during their maximal vertical jump using a MTI force plate. Subjects were classified as hyperextended (n=11) or aligned (n=5) knees according to clinical observation of knee angle. Subjects were asked to stand still on the force plate and then jump as high as possible. Kinematic data were acquired using a camera located in standardized position at the right side of the subject. Anatomical landmarks were placed at the right side at: 5º metatarsal, lateral malleolus, head of fibula and greater throcanter. The phase of preparation associated to the phase of propulsion was called in this study the phase of preparation. This phase was established based on the curve of angular velocity of the knee. Landing was analyzed in the first, second and third second immediately after landing. COP-AP, VM-AP, COPML and VM-ML were calculated. Kinematic parameters were maximum and minimum ankle and knee angle and angular velocity. Intergroup comparison was carried using Mann-Whitney Test (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison was carried using Friedman Test followed by Wilcoxon Test (p<0.05). This study revealed that subjects with hyperextended knee present different postural control compared to the subjects with aligned knees while performing a vertical jump. During the phase of preparation subjects with hyperextended knees revealed higher angle of knee extension and lower COP-ML displacement. During the phase of landing subjects with hyperextended knees present higher angle of knee extension and lower angle of knee flexion requiring lower displacement of COP-ML when compared to subjects with aligned knee

A Osteoartrite é o resultado da degeneração da cartilagem articular, sendo atualmente considerada uma condição comum e de causa multifatorial que afeta milhões de pessoas anualmente e uma das principais causas de dor e incapacidade funcional. Os joelhos são uma das articulações mais afetadas devido à sobrecarga, que constitui o principal mecanismo ativador ou determinante para o desenvolvimento da doença. Há diminuição importante da amplitude de movimento e da força muscular que acarreta em uma limitação funcional e alterações posturais interferindo nas atividades de vida diária. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi caracterizar as alterações posturais e a atividade eletromiográfica em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho. Este estudo envolveu 30 mulheres voluntárias divididas em dois grupos: Grupo controle (GC) composto por 15 idosas (66,0±4,5 anos, IMC de 25,4±2,29 Kg/m2) e um grupo composto de 15 idosas com diagnóstico radiográfico de OA de joelhos Grupo osteoartrite (GO) (67,0±5,8 anos, IMC de 26,2±2,98 Kg/m2) bilateralmente, sendo um joelho sintomático e um assintomático. Para a análise postural foi utilizado o programa SAPO® na qual foram realizadas fotografias no plano sagital e frontal. Através do programa foram mensurados o ângulo Q e o ângulo do joelho bilateralmente. Foi realizada a avaliação eletromiográfica na CIMV bilateralmente do vasto lateral e medial. A avaliação na CIMV foi realizada com os sujeitos sentados na maca (joelhos em 90º de flexão). Foi solicitado ao sujeito realizar uma extensão de joelho ativa contra a resistência durante cinco segundos, repetindo esse processo por três vezes. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados teste de Shapiro-Wilk para normalidade, teste Levene para homocedasticidade e o teste de correlação de Spearman. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas por meio de duas ANOVAs one-way. No GO os sujeitos apresentaram uma capacidade funcional muito grave (IFL = 12), e de gravidade moderada na avaliação radiológica (escala de Kellgren = 2), no GC os sujeitos não possuíam dor. No GO o ângulo Q foi de 19,9º para o joelho com OA e de 19,1º para o assintomático (p=0,732). No GC obteve-se um ângulo Q de 19,8º (p=0,955) entre os dois joelhos. Na distância intercondilar o GC foi de 2,9 cm enquanto que no GO foi de 5,3 cm (p=0,168) e na distância intermaleolar o GC foi de 7,2 cm e no GO foi de 12,3 cm (p=0,156). Houve diferença estatística nos valores nas RMS do vasto lateral e medial nos joelhos controle (VL=545,2±40V / VM=456,9±45V) em relação aos joelhos sintomáticos (VL=338,6±54V / VM=291,7±40V) (p=0,001) para ambos os músculos. Já nas comparações entre os joelhos controle (VL=545,2±40V / VM=456,9±45V) e assintomático (VL=540,9±19V / VM=443,8±18V) não foram observados diferenças estatísticas (p=0,430 para VL e p=0,956 para VM). Nas comparações entre os joelhos sintomáticos (VL=338,6±54V / VM=291,7±40V) e assintomáticos (VL=540,9±19V / VM=443,8±18V) foram observadas as diferenças estatísticas significativas nos dois músculos analisados (p=0,001 para ambos). Ocorreu um predomínio de joelhos valgos nos dois grupos sem significância estatística. Na eletromiografia de superfície as portadoras de osteoartrite de joelhos apresentaram alterações na atividade muscular como diminuição da atividade muscular em VL e VM na CIMV em comparação ao GC e GO assintomáticos. / Osteoarthritis (OA) is the result of articular cartilage degeneration and is currently considered a common condition with multifactorial causes that affects millions of individuals annually and is one of the principal causes of pain and functional incapacity. The knees are one of the articulations most affected due to the overload that constitutes the principal activator or determinant mechanism for the development of the disease. An in important reduction in movement amplitude and muscular strength occurs that provokes functional limitation and postural alterations, interfering in daily life activities. The main objective of this research was to characterize the postural alterations and electromyographic activity in patients with OA in the knee. This study involved 30 female volunteers, divided into two groups: Control group (CG), composed of 15 elderly women (66.0±4.5 years-old, BMI 25.4±2.29 Kg/m2); and the Osteoarthritis group (OG), composed of 15 elderly women (67.0±5.8 yearsold, BMI 26.2±2.98 Kg/m2), with bilateral radiographic diagnosis of OA of the knees, one symptomatic and one asymptomatic. The SAPO® program was used for postural analysis, based on sagital and frontal plane photographs, which measured the Q angle and angle of the knees bilaterally. Electromyographic evaluation was conducted bilaterally to determine the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the vastus lateralis and medialis. MVIC was performed with the subjects seated on a bed with the knees at 90º flexion. The subject was asked to perform active extension of the knee against resistance for 5 seconds, repeating this process three times. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality, the Levene test for homocedasticity and the Spearman correlation test. Group comparisons were performed by one-way ANOVA. In the OG, the subjects presented severely affected functional capacity (LFI=12) and moderately severe radiological evaluations (Kellgren scale=2), while the CG presented no pain. In the OG, the Q angle was 19.9º for the OA knee and 19.1º for the asymptomatic knee (p=0.732), while in the CG, a Q angle of 19.8º (p=0.955) was obtained for both knees. The intercondylar distance was 2.9 cm for the CG and 5.3 cm for the OG (p=0.168), while the intermalleolar distance was 2.9 cm for the CG and 7.2 cm for the OG (p=0,156). Significant differences occurred in RMS values for the vastus lateralis and medialis in the control knees (VL=545,2±40V / VM=456,9±45V) compared to the symptomatic knees (VL=338,6±54V / VM=291,7±40V) (p=0.001) for both muscles; however, no statistical differences were observed between the control (VL=545,2±40V / VM=456,9±45V) and asymptomatic knees (VL=540,9±19V / VM=443,8±18V). Comparisons between symptomatic (VL=338,6±54V / VM=291,7±40V) and asymptomatic knees (VL=540,9±19V / VM=443,8±18V) showed statistically significant differences in both muscles analyzed (p=0.001 for both). Predominance occurred for valgus knees in both groups with no statistical significance. In the surface electromyography, patients with OA in the knees presented alterations in muscular activity, including diminished MVIC muscular activity in the VL and VM compared to the CG and OG asymptomatic knee.

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BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease which affects the joint structures leading to disability. Studies in the last 20 years have documented the increased prevalence of knee pain and symptomatic knee OA. Similarly, of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders OA is the most common. Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase. previous studies showed that LOXL2 is elevated during mouse fracture healing. Our hypothesis that LOXL2 acts as a specific anabolic factor in chondrocytes METHODS: The activity of LOXL2 in human articular and TMJ chondrocytes was assessed by cell-based assays and RT-qPCR, and LOXL2-mediated activation of NF-κB and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathways was measured by western blotting. To examine LOXL2-induced effect in vivo, we implanted Matrigel-imbedded human chondrocytes into nude mice and exposed them to exogenous LOXL2 for 6 weeks. We also examined if LOXL2 induces the proliferation of OA chondrocytes. RESULTS: LOXL2 staining was detected in damaged regions of human TMJ, hip and knee joints affected by OA. Stimulation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 upregulated LOXL2 expression, while pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α downregulated LOXL2, in human chondrocytes. LOXL2 expression also inhibited IL-1β-induced phospho-NF-κB/p65 and TGF-β1-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Matrigel constructs of human chondrocytes from the knee joint and TMJ implanted in nude mice showed anabolic responses after LOXL2 transduction, including increased expression of SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1. We have found that LOXL2 does not induce the proliferation of human TMJ or knee OA chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that LOXL2 induces differentiation and attenuates OA related catabolic signaling pathways.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 126-135. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Donald L. Grimes. / Ph.D.

Thesis. 1977. B.S. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 85-86. / by Kenneth J. Launie. / B.S.cn

Thesis. 1977. B.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 71-72. / by J. Mark Deric. / B.S.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 117-121. / by Donald T. Darling. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Includes bibliographical references. / by Ronny N. Galloway. / M.S.