While there has been research regarding the effectiveness of teaching strategies to teach science to students with learning disabilities (LD), the viewpoints and experiences of students with learning disabilities using narratives have not received the same attention. This study was conducted to explore the beliefs and feelings of students with learning disabilities about their science learning experiences during their high school years. Vygotsky’s theory on Social Constructivism was used to examine the interaction of cognitive processes such as perceptions and attributions; behavioral features such as social skills and communication difficulties; and, environmental factors such as teaching techniques and peer interactions. These factors are interacting determinants of learning and classroom participation. Due to the social nature of schooling and disability, the social model of disability approach was considered the most efficient way to address this issue of learning of science with learning disabilities. Eight undergraduate students with LD were interviewed about their experiences of learning science in mainstream science classrooms. Four themes emerged after thematic analysis of the narrative interview data: a) understanding of learning disability; b) finding resources and strategies for learning science with LD; c) overcoming difficulties in learning science with technology; d) learner autonomy and science learning experiences with LD. The salient feature of these themes showed that the participants had an adequate understanding of their LDs, and the difficulties they faced in learning of science subjects due to their learning disabilities. The stigmatizing experiences of low achievement in science subjects and the initial reaction of some teachers triggered sad and angry feelings, and all the students longed to be more pushed to their higher potential in science learning. Participants then sought help from More Knowledgeable Others (MKO), they used assistive technology and developed their own strategies to overcome difficulties they were facing in learning science. The difficulties in learning of science subjects indicated by the participants have consequences; these difficulties may result in student’s reduced motivation in learning, disengagement from school, leaving school prematurely, and may cause depression in students who drop out of school. These possible consequences and the dissatisfaction expressed by the participants in this study implicate a need to continually assess students with LDs knowledge of, perceptions of, and experiences with their science learning, both in research and actual practice. In turn, this greater consideration of participant’s viewpoints may have a positive influence on the success of high school science education programs and the social-emotional development of students with LD.

No description available.

This thesis is aimed at an importace of company internal communication concretely among initiatives in the field of sustainable development. It adverts to not only an importance of an individual company connection with the sustainable initiatives but especially adverts to high-quality internal communication related to these initiatives mentioned above. There is a concrete example of a transnation company and its strategy of internal communication in the framework of voluntary initiatives depicted in this thesis, which was realized through two periods of an employee's research. The comparison of results and hypotheses defined is also envolved in data analysis of this research, as well as sustainable improvement in company internal communication within sustainable initiatives is proposed.

This thesis considers the applicability of 'new governance' techniques within the field of emerging biotechnologies. Through three contrasting case studies I construct an argument in favour of new governance, contending that the qualities of this regulatory trend (flexibility, reflexivity, nuance, open discourse, and participation - 'regulatory desirables' ) have much to offer the regulation of emerging biotechnologies. The first case study examines the existing European and international regulatory frameworks for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This case study explores the role of (bio)ethics within the regulatory process through each progressive stage: design, operation, and assessment. The regime's failure to provide adequate space for ethical reflection, and the limited role of ethics throughout the regulatory process prompts a proposal for an alternative approach that recognizes the multiple contexts in which regulation operates, and is able to accommodate the socio-ethical nuances of the GMO products being assessed. This case study analyses a traditionally structured regulatory framework. It exemplifies a number of qualities that I consider undesirable in the context of regulating biotechnologies: inflexibility, lack of reflexivity, lack of nuance within the regime, absence of ethical discussion, absence of participation from all interested/affected parties. In the second and third case studies I show how these 'regulatory undesirables' can be addressed through new governance techniques. The second case study focuses on the international regulation of stem cell research; I propose developing a polycentric, principles-based regulation (PBR) regime. The third case study centres on the international governance of the gene synthesis industry; here I recommend adopting a risk-based regulation (RBR) approach. In both these fields, voluntary, interdisciplinary, international organisations have collaborated to produce guidelines, codes, protocols, standards, and statements addressing matters of practice. I argue that these 'soft law' documents form the ideal starting point for the development of more sophisticated regulatory regimes in both fields. Furthermore, I argue that the informal organisations producing these documents are, in certain instances, best placed to step into the role of 'regulator' due to their in-depth, inside knowledge of the field, and network. Thus, I collapse the regulator-regulatee distinction held in traditional, 'command and control' style systems, as these organisations typically include those who would traditionally be seen as the 'regulatee'. Each case study considers the nuances of context vis-à-vis the regulatory approach advocated. I conclude by engaging in a comparative analysis of these three case studies, drawing out the qualities, characteristics and considerations that I regard as essential to the construction of responsible, facilitative governance frameworks across the field of emerging biotechnologies. I conclude that new governance is best suited to achieving these (aforementioned) 'regulatory desirables'.

ABSTRACT Human capital comprises not only man power but also brain power which implies people¡¦s intelligence, potentiality, intellect¡K.etc. Nowadays the world has been getting into the new era of knowledge economy; and the competency of brain power instead of financial capital, land, facility/equipment becomes the core element of competition among enterprises. In this context, human capital in organizations is considered as the valuable assets, which are critically influential and significant. Organizations aiming at best performance admit the vital importance of the innovation and make every endeavor to maintain their competitive strengths and advantages by means of innovative management to achieve the goal of organizational innovations. The thesis focuses on the correlation between human capital and organizational innovation, in conjunction with organizational characteristics and industrial environment which might interfere with the correlation. After empirical study & statistical analysis, the thesis reveals as following: I. Five dimensions of human capital in organizations--- 1. Top management¡¦s knowledgeable & visionary leadership; 2. Employees¡¦ enterpreneurship & innovativeness; 3. Rejuvenesce of human capital; 4. Upgrading of human capital; 5. Deposit of human capital II. Differenciation analysis on the five dimensions of human capital by organizational characteristics--- 1. The organizations in various industries indicate slightly obvious differentiation in the upgrading degrees of human capital; in comparison, the organizations in service industry invest more in employees¡¦ training & cultivation than those in manufacturing industry. 2. The organizations with bigger capital amounts obviously put much more emphasis on rejuvenesce as well as deposit of human capital. 3. The organizations in the maturity period of life cycle comparatively concentrate much more of their attention on deposit of human capital; whereas those in the growing period of life cycle emphasize much more on upgrading human capital. 4. Over-20-years-old organizations lay much more emphasis on deposit of human capital than those at the ages less than 15 years. III. Human capital¡¦s direct influence on organizational innovation--- Top management¡¦s knowledgeable & visionary leadership exerts obviously positive effect on the innovation of management as well as technique. IV. The interaction of organizational characteristics and human capital has obviously positive effect on the organizational innovation--- 1. The interaction of the ages of the organization and rejuvenesce of human capital has obviously positive effect on the innovation of management. 2. The interaction of the capital amount of the organization and top management¡¦s knowledgeable & visionary leadership has obviously positive effect on the innovation of management. Key words: human capital, organizational innovation, top management¡¦s knowledgeable & visionary leadership, employees¡¦ enterpreneurship & innovativeness, rejuvenesce of human capital, upgrading of human capital, deposit of human capital

Bakgrund: Traditionellt har vården varit källan till information för människans sjukdomsdiagnos, behandling och prognos. I dagens digitala samhälle, finns samma evidensbaserade sidor som sjuksköterskan hämtar kunskap från tillgängliga för gemene man. Kunskap om sitt egna upplevda hälsotillstånd är idag ett av de mest sökta ämnet på internet och möjligheten att besitta specialistkunskap om sitt tillstånd är därför stor. Sjuksköterskor beskriver i mötet med den pålästa patienten, en känsla av förlägenhet i sin profession då de betraktar det som osannolikt att vara uppdaterad i nivå med den senaste kunskapen som patienten hämtat. Motiv: Det är angeläget att genomföra denna studie för att belysa de utmaningar en distriktssköterska som arbetar på en hälsocentral ställs inför, i ett samhälle där digitaliseringen gjort kunskap lättillgängligt.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att möta pålästapatienter som hämtat information från internet inför ett primärvårdsbesök. Metod: Data för denna studie har inhämtats från åtta distriktssköterskor från fem hälsocentraler i Västerbotten. För att öka förståelsen av sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av den pålästa patienten har åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien synliggör varierande erfarenheter av den pålästa patienten. Det framkom att distriktssköterskorna var eniga om att pålästa patienter som hämtat information från internet inför ett primärvårdsbesök kan vara både ansträngande och tidskrävande. Samtliga distriktssköterskor hävdar samtidigt att en påläst patient inte behöver vara något negativt. Konklusion: Slutsatsen pekar försiktigt mot att dagens digitaliserade samhälle medför att patienten ställer högre krav på distriktssköterskans kompetens. Studien belyser utmaningar och känslor som sjuksköterskor kan möta i sitt arbete med en påläst patient och synliggör potentiella behov av åtgärder som kan underlätta arbetet med den pålästa patienten som hämtat information från internet inför ett primärvårdsbesök. / Background: Traditionally, healthcare has been the source of information for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In today's digital society, the same evidence-based pages that the nurses' draws knowledge from is available to the public. Knowledge of one's own experienced health condition is today one of the most sought-after topics and the opportunity to possess specialist knowledge of one's condition is high. Nurses describe feelings of embarrassment in their profession as they consider it unlikely to be up to date with the latest knowledge. Motive: It is important to perform this study to describe the challenges a primary health care nurse faces in daily work where digitalisation has made knowledge easily accessible. Aim: Primary health care nurses’ experiences of meeting knowledgeable patients who retrieved information on the internet prior to a primary care visit. Methods: Data has been obtained from eight primary health nurses’ from five health centers in Västerbotten. To increase the understanding of the primary health nurses' experience of the knowledgeable patient, eight semi-structured interviews were held. The interviews were analyzed according to a qualitative content analysis. Result: The study highlights varying experiences. It emerged that primary health care nurse’s agreed that knowledgeable patients who obtained information from the internet prior to a primary care visit can be both exhausting and time-consuming. Although, all primary health care nurses’ claim that a knowledgeable patient does not have to be something negative. Conclusion: The conclusion cautiously points to the fact that today's digitalized society sets higher demands on the primary health care nurse's competence. The study highlights the challenges and emotions that the primary health care nurse may encounter. The study highlights potential needs for measures that can facilitate the work.

La « norme facultative » n’est pas reconnue en droit. Pourtant, elle renvoie à un phénomène singulierauquel les juristes se trouvent de plus en plus confrontés. Celui-ci est porteur de normes non obligatoires, enmarge des instruments juridiques traditionnels. Ces normes ont en commun une mise en œuvre tributaired’un consentement préalable de leurs destinataires, ce qui signifie qu’elles sont laissées à leur libredisposition et qu’ils peuvent les utiliser entièrement ou seulement en partie, selon leur convenance.Facultatives, elles supposent la reconnaissance d’une normativité distincte de l’obligatoriété et del’impérativité. Elles tirent leur caractère normatif du fait qu’elles constituent à la fois des actes de langageayant force illocutoire et des modèles pour agir.En raison de leur originalité, leur intégration en droit est susceptible d’entraîner des bouleversementsdans la théorie des normes. En effet, la reconnaissance de la norme facultative conduit à s’interroger sur laplace du facultatif au sein des catégories de contenus normatifs. À côté des contenus normatifs classiquesconçus à partir de l’obligation, à savoir le prescriptif, le prohibitif et le permissif, le « facultatif » désigne unautre contenu normatif correspondant aux normes de faculté tournées vers le « normativement souhaitable ».Ces normes sont porteuses d’une faculté de choisir, autrement dit, une opportunité normative ouverte audestinataire et demandant à être saisie. Une fois qu’elles ont fait l’objet d’une adhésion, elles s’introduisentdans un « lien normatif». / The « voluntary norm » is not recognized in law. Yet, it refers to a peculiar phenomenon that juristshave increasingly to deal with. It is associated with noncompulsory norms, outside the traditional legal tools.These norms share a tributary implementation of a prior agreement from their recipients, which means theycan freely dispose of them and use them fully or partly, at their convenience.Being voluntary, the norms involve the recognition of a normativity distinct from the bindingnessand imperativity. They draw their standards-relative feature from the fact that they establish bothillocutionary speech acts and patterns to operate.As a result of their originality, their incorporation into law is likely to cause some changes in thetheory of norms. Indeed, the recognition of the voluntary norm leads to question the position of the voluntaryfeature within the categories of standards-relative contents. Besides the classical standards-relative contentsbuilt upon what is compulsory, that is the prescriptiveness, prohibitiveness and permissiveness, the“voluntaryness” refers to another standards-relative content which corresponds to the voluntary normsfocused on what is normatively desirable. These standards include the capacity of choice, in other words, astandards-relative opportunity opened to the recipient and asking to be seized. And once they obtain anadhesion, they get into a “standards-relative bond”.