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Bacterial infections with complicated process and therefore lengthy, often unsolvable treatment due to emerging resistance to antibiotic drugs are currently increasingly frequent problem of many medical fields. The presented thesis entitled "Effect of heavy metal ions on the biological properties, resistance and virulence" was primarily focused on the study of selected metal ions (Ag +, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on the biochemical properties of bacterial strains, in particular observing their influence on free radical formation, creation of oxidative stress and growth properties. Detection of the influence of metals not only on biochemical parameters, but mainly their significant antimicrobial effect directed our further studies to testing of antimicrobial activity of metals (usually silver) or metal nanoparticles synthesized in complexes with polymer substances (chitosan, hyaluronic acid). The obtained results clearly showed the nanoparticles as the best form, so the effects of proven antimicrobial silver nanoparticles were subsequently compared with metalloid selenium nanoparticles, which even surpassed the previous results of antimicrobial activity. Finally, the effect of long-term action of metal ions on the emerging resistance or so-called multiresistance in the case of cross-resistance of metals and antibiotic drugs was tested.

Development, improvement and mass spread of devices used for prospecting of metal objects in the ground entails an enormous problem to archaeology. The problem lays in mass misusing of metal detectors by amateur users or, in worse-case scenario, misusing by organized groups of thieves and planned plundering locations. Those illegal activities lead to irretrievable devastation of the cultural heritage along with the loss of information and thereby imminent danger to possibilities to learn our history. Misusage of detectors has become a society-wide problem. In a competent person's hands detectors can bring an unexpected look into the past and thus they should not be looked past by the experts. Also the potential of amateur seekers, who offer helping hand in official archaeological explorations, often lies fallow. The presented thesis is trying to describe the complicated problem of metal detectors in the broadest range and simultaneously to accent some details that the author considers to be important (e.g. pastlooked aspects of possible cooperation among archaeologists and treasure hunters). The core of this work involves four main thematic groups: metal detectors in terms of their technological development and their types, legislation and its working in practice within the Czech Republic and...

In the first part of this work, a series of site-specific artificial metallonucleases (AMNs) was developed conjugating clamped-phenanthroline (Clip-Phen) copper complexes to triplex- forming oligonucleotides (TFOs). Several synthetic routes were explored for the synthesis of the TFO-AMNs hybrids, all sharing a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction as the key step. As a consequence, building blocks for enzymatic or chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides (ONs) containing clickable groups, or already conjugated to the Clip-Phen ligand via CuAAC, were prepared. Two new alkynyl-linked nucleoside-5'-O-triphosphates (dNTPs) were designed and developed in order to obtain an efficient polymerase incorporation of clickable alkynyl-tethers into ONs and, at the same time, enhance the efficiency of CuAAC reactions on modified DNA. The relative 3'-O- phosphormaidites were also prepared in order to insert the same alkynyl-linkers into ONs via solid-phase synthesis. The AMN was linked at the 5'- or 3'-ends or in the middle of the TFO stretch, using diverse likers. The hybridization of all the synthesized TFOs with a target DNA duplex was studied. Finally, an extensive study of cleavage efficiency and specificity of the TFO-AMN conjugates towards the target DNA was performed, exploring the...

The theoretical part of the thesis consists of research on the spring barley and chemical composition of its grains. Attention is paid to the stress factors which has inpact on plants such as heavy metals and in particular cadmium and its influence on the plants. The last part deals with the importance of selected trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese and zinc. The experimental part of the work is devoted to the influence of cadmium contamination on content of selected elements which are copper, iron, manganese and zinc in plants of spring barley. Two experiments were performed. In both experiments, plants were hydroponically cultivated in Knop nutrient solution. Plants were divided into two parts in each experiment, the first part was cultivated without contamination and served as a control samples, the second part was contaminated. The third day of cultivation was added CdCl2.2,5 H2O at a concentration of 10-5 mol/l to the nutrient solution of the second part. In the first experiment the plants were harvested on the 10th day of cultivation and divided into roots, hypocotyls and shoots. In the second experiment were plants harvested on the 13th day of cultivation and separated into roots, hypocotyls, stem base, 1st (oldest), 2nd and 3th (youngest) leaf. From each part of the plant were prepared samples, which were mineralized and consequentely was measured using the ICP-OES method the content of the above mentioned metals in the contaminated and control-sample plants and the content of cadmium in the contaminated plants. The content of cadmium in the control-sample plants was measured by the ETA-AAS. The measured datae were analyzed and described in to the taps and graphs. Highest concentration of cadmiu was discovered in roots of the control sample plants, in case of the first experiment the roots contained 91 %, in the second 95,5 % from the entire amount of cadmium contained in the plant. As a result of the contamination changes in contents of the selected elements ocured. In both of the experimentes the amount of Cu in roots increased, in the upper part of the plants (shoots) the amount was lower comparing non-contaminated plants. The iron content in the first experiment increased in roots and hypocotyl, in the upper part of the plants (shoots) the content decreased in comparison with control variant. In the second experiment, was the iron content lower in all plant parts. The manganese content was lower in the contaminated plants in almost all parts, only in the first experiment was found minimal increase of manganese content in roots. In both experimentes was found minimal change in content of zinc in roots, in the first experimente increased zinc content in hypocotyls and decreased in the upper part of the plants (shoots), while in the second experiment there was little change of content in hypocotyls but zinc increased in the upper part of the plants (shoots). The deferences in results of both experimentes may be dependent on varions lenght of the cultivation.

The aim of the thesis is making the design process for the production of parts for the aerospace industry by bending. Forming technology is the perspective of manufacturing technology, what has frequent use in the aerospace industry. Part of this thesis is the experimental finding of maximum possible ram speed on press brake machine during bending of small radius to prevent cracking. Bending was performed on the press brake and possible cracks of the material were check by capillary fluorescence testing. These knowledge were applied in the design process for the manufacturing of parts and there was provided economic evaluation.

Humic acids have high ability to form stable complexes with copper ions, which influences their toxicity in environment. Fluorescent properties of sodium salt of humic acid, humate, isolated from South Moravian lignite, and its complexation behaviour with copper ions were investigated using emission, excitation and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Both fluorescence emission and synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that humate form complex with copper since fluorescence intensity was quenched upon addition of copper ions to the humate samples. The aim of the diploma thesis was to found applicable ion concentration to observation fluorescence quenching and to determine the main fluorophore, which is affected by complexation through the use of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Candidate: Vendula Kucharčíková Supervisor: Burkhard Horstkotte, Ph.D. Consultant: Doc. PharmDr. Hana Sklenářová, Ph.D. Title of thesis: Comparison of manual and dynamic extractions of selected transition metals from solid samples The analysis of trace metals in soil is a subject of study in many laboratories. Due to large industrial areas soil can be highly contaminated. This work focused on two easy methods - manual extraction and single flow extraction with the same extractant -acetic acid. Two methods, two concentrations of acetic acid (0.11 M and 0.43 M), and two samples were used to evaluate, which conditions were more effective. As a detection device inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry was selected and two different wavelengths were used to prevent interferences. Manual extraction was more time-consuming and less reproducible than the dynamic extraction. Higher concentration of acetic acid extracted a larger amount of metals and the extraction showed higher reproducibility of the results. In both soils the contaminations with Cu outreached the permitted level for this metal (according to the requirement of the government of the Balearic Islands) and are potentially...