In tandem with the economic development in Taiwan, female participation in the labor market has been growing. In 1980, female labor force participation rate in Taiwan was only 39.25% but it increased about 10 percentage points in the following 27 years, rising to 49.44% in 2007. Compared with advanced countries in the OECD, female labor force participation in Taiwan still has a long way to go. This research draws on past patterns in Taiwan and OECD member countries to understand the development of international female labor force participation. The purposes of this study are to understand the trend of female labor force participation in OECD countries and in Taiwan, and to know the impact of the new economy and atypical work on female labor force participation. From this study, it is obvious that internationally female labor force participation has grown from 1980 to 2006. By age groups, it indicates that the highest female labor force participation rate in OECD countries was in the age group of 40-44 while in Taiwan it was in the age group of 25-29. By the level of educational attainment, it brings out that education has improved female labor force participation since the highest female labor force participation rates were in the group of tertiary education in OECD countries, as well as in Taiwan. By sector and occupation, the statistics show that more and more females are employed in the service sector, working as service workers and sales workers. Moreover, the knowledge-based economy and the atypical jobs have lowered the entry barriers of labor market for females and have improved female labor force participation.

Thesis advisor: James E. Lubben / Productive aging is a new and evolving conceptual model that emphasizes the antecedents and consequences of productivity in later life. Proponents of productive aging claim that productive activity in later life is associated with a number of benefits for individuals, communities, and societies, but this assumption has not been widely tested at the country level. In the context of an adapted model of productive aging, the present study identifies the cross-national predictors of and relationship between one form of productivity (viz., labor force participation) and one aspect of well-being (viz., longevity) among older adults. Random effects models with pooled cross-sections and path analysis were used to analyze potential relationships with data from several international data sources. The complete cross-national longitudinal dataset consists of variables measured at five time points or during intervals centered at these time points (i.e., 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000) for each of thirty countries that belong to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The present study makes one particularly important and new contribution to the cross-national literature on productivity and longevity; the study suggests that work in later life strongly influences life expectancy among older adults, but that some important gender differences should be noted. The present study also suggests that public policy plays a very important role in country level labor force participation rates and life expectancy. More specifically, higher levels of public spending on social issues are associated with lower rates of labor force participation and higher life expectancies. Finally, the present study confirms that the adapted model of productivity provides a solid foundation for cross-national analyses of labor force participation and life expectancy, but highlights the importance of analyzing male and female behavior and outcomes separately. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar e descrever as consequências das transformações no capitalismo contemporâneo sobre a composição da força de trabalho brasileira entre 1990 e 2015. As mudanças recentes do capitalismo afetaram a economia brasileira e também têm impactado as relações de trabalho e as condições de emprego da força de trabalho. São descritos os períodos de implementação e de consolidação do projeto neoliberal no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990 e o seu aperfeiçoamento nos anos 2000, procurando relacioná-los com a trajetória da economia, dos empregos e das ocupações. Finalmente, se aplica uma forma de mensuração da composição e distribuição da força de trabalho no Brasil, incluindo o Exército Industrial de Reserva. Utiliza-se um modelo adaptado para as estatísticas brasileiras baseado na abordagem desenvolvida por Foster e Jonna (2014) em seu trabalho sobre a força de trabalho dos Estados Unidos. / The present dissertation analyzes and describes the consequences of changes in contemporary capitalism on the composition of the Brazilian labor force in the 1990-2015 period. The recent transformations in capitalism affected the Brazilian economy and impacted labor relations and conditions of labor power employment. The periods of implementation and consolidation of the neoliberal project in Brazil in the 1990s, and its deepening in the 2000s, were described and related to the development of the economy and the trends in jobs and occupations. Finally, a technique for measuring the composition and distribution of the labor force in Brazil is applied, including the industrial reserve army. The model is adapted to the Brazilian statistics, and based on the method developed by Foster and Jonna (2014) in their study for the labor force in the United States.

Continued research on sex-based discrimination is necessary given the pervasiveness of the problem and well-documented adverse outcomes for those who experience it. One widely studied contributor to sex-based discrimination in the workplace is gender composition. While a litany of studies have predicted a linear relationship between the proportion of men in a workforce and the incidence of sex discrimination, newer research has indicated a curvilinear relationship. As the state workforce represents both an aggregation of its institutions and the broader environment in which these institutions exist, state-level analysis is needed to resolve this discrepancy. However, past studies have largely been conducted at the institutional or work-group level and no research to date has explored the effect the gender composition of a state's workforce may have on sex-based discrimination filings. Using a unique dataset compiled from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and United States Census Bureau for the years 2009-2012, I find that the state is indeed an important locus of inquiry with regard to sex discrimination outcomes. Negative binomial analysis of state sex-based discrimination filings on gender composition of state's employed population reveals a curvilinear relationship, with the least filings in the most balanced and the most male-dominated state workforces, net of all controls.

Trade openness, market size, transparency, ease of doing business, location advantagesand low levels of corruption and country risk are the main determinants that attractForeign Direct Investment into a host country. FDI inflows in México have increasedremarkably since 1994 when the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) cameinto effect. Using multiple regression analysis in order to measure the impact of FDI onGDP; the Empirical results showed that a one percent increase in FDI leads on average toan increase of 0.08 percent in GDP which clearly reflects a positive but neither animportant nor a substantial impact of FDI on economic growth in México as it would beexpected. Time series data analysis for the period 1980-2007 has been tested for UnitRoot by applying the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. Each time series after the first differencebecomes stationary and therefore it might be a causal relationship among the variables.However, FDI will not have a real impact on the society unless there is an effective stockof Human Capital capable of learning and absorbing the know-how to work successfullywith the technology that Multinational Corporations bring into the host country with theirinvestment. The challenge for the Mexican Government is to create structural reformssuch as the deregulation of energy and oil sector for private investment that will lead toconstantly higher flows of FDI. In the medium term this will then be reflected in thesociety in terms of poverty reduction and development of its population.

How do the experiences of women in the labor market differ from the experiences of men? Do economic crises affect their labor market decisions differently? Economists have investigated the responses of women to specific moments of crisis in Argentina – the country lends itself well to this analysis, as the last three decades of its history have seen both economic growth and financial collapse. With the crisis literature in mind, I investigate trends in female labor force participation rates in Argentina between 1980-2003, finding that while some evidence supports the “added worker effect” hypothesis, more research must be done to understand the relationships between female labor force participation and male and female unemployment.

The purpose of this paper is to make quantitative and qualitative analysis of foreign citizens who may participate on the Swedish labor market (in text refers to as ‘immigrants’). This research covers the period 1973-2005 and gives prediction figures of immigrant population, age and gender structure, and education attainment in 2010. To cope with data regarding immigrants from different countries, the population was divided into six groups. The main chapter is divided into two parts. The first part specifies division of immigrants into groups by country of origin according to geographical, ethnical, economical and historical criteria. Brief characteristics and geographic position, dynamic and structure description were given for each group; historical review explain rapid changes in immigrant population. Statistical models for description and estimation future population were given. The second part specifies education and qualification level of the immigrants according to international and Swedish standards. Models for estimating age and gender structure, level of education and professional orientation of immigrants in different groups are given. Inferences were made regarding ethnic, gender and education structure of immigrants; the distribution of immigrants among Swedish counties is given. Discussion part presents the results of the research, gives perspectives for the future brief evaluation of the role of immigrants on the Swedish labor market.

Due to the poor working environment, work without a certain protection and facing changes in the social structure, change the mindset of employment, a great demand in service industry, and the labor force structure changes, with low birth rate, and the level of education are generally improving. As a result, labor force willing to work for construction industry gradually reduced, causing a potential gapping crisis. The utilities industry is more difficult, dangerous and laborious work. Furthermore, the working environment is poor, the social and economic status is low and its work nature is more physique demanding and professional. In this regard, the main characteristic of the professional and technical manpower in the utilities engineering industry is mostly the male workers of 30 to 40 years old, having relevant work experience of five years or more and with education at high school or below. Under the shortage in labor force, there are structural changes in industry. In addition, under the structural change in labor force, employees are in favor of engaging in service industry, and science and technology and electronics industry and they are not willing to work in the engineering and manufacturing industry. Under this labor force situation and the unique requirement of professional and skilled manpower resources, which cannot be met with by the general labor, have made the lack of professional and skilled people in the water and electricity engineering become more critical. This research targets at a case study on manpower requirements in a large scale and representative company in the water and electricity industry in Kaohsiung. The study framework bases on the structure of labor requirements in industry, the characteristics of the utilities industry and statistical analysis of the supply and demand in technical manpower of the targeted companies of the study cases, so as to prove increasing acute shortage in professional and skilled manpower in the utilities industry, and its impact on the utilities and construction industries in future to help resolving the utilities industry business hardship.

This dissertation examines the effect of changes in the stock of human capital on the labor force participation decision of women aged 25-54. Without the option of homebased work, some women choose to leave the labor market and stay at home temporarily for family reasons. Working women realize that time out of the labor force could impose penalties on their work careers. This is because during the break, they do not accumulate any new human capital while the existing job skills continuously depreciate. Nowadays, home-based work becomes possible for many jobs because rapid development in personal computers and advances in information and communications technology have reduced employers’ cost of offering home-based work arrangements. Working women can resolve the time conflict between demand for paid work and family responsibility by working from home. In a previous study, the home-based work decision depends on the fixed cost of working and potential home production. Women who are disabled, have small children, or live in rural areas are likely to work from home because they have high fixed costs of working and high potential home production. However, none of the existing studies applies the human capital theory of labor supply to the home-based work decision. Using data on the female labor force from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) of housing units from the 2000 U.S. Census, I estimate a nested logit model to examine the effects of expected costs of non-participation, in terms of forgone earnings, forgone human capital accumulation and human capital depreciation, on women’s labor force participation decision. I find that, other things being equal, women aged 25 to 44 who have potentially high human capital accumulation and high human capital depreciation are likely to stay in the labor force. In the case that the value of their home time is so high that they choose to stay at home, they prefer to work for pay at home than to be out of the labor force.

This thesis is aimed to explore the development of ¡§equal rights for men and women.¡¨Relevant issues including ¡§population¡¨¡B¡§education¡¨¡B¡§labor force participation rate¡¨and¡§political participation,¡¨have been explored and analyzed to find out about the impact brought about by the campaigns of ¡§equal rights for men and women.¡¨This thesis is a longitudinal study. It used the way of the social indicator and implemented human resource reports published by the Directorate-General of Budget ,Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, Council of the labor Affairs Executive Yuan, Ministry of Civil Service, Department of Statistics, Statistics Department of Interior . This paper shows that ¡]1¡^Life Expectancy , the ratio of women receiving higher education and women's ¡§labor force participation rate¡¨and ¡§political participation,¡¨have increased annually during the past few decades ;¡]2¡^women's status has been improved yet the problem of gender inequality needs to be dealt with . Suggestions on women's population ,education , labor force participation and political participation are made for promoting gender equality.