<p>India is the world’s largest democracy where 1 186 200 000 people live and almost half of these are women. So how does women’s situation effect India’s development. This essay focuses on secondary education, female labor force participation and active population growth and measures their affect on Human Development Index (HDI). The literature shows a positive effect of all explanatory variables on HDI. In other an effective resource allocation towards words women might be the key for India to reach higher living standards. It is indeed a question of effective resource allocation because women in India don’t enjoy the same freedoms and rights as men which will clearly effect the countries resource allocation and the HDI</p>

<p>Trade openness, market size, transparency, ease of doing business, location advantagesand low levels of corruption and country risk are the main determinants that attractForeign Direct Investment into a host country. FDI inflows in México have increasedremarkably since 1994 when the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) cameinto effect. Using multiple regression analysis in order to measure the impact of FDI onGDP; the Empirical results showed that a one percent increase in FDI leads on average toan increase of 0.08 percent in GDP which clearly reflects a positive but neither animportant nor a substantial impact of FDI on economic growth in México as it would beexpected. Time series data analysis for the period 1980-2007 has been tested for UnitRoot by applying the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. Each time series after the first differencebecomes stationary and therefore it might be a causal relationship among the variables.However, FDI will not have a real impact on the society unless there is an effective stockof Human Capital capable of learning and absorbing the know-how to work successfullywith the technology that Multinational Corporations bring into the host country with theirinvestment. The challenge for the Mexican Government is to create structural reformssuch as the deregulation of energy and oil sector for private investment that will lead toconstantly higher flows of FDI. In the medium term this will then be reflected in thesociety in terms of poverty reduction and development of its population.</p>

Recently there has been a substantial decline in the employment-to-population ratio, coinciding with a significant reduction in the unemployment rate. The ratio experienced a trend increase during the post-World War II period until 1999, primarily driven by the large influx of female workers into the labor force. Although pro-cyclical, the ratio always recovered to its previous peak and subsequently went beyond that level. Following the Dot-com recession, there was a decline followed by a mild recovery from 2003 to 2007, before a significant decrease. This thesis investigates the causes of the decline, which impacts on economic policy recommendations.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar e descrever as consequências das transformações no capitalismo contemporâneo sobre a composição da força de trabalho brasileira entre 1990 e 2015. As mudanças recentes do capitalismo afetaram a economia brasileira e também têm impactado as relações de trabalho e as condições de emprego da força de trabalho. São descritos os períodos de implementação e de consolidação do projeto neoliberal no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990 e o seu aperfeiçoamento nos anos 2000, procurando relacioná-los com a trajetória da economia, dos empregos e das ocupações. Finalmente, se aplica uma forma de mensuração da composição e distribuição da força de trabalho no Brasil, incluindo o Exército Industrial de Reserva. Utiliza-se um modelo adaptado para as estatísticas brasileiras baseado na abordagem desenvolvida por Foster e Jonna (2014) em seu trabalho sobre a força de trabalho dos Estados Unidos. / The present dissertation analyzes and describes the consequences of changes in contemporary capitalism on the composition of the Brazilian labor force in the 1990-2015 period. The recent transformations in capitalism affected the Brazilian economy and impacted labor relations and conditions of labor power employment. The periods of implementation and consolidation of the neoliberal project in Brazil in the 1990s, and its deepening in the 2000s, were described and related to the development of the economy and the trends in jobs and occupations. Finally, a technique for measuring the composition and distribution of the labor force in Brazil is applied, including the industrial reserve army. The model is adapted to the Brazilian statistics, and based on the method developed by Foster and Jonna (2014) in their study for the labor force in the United States.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar e descrever as consequências das transformações no capitalismo contemporâneo sobre a composição da força de trabalho brasileira entre 1990 e 2015. As mudanças recentes do capitalismo afetaram a economia brasileira e também têm impactado as relações de trabalho e as condições de emprego da força de trabalho. São descritos os períodos de implementação e de consolidação do projeto neoliberal no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990 e o seu aperfeiçoamento nos anos 2000, procurando relacioná-los com a trajetória da economia, dos empregos e das ocupações. Finalmente, se aplica uma forma de mensuração da composição e distribuição da força de trabalho no Brasil, incluindo o Exército Industrial de Reserva. Utiliza-se um modelo adaptado para as estatísticas brasileiras baseado na abordagem desenvolvida por Foster e Jonna (2014) em seu trabalho sobre a força de trabalho dos Estados Unidos. / The present dissertation analyzes and describes the consequences of changes in contemporary capitalism on the composition of the Brazilian labor force in the 1990-2015 period. The recent transformations in capitalism affected the Brazilian economy and impacted labor relations and conditions of labor power employment. The periods of implementation and consolidation of the neoliberal project in Brazil in the 1990s, and its deepening in the 2000s, were described and related to the development of the economy and the trends in jobs and occupations. Finally, a technique for measuring the composition and distribution of the labor force in Brazil is applied, including the industrial reserve army. The model is adapted to the Brazilian statistics, and based on the method developed by Foster and Jonna (2014) in their study for the labor force in the United States.

Orientador: Eduardo Hebling / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_AdrianaCristinaOliva_M.pdf: 1537383 bytes, checksum: 1919a2291d11254e73ae9f3cc164960d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O Brasil concentra uma grande quantidade de Faculdades de Odontologia, formando assim um número de cirurgiões-dentistas maior do que o mercado de trabalho é capaz de absorver. A região administrativa de Campinas é uma das mais desenvolvidas economicamente no Estado de São Paulo, sendo composta por sete regiões de governo, abrangendo 90 dos 645 municípios paulistas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição geográfica de profissionais de Odontologia nesta região nos anos de 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 e 2005. O número de faculdades, de cirurgiões-dentistas e de pessoal auxiliar por município foi obtido no Conselho Federal de Odontologia. Os dados populacionais e administrativos no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados. Os resultados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e por regressão quadrática. A relação de cirurgião-dentista/habitante observada foi 1:9.985 em 1970, 1:2.019 em 1980, 1:1.229 em 1990, 1:773 em 2000, e, 1:669 em 2005. O aumento do número de Faculdades de Odontologia e de vagas oferecidas proporcionou o aumento do número de dentistas neste período. A relação de cirurgião-dentista/habitante e a de cirurgião-dentista/pessoal auxiliar observadas mostraram-se discrepantes. Estes resultados demonstram que o mercado de trabalho nesta região está em desequilíbrio, pois notou-se que há uma concentração maior de profissionais em grandes centros, enquanto que em pequenos municípios o número destes profissionais foi menor ou até mesmo inexistente. Contudo, sabe-se que o grande número de profissionais não implica em melhorias nas condições de saúde bucal da população. Políticas futuras de educação voltadas aos Cursos de Odontologia, visando à redução do número de faculdades; e também políticas de incentivo profissional para que cirurgiões-dentistas possam trabalhar em regiões menos desenvolvidas deste país devem ser implantadas / Abstract: Brazil concentrates a great amount of dental schools, forming a higher number of dentists than the work market is capable to absorb. The administrative region of Campinas is one of the most economically developed in the State of São Paulo, being composed by seven regions of government, enclosing 90 from the 645 São Paulo cities. The aim of this study was to assess the geographic distribution of dental professionals in this region in the years of 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2005. The number of dental schools, dentists, and dental auxiliars for city was obtained at the Dental Council of Brazil and the populational and administrative data at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and statistics and the State System of Data Analysis Foundation. The results had been gotten by Internet and analyzed by descriptive statistics and quadratic regretion. The relation of dentists/habitant had been 1:9.985, in 1970, 1:2.019, in 1980, 1:1.229, in 1990, 1:773, in 2000, and, 1:669, in 2005. The increasing number of dental schools and of offered vacancies provided this growth on the number of dentists in these periods. Dentists/habitant and dentists/dental auxiliars relations showed to be discrepant between itself. These results demonstrate that the work-force in this region is unbalanced due to the greater concentration of professionals in great urban centers, while in small cities there is a lower or inexistent number of this kind of professionals. However, it is known that the great number of professionals does not imply in improvements in the oral health status of the population. Further politics of education, aiming the reduction of the number of dental schools and offered vacancies, and also professional incentive for work in less saturated regions of this country must be implanted. / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Following developments in technological advancement and the ability to automate jobs in the 21st Century, the quantity and variety of jobs impacted by computerization has increased. Using data from the 2013 American Community Survey (ACS), this paper explores how demographic characteristics influence the probability of job computerization. I perform a linear regression and find evidence that differences in race, education, and gender significantly impact the probability of an individual’s occupation to be computerized. Specifically, Hispanics are the most at risk racial/ethnic group followed in order by blacks, Asians, and whites; increased education is associated with lower probability of computerization; and men are more susceptible to facing job automation than women.

The first chapter relates the size of the present-day LGBT population to the discovery of gold during the nineteenth century gold rushes. Comparing the surroundings of gold rush counties to other mining counties, we find that there are currently 15% more same-sex couples in former gold rush counties and that residents of these counties have more favorable attitudes toward homosexuality. Gold rush counties were initially isolated, mostly uninhabited and lacked strong formal institutions, which helped shaping pro-LGBT attitudes. Examining channels of persistence, we provide empirical evidence for selective migration and the lack of strong religious institutions. The second chapter examines the impact of gender focused labor legislation on women’s labor force participation and economic empowerment. We rely on historical legislative acts passed by state legislatures and exploit whether or not states passed regulatory laws regulating overall and industry specific employment and work conditions for women, night work laws and labor laws requiring provision of seats for working women. We exploit the fact that not all states enacted these laws as well as the variation in the timing of enactment of such laws. Our results show that women in comparison to men in treated states are more likely to be in the labor force post introduction of night work laws in comparison to control states. We also document the effect of industry-specific labor policies on women’s likelihood to be employed in the affected industry and in higher-wage occupations within the industry of interest. Policy implications of our findings endorse the adoption of labor laws in favor of women to advocate their empowerment through a higher involvement in the labor market and financial independence. The third chapter tests the doctrine of first effective settlement by relating early settlers’ culture to within state variation in gender norms in the United States. In 1973, the cultural geographer Wilbur Zelinsky postulated that the distinctive traits of early settlers at initial stages of institutional development may be crucial for cultural formation. I capture settlers’ culture using past female labor force participation, women’s suffrage and financial rights at their place of origin. I document the distinctive characteristics of settlers’ populations and provide suggestive evidence in support of the spatial (across locations) and vertical (over time) transmission of gender norms. My results show that women’s labor supply is higher, in both the short and long run, in U.S. counties that historically hosted a larger settler population originating from places with favorable gender attitudes. My findings shed new light on the importance of immigrants’ characteristics and their countries/states of origin for cultural formation in hosting societies.

Female labor force participation is an essential factor for the economic andsocio-economic development of nations. Closing gender gaps on the Africanlabor market is thus not just a fairness issue, it is good economics. This thesisuses panel data of 35 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period 1995-to2019, to analyse the nexus between globalization and female labor forceparticipation (FLFP). The investigation is done at the level of the economy asa whole, and then across three economic sectors; agriculture, manufacturingand service. To depart from existing literature, FLFP is operationalized in thisstudy as relative (to males) labor force participation and relative employmentacross sectors. The empirical evidence provided is based on fixed effectregressions, which provide close to zero effects systematically. These resultsprove a weak relationship suggesting a weak correlation between allglobalization dynamics and FLFP in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings arebroadly consistent with the minority strand of the literature supporting theinsignificance and/or negative insignificance of globalization on FLFP andrelative employment outcomes. It thus brings a new perspective to theliterature, wherein positive effects have been found on the relationshipbetween globalization and FLFP.. I try to argue the possible reasons for these findings. Policy implications arediscussed with an emphasis on how to promote women’s participation on thelabor market. Particularly, feasible policies which could absorb women intothe formal economic sectors.

This dissertation is a collection of three empirical essays on Albania and Iran. In December of 1990, the communist system in Albania came to an abrupt end. The collapse of communism led to a number of macroeconomic reforms that, among other things, brought dramatic changes in the Albanian labor market. This study uses data from the first nationally representative household survey to examine one outcome of a decade-long transition in Albania, the earnings gap between men and women. The average gender earnings gap is calculated at 31 percent, but it is found to be as high as 50 percent in the upper parts of the distribution. The traditional Oaxaca-Blinder method and a recent method that combines quantile regression with the bootstrap are applied to decompose the gender gap into a portion attributable to differences in characteristics and a portion explained by returns to characteristics. Results show that differences in human capital characteristics do not explain any of the existing gap. Furthermore, a large proportion of the gap can be attributed to segregation in occupations and industries. Simulations of female counterfactual wages show that the gender gap is significantly reduced for the entire distribution, and disappears in the higher quantiles of the distribution when occupation and industry are controlled for. The next two essays analyze welfare and female labor force participation in post-Revolution Iran. The Islamic Revolution of 1979 and a number of subsequent macro shocks dealt a huge blow to Iran's economy. In this paper we ask the question of how families and individuals have fared through these tumultuous times. Conventional measures of change in welfare, such as average consumption or GDP per capita, do not accurately reflect the experience of individual cohorts. We utilize annual surveys of expenditures and income conducted between 1984 and 2004 and decompose changes in average earnings and expenditures into cohort, age, and period effects. The estimated period effects accurately reflect the fluctuations in the economy noticeable in the macro data, and the life cycle earnings and expenditures profiles show a typical inverted U-shape. The cohort effects, which compare the position of life cycle profiles of different cohorts, and are of most interest to us, show a rising trend for cohorts born before the 1950s (about 30 years or older at the time of the Revolution). They also indicate that younger cohorts, those born after 1965 and therefore entered adult life after the Revolution, seem to have lost out. We discuss possible reasons for the asymmetrical lifetime experience of the two sets of cohorts. We believe that the disruptions caused by the Revolution itself and the subsequent eight year war with Iraq (1980-88) may have caused lifetime losses for the cohorts who came of age in the early 1980s. The purpose of the third essay is to understand changes in the labor force participation rate of women in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Studies consistently show that like other countries in the Middle East and North Africa, Iran has experienced only a modest improvement in female labor force participation rates, despite having gone through the fertility transition and significant improvements in education of women. Utilizing 21 consecutive household surveys from 1984-2004, we decompose changes in the participation rate into age, cohort, and period effects. We find some evidence that the Islamic Revolution of 1979 did indeed have a negative impact on the cohorts that were in their teens or early 20s at that time. However, viewed from a cohort perspective, the evidence shows that women born after 1965 have continuously increased their participation. This is in contrast to the evidence that has been observed by others who have compared cross-section averages over time. / Ph. D.