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The South African labour legislation and its impact on the labour marketDoms, Leonard S. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
The recent discussions regarding the relations between the government and
industry have highlighted the importance and continuous changes that have
been investigated, tried and tested by the tri-part alliance since its inception.
A study was conducted of all the current issues and changes in labour
legislation and its impact on the labour market. Due to the continuous
changes and heated debates, not to mention regular strikes and negotiations
by those parties and their representatives, this topic is heated and ever
changing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Die onlangse onderhandelinge en besprekings betreffende die verhouding
tussen die regering en industrie plaas klem op die belang van en gereelde
veranderinge wat ondersoek, geimplimenteer en getoets is deur die
drieledige alliansie sedert laasgenoemde se ontstaan. 'n Studie is gedoen van
die huidige kwessies en veranderinge in arbeidswetgewing en die impak
daarvan op die arbeidsmark. Die gereelde veranderinge in wetgewing en
soms hewige debatvoering tussen die betrokke partye, bo en behalwe die
gereelde stakings en onderhandelinge deur daardie partye en hul
verteenwoordigers, maak hierdie onderwerp baie sensitief en stel dit bloot
aan gereelde ondersoek en verandering.
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The sectorial employment intensity of growth in South Africa : 2000-2012Mkhize, Njabulo Innocent 05 1900 (has links)
The rate of unemployment in South Africa remains stubbornly high despite vastly improved macroeconomic fundamentals and relatively high rates of economic growth for most of the post-1994 democratic era. Employment growth was much weaker than might have been expected given the improved economic outlook. This thesis investigates how the sectoral employment intensity of output growth in the eight non-agricultural sectors of the South African economy has evolved from 2000 to 2012, with a view to identifying key growth sectors that are employment intensive. An econometric model of the demand for labour is used to estimate employment elasticities in the major Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) divisions of the economy. The results suggest that aggregate employment and economic growth diverged and that jobless growth occurred in South Africa during the period under review. South Africa has become less labour intensive and more capital intensive, reflecting a structural adjustment that has weakened the employment-growth relationship. At the sectoral level, the results suggest the presence of a long-run relationship between employment and growth in finance and business services, manufacturing, transport and the utilities sectors. In particular, the results suggest that the tertiary sector performed best in terms of the employment intensity of output growth. This reflects the changing structure of the economy and the nature of employment shifting away from the primary towards the tertiary sectors. Investment in the tertiary sector may help to foster new employment opportunities and assist in improving the overall employment intensity of output growth in South Africa. / Economics / D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)
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Unemployment and labour market (in)flexibility in South AfricaTuipende, Deoden 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When South Africa re-entered the global arena, her immediate priority was to search for
and affirm her position in the global economy. In this process, South Africa has witnessed
massive job losses that compounded the already existing problem of unemployment. South
Africa is considered to be one of the countries with the highest levels of unemployment - a
fact that has raised a great deal of concern among Government, Business and Labour.
This study project examines the functioning of South Africa's labour market with the
intention of establishing whether or not it is linked to the problem of unemployment. The
study draws labour-flexibility comparisons between the world's most flexible and
deregulated labour market (USA) and Europe; and, relatively, tries to find South Africa's
position.
The study has revealed that there is a relationship between flexibility and employment -
countries with flexible labour markets, ceteris paribus, also have high levels of ~- employment and vice versa. The study has also revealed that a culmination of high levels
of illiteracy, trade union activities and the new labour laws has resulted into labour market
rigidities which are partly responsible for the high rate of unemployment in South Africa.
The study has also revealed that any effort by South Africa to adopt the US-style of labour
market flexibility should be accompanied by some other policy checks to ensure maximum
benefits. This is based on the finding that flexibility per se could have devastating effects
for the economy. It is not only the labour market rigidities that are responsible for the current high rate of
unemployment in South Africa. Factors like persistent and systematic decline in labour
absorption capacity vis-a '-vis persistent and systematic increase in labour supply, decline
in economic growth and globalisation claim a lion's share. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met Suid-Afrika se hertoetrede tot die internasionale arena was sy eerste prioriteit om sy
plek in die wêreldekonomie te vind en te bevestig. Algaande het Suid-Afrika 'n
grootskaalse verlies aan werkgeleenthede ervaar, wat die reeds bestaande probleem van
werkloosheid vererger het. Vandag word Suid-Afrika beskou as een van die lande met die
hoogste vlakke van werkloosheid - wat groot kommer by die regering, besigheid en
arbeid wek.
Hierdie werkstuk ondersoek die funksionering van Suid-Afrika se arbeidmark met die doel
om vas te stel of dit met die probleem van werkloosheid verband hou al dan nie. Die
studie maak vergelykings ten opsigte van arbeidsbuigsaamheid tussen die wêreld se mees
buigsame en gedereguleerde arbeidsmark (VSA) en Europa, en poog om Suid-Afrika se
relatiewe posisie te bepaal.
Die studie toon dat daar 'n verband tussen buigsaamheid en werkverskaffing is - dat
lande met buigsame arbeidsmark, ceteris paribus, ook hoë vlakke van werkverskaffing
het, en omgekeerd. Die studie het ook bevind dat 'n hoë vlak van ongeletterdheid,
vakbondaktiwiteite en die nuwe arbeidswette aanleiding gegee het tot
arbeidsmarkonbuigsaamheid, wat gedeeltelik verantwoordelik is vir die hoë
werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika.
Die studie toon verder dat enige poging deur Suid-Afrika om die
arbeidsmarkbuigsaamheid van die VSA toe te pas, met ander beleidsmaatreëls gepaard
moet gaan om maksimum voordele te verseker. Dit is gegrond op die bevinding dat
buigsaamheid per se verreikende gevolge vir die ekonomie kan hê. Dit is nie net die onbuigsaamheid van die arbeidsmark wat vir die huidige hoë
werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika verantwoordelik is nie. Faktore soos 'n volgehoue en
stelselmatige afname in die kapasiteit om arbeid te absorbeer teenoor 'n volgehoue en
stelselmatige toename in arbeidsaanbod, 'n afname in ekonomiese groei, en globalisering is
vir 'n leeue-aandeel verantwoordelik.
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The demand for labour in South Africa : a theoretical and empirical approachHavemann, Roy Charles 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nearly five million South Africans were unemployed in 2002 and creating
employment opportunities is a difficult challenge. Before this issue can be tackled,
however, it is critical to understand the problem. This thesis opts to contribute to this
understanding by considering aspects around the demand for labour. The analysis
considers a selection of the theoretical literature on the demand for labour, estimates
key labour market parameters and then undertakes a number of simulations using a
structural model.
There are many conflicting paradigms that can be used to analyse the issue:
microeconomic versus macroeconomic; neoclassical versus structuralist; theoretical
versus empirical and so forth. Some of these paradigms are considered as part of the
attempt to build an empirical framework that can be used to analyse the issue.
The empirical results of the thesis suggest that:
• Higher real wages lead to lowering of the quantity demanded of labour. The
thesis estimates an economy-wide wage elasticity of employment of
approximately -0,67;
• Higher output stimulates the demand for labour. The single equation estimate
of the employment elasticity of output is between 0,66 and 0,75, whilst the
economy-wide estimate is approximately 1,1. The latter takes into account
feedback effects from other macroeconomic variables, such as productivity
and wages;
• There is little evidence to show that the efficiency wage hypothesis holds -
higher productivity leads to higher wages, but the converse is not true;
• Union power increases real wages, indirectly leading to a fall in the demand
for labour. This suggests that the labour market has insiders and outsiders; and
• The relative price of labour is also important, with a fall in the cost of capital
leading to a decrease in the demand for labour.
Simulations suggest that job creation can be achieved through policies that encourage
wage moderation and increase economic growth. There is also a potential role, albeit
limited, for fiscal incentives such as a mooted earned income tax credit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Byna vyf miljoen Suid-Afrikaners was werkloos in 2002 en werkskepping is 'n
moeilike uitdaging. Voordat hierdie kwessie aangepak kan word, is dit egter
noodsaaklik om die probleem te verstaan. Hierdie tesis dra by tot hierdie begrip deur
te fokus op punte rondom die vraag na arbeid. Die ontleding kyk na 'n verskeidenheid
van teoretiese literatuur oor die vraag na arbeid en identifiseer sleutel-parameters vir
die arbeidsmark.
Daar is soveel teenstrydige paradigmas wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te
ontleed: Mikro-ekonomies teenoor makro-ekonomies; neoklassiek teenoor
strukturalisties; teoreties teenoor empiries, ensovoorts. Sommige van hierdie
paradigmas word bespreek as deel van die poging om 'n empiriese raamwerk te bou
wat gebruik kan word om die kwessie te ontleed.
Die empiriese resultate van die tesis toon:
• Hoër reële lone lei tot 'n verlaging van die hoeveelheid arbeid aangevra. Die
tesis beraam die ekonomiewye loonelastisiteit van indiensneming op sowat -
0,67;
• Hoër uitset stimuleer die vraag na arbeid. Die enkelvergelyking-raming van
die uitset-elastisiteit van indiensneming is tussen 0,66 en 0,75, terwyl die
ekonomiewye raming sowat 1,1 is. Laasgenoemde neem terugvoerinvloede
van ander makro-ekonomiese veranderlikes in ag, bv. produktiwiteit en lone.
• Daar is min bewyse dat die doeltreffende loon-hipotese water hou: Hoër
produktiwiteit lei tot hoër lone, maar die teendeel is onwaar;
• Vakbonde se mag verhoog reële lone, wat indirek lei tot 'n daling van die
vraag na arbeid. Dit dui daarop dat die arbeidsmark 'n binnekring en
buitestaanders het; en
• Die relatiewe prys van arbeid is ook belangrik: 'n Afname van die koste van
kapitaal veroorsaak 'n daling van die vraag na arbeid.
Simulasies toon dat werkskepping bevorder kan word deur beleid wat loonmatiging
en ekonomiese groei bevorder. Daar is ook 'n rol, alhoewel beperk, vir fiskale
insentiewe, b.v. 'n loonsubsidie.
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Do informal workers suffer an earnings penalty? A panel data analysis of earnings gaps in South AfricaYu, Katrina January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (M.Com. (Development Theory and Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 201 / Drawing on data from the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) from 2008-2012, this
paper investigates informal-formal earnings gaps in South Africa in order to assess the
validity of labour market segmentation theories and to shed light on the motivations behind
informal labour. In addition to controlling for observed individual characteristics using pooled
OLS regression, fixed effects and quantile regressions are also estimated to control for
time-invariant individual heterogeneity and to assess variations in earnings gap along the
income distribution. Results are indicative of segmentation both within informal employment
and in the labour market as a whole. Overall, informal employment in South Africa can be
characterised as highly diverse and heterogeneous, with earnings differentials varying by
employment type (whether salaried or self-employed), gender, and level of income. This
earnings analysis is complemented by a brief exploration into the non-pecuniary
characteristics of informal employment, with a consideration of the relationship between
subjective wellbeing and informality.
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How effective is EPWP employment in enhancing the employability of participants once they exit these programmes? the case of the Modimola Integrated Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), North West province.Moyo, Mbuso 06 August 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of EPWP employment in
enhancing workers’ subsequent employability once they exit these programmes. The study
also examined the conditions of EPWP employment to glean evidence about whether or not
jobs offered in these programmes are distinguishable from other forms of casual employment
preponderant within the South African labour market. Through the use of structured
interviews complemented by individual diaries conducted with thirty-two former participants
of the Modimola Integrated EPWP in the North West province this study reveals that public
works employment is not distinguishable from other forms of “precarious” employment when
evaluated against the general indicators of labour market security, minimum wages and
benefits, working time, training, and union representation, inter alia. Contrary to the
documented policy expectation that EPWP employment will enhance workers’ skills and
labour market exposure and thereby improve their subsequent labour market performance,
this study reveals that public works employment was not successful in enhancing
participants’ access to other employment opportunities. This study found a broad
unemployment level of 97% amongst former participants of the Modimola EPWP almost five
years after they went through the programme’s training component. The principal reason
given by all the respondents was overwhelmingly lack of employment opportunities that
required a recipe of skills they had acquired during participation in this programme.
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Labour market inequality at the post-secondary level in South Africa: understanding employment and earning outcomes among graduates and diplomatesMavundla, Khethiwe January 2017 (has links)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Theory and Policy, School of Economics and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2017 / This study explores labour market inequality amongst those with post-secondary education in South Africa. The need to invest in higher education has been emphasised as the gateway to facilitating equal opportunities in the labour market, with the view of bridging inequality in employment and incomes. Nevertheless, South Africa’s labour market remains highly unequal, despite higher rates of enrolment and completion in higher education. The existing body of literature suggests that labour market outcomes amongst those with post-secondary education are not equal, consequently widening the level of inequality within the economy. Using the Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2014 annual dataset a combination of descriptive statistics and econometric tools are employed to investigate employment and earnings outcomes between graduates and diplomates. The findings indicate that graduates are more successful in obtaining employment relative to diplomates even once demographic and geographic characteristics and field of study are controlled for. Moreover, graduates obtain a substantial earnings premium relative to diplomates even when controlling for job characteristics / XL2018
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Essays on the dimensions of youth unemployment in South AfricaRoberts, Gareth Arthur January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic & Business Sciences, 2016. / No abstract.
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Constraints to graduate employment in the City of Johannesburg, South AfricaEdayi, Juliet January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (M.Com. (Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 2016. / Graduate unemployment has become a significant factor in the global economy. The economic system now relies on institutional unemployment figures as the indices of the socio-economic well-being of any country. Research shows that graduate unemployment is potentially damaging to the economy. If such unemployment persists, it may lead to the erosion and outdating of graduates' skills–bases, which will affect the economy in the long term. Statistical reports show that there is high graduate unemployment in South Africa; hence graduates struggle to find work despite the skills shortage in the country. This seems to contradict previous studies suggesting that the higher a person‘s education level, the higher his or her probability of finding employment. As a result of the significant rise in unemployment rates among South Africa‘s stock of graduates, the extent of the emerging skills-mismatch possessed by new graduate labour market entrants are increasingly misaligned with the skills demanded by employers.
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Small area estimation of unemployment for South African labour market statisticsHakizimana, Jean-Marie Vianney 23 February 2012 (has links)
M.Sc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / The need for Official Statistics to assist in the planning and monitoring of development projects is becoming more intense, as the country shifts toward better service delivery by local government. It is evident that the demand for statistics at small area level (municipal rather than provincial) is high. However, the statistics with respect to employment status at municipal level is limited by the poor estimation of unemployment in 2001 Census and by changes in boundaries in local government areas. Estimates are judged to be reliable only at provincial level (Stats SA, 2003)
The aim of this study is to investigate possible methods to resolve the problem of the misclassification of employment status in Census 2001 by readjusting the data with respect to the classification of people as employed, unemployed or economically inactive, to that of Labour Force Survey of September 2001. This report gives an overview of the different methods of small area estimation proposed in the literature, and investigates the use of these methods to provide better estimates of employment status at a small area (municipal) level.
The application of the small area estimation methods to employment status shows that the choice of the method used is dependent on the available data as well as the specification of the required domain of estimation. This study uses a two-stage small area model to give estimates of unemployment at different small areas of estimation across the geographical hierarchy (i.e. District Council and Municipality). Even though plausible estimates of the unemployment rate were calculated for each local municipality, the study points out some limitations, one of which is the poor statistical representation (very few people) living in some specific municipalities (e.g. District Management Areas used for national parks). Another issue is the poor classification of employment status in rural areas due to poor data with respect to economic activities, mostly with respect to family businesses, and the non-availability of additional auxiliary data at municipal level, for the validation of the results. The inability to incorporate the time difference factors in the small area estimation model is also a problem.
In spite those limitations, the small area estimation of unemployment in South Africa gives the reference estimates of unemployment at municipality level for targeted policy intervention when looking at reducing the gap between those who have jobs and those who do not. Hence, the outcome of the small area estimation investigation should assist policy makers in their decision-making. In addition, the methodological approach used in this report constitutes a technical contribution to the knowledge of using Small Area Estimation techniques for South African Employment statistics.
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