Há algumas décadas as relações entre medidas de desigualdade e de segregação são conhecidas. Neste sentido, o objetivo principal desta dissertação é aprofundar a análise dessas relações. São descritas, pormenorizadamente, as medidas consagradas de desigualdade (índice de Gini e medida geral) e de segregação (índice de Gini para segregação e índice de Dissimilaridade). Como primeiro resultado, é demonstrado que algumas medidas de segregação conhecidas na literatura são casos particulares ou transformações da medida geral de segregação de Hutchens (2004). Advoga-se pelo uso da medida geral, em detrimento de uma transformação proposta por esse autor. Além disso, são demonstradas algumas propriedades sobre sua decomposição. Embora o efeito de transferências regressivas de renda sobre as medidas de desigualdade seja discutido há décadas, não existia análise correspondente para medidas de segregação. Para cobrir essa lacuna, são analisadas as sensibilidades da medida geral de segregação e dos índices de Gini e de Dissimilaridade a mudanças regressivas entre estratos. Para ilustrar os resultados encontrados, é analisada a evolução da segregação por gênero em grupamentos de atividade no Brasil de 1992 a 2014. Constatou-se que a segregação por gênero, conforme várias medidas, diminuiu. Além disso, de 2002 a 2014, é feita a análise da decomposição das medidas de segregação quando 53 ramos de atividade são classificados em seis grupamentos. Verifica-se que a redução da segregação por gênero entre os 53 ramos de atividade foi puxada pela segregação entre os seis grupamentos. Vários outros resultados sobre medidas de segregação são apresentados no final do trabalho. / For decades, the relations between inequality and segregation measures has been analyzed. This dissertation aims to deepen the analysis of these relations. The well known inequality (Gini index and general measure) and segregation (Gini index for segregation and Dissimilarity index) measures are described in detail. It is also demonstrated that some measures of segregation known in the literature are particular cases or transformations of Hutchens\' (2004) general measure of segregation. The use of the general measure is advocated, to the detriment of a transformation proposed by the author. In addition, some properties of its decomposition are demonstrated. Although the effect of regressive income transfers on inequality measures has been discussed for decades, there is no corresponding analysis for segregation measures. To cover this gap, we analyze the sensitivity of the segregation general measure and of the Gini and Dissimilarity indices to regressive movements between strata. To illustrate the results, the evolution of gender segregation between sectors of activity in Brazil, from 1992 to 2014, is analyzed. Gender segregation, according to several measures, has decreased. In addition, from 2002 to 2014, we analyze the decomposition of segregation when 53 branches of activity are classified into 6 sectors grouping. The results show that the decline of gender segregation between activities was driven by the segregation between groups. Several other results on segregation measures are found in the last chapter.

In the last decades, in most of the OECD countries employment relations have been changing and atypical forms of employment have been spreading rapidly. The “standard contract”, permanent and full-time, has lost importance, replaced by “flexible jobs”, such as fixed-term contracts, temporary work agency employment, variable working hours jobs, on call employment. A debate has been rising on whether atypical jobs, especially short-term contracts, might spur the development of a secondary labour market, in which the unemployed might get trapped in a cycle between dead-end jobs and unemployment. On the other hand, disadvantaged groups excluded from employment by too strict regulations might benefit most from the enhanced flexibility. Chapter 1 introduces this debate, Chapters 2 and 3 shed light on it. I analyse the labour market performance of workers who left unemployment through short-term jobs. I infer what counterfactual labour market performance would have been undertaken if the unemployed had rejected these jobs. In this way, it can be established whether short-term jobs may increase or decrease the chances of having a more stable career later in life, i.e. whether they are “stepping stones” or “dead ends”. I find evidence supporting the stepping stone hypothesis both in Italy and in Belgium. In terms of future job stability, even precarious and unsuccessful jobs are to be preferred to longer searches for directly finding better jobs. Chapter 4 is an identification analysis of the econometric models for duration data that encompass competing risks of exits, consecutive spells, and lagged duration dependence. Finally, Chapter 5 provides a new estimation strategy to look at the effect of past labour market experiences on two aspects of the subsequent job quality: wage and tenure on the job. The methodological novelty consists in jointly modelling labour market durations, transitions, and wages by way of a hazard-function based approach.

The main objective of this research is to estimate internal and external wage effects associated with a changing share of college graduates in Canada. This paper uses data drawn from the Canadian 1991, 1996, and 2001 Public Use Microdata File for 25 to 65 years old individuals working full-time and full-year in metropolitan areas. These workers are then separated into four different levels of education groups in order to estimate the effect of change in the share of college-educated workers on their earnings. <p>The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates, controlling for potential work experience, total years of schooling, individual occupation, employment industry, immigration status, visible minority status, show a significant positive relationship between the percentage change of the share of college-educated workers and the percentage change of individuals real weekly wage rates. We found that one percentage point increase in a census metropolitan areas share of college-graduated workers was associated with a 0.35 percentage change in all workers wage rates in that city. For separated education groups, our results showed that a one percentage expansion in the supply of college-graduated workers raised less than high schools wage rate by 0.245 percent, raised high-school graduates wage rate by 0.363 percent, raised more than college-educated workers wage rate by 0.385 percent, and raised college-educated wage rate by 0.326 percentage. These results are consistent with the conclusion arrived at by E. Moretti, (2004) that all types of workers earnings increased when a citys share of college graduates rose.

The main objective of this research is to estimate internal and external wage effects associated with a changing share of college graduates in Canada. This paper uses data drawn from the Canadian 1991, 1996, and 2001 Public Use Microdata File for 25 to 65 years old individuals working full-time and full-year in metropolitan areas. These workers are then separated into four different levels of education groups in order to estimate the effect of change in the share of college-educated workers on their earnings. <p>The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates, controlling for potential work experience, total years of schooling, individual occupation, employment industry, immigration status, visible minority status, show a significant positive relationship between the percentage change of the share of college-educated workers and the percentage change of individuals real weekly wage rates. We found that one percentage point increase in a census metropolitan areas share of college-graduated workers was associated with a 0.35 percentage change in all workers wage rates in that city. For separated education groups, our results showed that a one percentage expansion in the supply of college-graduated workers raised less than high schools wage rate by 0.245 percent, raised high-school graduates wage rate by 0.363 percent, raised more than college-educated workers wage rate by 0.385 percent, and raised college-educated wage rate by 0.326 percentage. These results are consistent with the conclusion arrived at by E. Moretti, (2004) that all types of workers earnings increased when a citys share of college graduates rose.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984.

This thesis presents three chapters on the subject of unemployment persistence. Two of the chapters are empirically focussed and the other is a purely theoretic work. Unemployment persistence is defined as the existence of serial correlation in individual employment outcomes. The first chapter finds evidence for unemployment persistence among men and women in the Australian youth labour market. Individual labour market dynamics are analysed using the Australian Longitudinal Survey. The analytic framework used is a Random Effects Probit model, incorporating lagged employment status as an explanatory variable status. Results support a “scarring” effect of unemployment upon individuals’ future employment prospects. The second chapter provides decision-theoretic foundations for unemployment persistence, based upon heterogeneous intrinsic productivity among workers. A representative firm is assumed to receive an imperfectly precise signal of worker ability every period, and re-forms its beliefs every period using a Bayesian updating method. A model of the dynamic behaviour of optimal employment decisions by the firm is constructed. It is shown that under certain circumstances workers of all productivities may be “scarred” in the eyes of the firm by past unemployment, due to the firm’s being unwilling to hire from an unemployment pool of dubious quality. The third chapter presents a detailed investigation into how to measure unemployment persistence within the UK. The chapter presents several modelling strategies capable of being used to analyse panel data of a binary nature, and discusses how to decide which methods are most appropriate in particular environments. Panel data on men from the British Household Panel Survey are used to estimate a structural state dependence equation in employment status, where lagged employment status is used as an explanatory variable. Particular attention is given to controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. The empirical results indicate strong evidence of unemployment persistence.

Prior research from the U.S. and abroad reveals a sizable lesbian earnings advantage over otherwise-similar heterosexual women. Using data from the 2000 U.S. Census and 2005-2010 American Community Surveys, we estimate traditional earnings equations and find robust evidence of a lesbian premium, corroborating the findings of previous studies. Using within-sample maternity incidence as an estimate of employers' forward-looking expectations, we then examine whether differences in the perceived likelihood of an employee requiring maternity leave, here-labelled 'maternity risk', contribute to the lesbian pay gap. Results from a direct assessment suggest that maternity risk adversely affects income, and that accounting for near-term differences in maternity risk reduces the lesbian premium by approximately ten to fifteen percent. Further analyses, using proxy variables for differential maternity risk, yield similar results. As such, the persistent finding of a lesbian earnings advantage in previous studies can be attributed, at least in part, to employers' aversion to maternity risk and its associated costs. These findings are also of critical importance to the general labour-market discrimination literature. Given the adverse earnings effect of maternity risk, our analysis suggests that estimates of the well-established gender earnings disparity are likely to be considerably smaller when incorporating maternity risk into the analysis. Absent the ability to adequately control for maternity risk, strict attention should be paid to potential upward bias in estimated earnings differentials. Moreover, policymakers should consider the broader implications of maternity-leave policy on the labour-market outcomes of females. In this respect, maternity-leave policy may influence the hiring and promotion decisions of employers, thereby indirectly affecting sexual-orientation and gender equality in the labour market. However, further research in this area is still required, given the limitations inherent in the direct and indirect analyses.

The timing of work over the day or week is fundamental to the nature of paid work and the interaction between work and leisure. However, due to data limitations, little research has been done on the timing of work in Australia. The Australian Time Use Survey, conducted nationally by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in 1992 and 1997, provides a unique opportunity to examine actual work timing arrangements in the Australian workforce. (For complete abstract open document)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Örebro : Örebro universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984. / Also available in print.