Le développement de matériaux permettant la fabrication de bâtiments à « énergie positive » est une préoccupation importante. Les solutions existantes consistent soit à économiser de l’énergie, soit à la produire. Nous proposons de développer un store photovoltaïque rassemblant ainsi les deux fonctions : diminuer la consommation d’énergie en apportant une régulation thermique et la production de l’énergie électrique.Le produit ainsi conçu, peut aussi être utilisé dans des domaines autonomes (camping-cars, bateaux) afin de favoriser une utilisation nomade ou des domaines connectés au réseau électrique (résidentiels). Le développement d’une telle application nécessite l’utilisation de panneaux photovoltaïques souples, légers, fins, dont les rendements de production surfaciques sont les meilleurs possibles. La possibilité de rangement du panneau photovoltaïque autour d’un tube cylindrique permet d’améliorer leur intégration architecturale et un encombrement minimum.A cette fin, il est utile d’intégrer des capteurs photovoltaïques au textile. L’intégration des cellules photovoltaïques est réalisée par un procédé de lamination continu différent des procédés conventionnels.Afin de s’assurer de la faisabilité d’un tel produit, des prototypes ont été réalisés pour connaître les difficultés rencontrées lors des étapes successives de montage. De plus, ceux-ci ont permis d’effectuer des mesures dans des conditions réelles et comparer ainsi la solution développée aux solutions existantes. / Developing new materials to make positive energy buildings is an important issue. Solutions currently in existence are either energy saving or energy production. We are proposing a photovoltaic awning which has both functions: decreasing the energy consumption and producing the electricity.This new product can be used as an off-grid system (RV-awning, marine) for nomad use or as an on-grid systems (residential). Such application development needs the photovoltaic technology thin, light, flexible and as efficient as possible. The storage space around the cylindrical roll allows improving the architectural integration and minimal size.In order to realize this novel product, the bonding of photovoltaic cells to the textile structure (lamination) is necessary. This part of the project has been realized with a new roll-to-roll process different from the conventional one.Prototypes have been made in order to acquire knowledge and experience related to difficulties that may occur at the next step of the realization. Moreover, various tests have been done to compare other technologies to the photovoltaic awning.

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Lamina formation in the developing cortex requires precise generation, migration and differentiation of cortical neurons. Cortical projection neurons originate from progenitors of the embryonic dorsal telencephalon. The transcription factor Pax6 is expressed in apical progenitors (APs) throughout corticogenesis in a rostro-lateralhigh to caudo-mediallow gradient. The current studies focus on elucidating the spatial and temporal role of Pax6 in cortical development. I first analysed the cortex of PAX77 transgenic mice that overexpress Pax6 in its normal domains of expression. I show that Pax6 overexpression acts cell-autonomously to reduce the proliferation of late cortical progenitors specifically, resulting in the formation of thinner superficial layers in the PAX77 cortex. Increased levels of Pax6 lengthen the cell cycle of APs and drive the system towards neurogenesis. These effects are specific to late stages of corticogenesis, when superficial layer neurons are normally generated, in cortical regions that express Pax6 at the highest levels. The number of superficial layer neurons is reduced in postnatal PAX77 mice, while radial migration and lamina specification of cortical neurons are not affected by Pax6 overexpression. Then, Pax6 was conditionally inactivated in cortical progenitors at mid- or late-stages of corticogenesis by using a tamoxifen-inducible Emx1-CreER line. I report a novel requirement of Pax6 for continuous suppression of ventral fates and concurrent maintenance of an appropriate dorsal identity in cortical progenitors. Pax6 ablation at either mid- or late-stages of corticogenesis increases the proliferation of late cortical progenitors at all levels across the rostral-caudal axis. In the absence of Pax6 from mid-corticogenesis, late-born neurons are severely under-represented and misspecified in superficial layers of the mutant cortex. Notably, Pax6 inactivation during late corticogenesis also affects superficial laminar fate; although the numbers of late-born cortical neurons are not severely affected in superficial layers of the mutant cortex, substantial numbers of late-born cells fail to migrate to appropriate laminar positions and accumulate in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the postnatal mutant cortex. Collectively, these gain- and loss-of-function studies suggest that disruption of Pax6 levels during different developmental time points leads ultimately to impaired formation of superficial cortical layers but through different cellular and molecular mechanisms.

What does sustainability mean with respect to furniture design and fabrication? How has technology - created and subsequently clouded - opportunities for new thinking? This body of work explores these broader questions and, more specifically, the efficiencies of bending wood. Historical precedents will guide a distillation of established bentwood technologies, which in turn will generate a more sustainable operation. The framework of this operation revolves around a minimalist approach to design coupled with an increased focus on product longevity - the paramount sustainable attribute. Additionally, an investigation of suitable alternatives to the most common - and highly toxic - adhesives is necessary. Beyond secondary research the primary research will utilize small-scale models to minimize material waste while examining the appropriateness of new processes. These studies will emulate the sculptural plywood experiments of Alvar Aalto and Charles and Ray Eames. The final manufacturing process will make use of these study models with the intent of generating a modular system of interchangeable formwork to customize sustainably produced pieces. Final deliverables include the tangible studies along with full-scale designs utilizing modular formwork and a research component documenting the potential for a more comprehensive definition of sustainability with regards to furniture. / Master of Science

Le but de cette thèse est d'établir des liens entre la théorie des laminations et celle des structures de contact, via les surfaces branchées. Cette démarche est motivée par l'existence de liens étroits entre les structures de contact tendues et les feuilletages tendus. <br />Le résultat principal est l'obtention d'une condition suffisante pour qu'une surface branchée B d'une variété V de dimension 3 porte pleinement une lamination. Il en découle une condition suffisante pour que le rappel de B dans le revêtement universel de V porte pleinement une lamination. Cette condition est nécessaire pour que cette lamination soit essentielle. Ce résultat apporte un élément de réponse à une question classique de Gabai.<br />On introduit ensuite une notion de structure de contact portée par une surface branchée qui généralise celle de Oertel-Swiatkowski. Enfin, on établit une condition sufisante pour que deux structures de contact soient, à isotopie près, portées par une même surface branchée.

Abstract Layered composite materials consisting of thin orthotropic layers offer for a designer many possibilities to tailor the structure: the behaviour and properties of the structure can be influenced not only by varying the geometry and thicknesses of the structure but also by varying the lay-up of the laminate. As new orthotropic materials having high specific strength and stiffness are used in structures, the tailoring is essential to utilize all the benefits of these materials. In this thesis tailoring and optimization of thermomechanical properties of layered composite structures are considered. The tailoring problemis formulated and solved as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Different types of global thermomechanical properties, such as stiffnesses, coefficients of thermal expansion and natural frequencies and buckling loads of composite plates, as well as layer-wise properties, such as stresses and strains in a certain lamina, are considered. Also, coupled thermalstructural problems are studied. When lay-up parameters, i.e. number of layers, and their orientations and thicknesses, are employed as design variables, global as well as layer-wise properties of the laminate can be considered. As relations between thermomechanical properties and lay-up parameters are highly nonlinear, optimization may suffer from various local optima. However, in tailoring the global minima or maxima are not the points of interest but rather the points of design space, where appropriate values for considered properties are achieved. In the thesis optimization of global thermomechanical properties is presented also by applying so-called lamination parameters as design variables. The lamination parameters are defined as integrals of the functions, which consist of sines and cosines of the lay-up angles of different layers multiplied by the powers of the thickness co-ordinate z, through the thickness of the laminate. Thus, information of the lay-up of the laminate can be compressed into these parameters and only twelve lamination parameters are needed to describe the behaviour of a common laminate. The use of these parameters as design variables is advantageous, because the number of parameters needed is small and often formulating a convex optimization problem is possible. After finding optimal lamination parameters, a procedure is needed to generate a lay-up corresponding to these parameters. Explicit equations are derived for generating lay-ups having optimal bending lamination parameters. For creating a laminate having both optimal in-plane and bending lamination parameters, a new optimization problem searching laminates having lamination parameters as close as possible to the optimal ones is formulated. In that problem, also layer-wise properties and restrictions of manufacturing are taken into account. Agenetic algorithmsearch is employed for solving that later problem as the value of the objective function can be computed efficiently. Also, often the thicknesses and orientations of different layers can have only discrete values, which can be handled easily in the GA search, where all design variables are discrete in character.

This thesis first explains the eddy current and the phenomenon of skin effect, where the resultant flux flows near the surface of the metal. A new flux direction perspective is created for steel laminations, from which derivations of the eddy current resistance and power losses in different directions are developed assuming uniform flux conditions. The developed method compares with a proposed theory through experimental data. The results from the comparison support the validity of the developed derivations. Two uniform flux generators and their billets construction are introduced. The power loss between two cubic billets with different orientations is compared. A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program is used to show the difference between lamination alignments. To prove the validity of the developed theory, two experiments were performed using two different electroheating apparatus. The results give scale factors from which the theoretical values can be matched to the experimental ones. Due to the poorer construction of the first apparatus, the scale factor of measured to computed losses is 1.15. The scale factor for the second apparatus can be taken as unity, revealing a good match between theory and measurements. After verification of the developed equations for uniform flux experiments, the focus of the eddy current loss calculation turned to partial core transformers. The flux background of a cubical core is reviewed. Three key factors ( L', Kec and βa) are introduced into the eddy current power loss model. L' is a length which indicates the region of the flux spreading at the ends of the core. Kec as a ratio indicates how much of the main flux spreads at the ends of the core. βa is the ratio of the winding axial length and winding thickness. Using simulations from the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program MagNet, a partial core side view with the flux distribution and flux density from two orthogonal angles is created. A flux linkage comparison between the experimental results and the returned values from MagNet verifies the high accuracy of the flux plot in MagNet. The eddy current power loss model is then built up with equations. The relationships amongst the three key factors are studied and confirmed using the experimental results. Normally, a partial core transformer uses a cylindrical partial core rather than a cubical partial core, to reduce the amount of winding material. Therefore, a further goal was to prove the developed model for cylindrical partial core transformers. The construction differences between the cubical and cylindrical core is discussed. The orthogonal flux assumptions for the cylindrical core in two directions are reviewed. The flux penetration between two adjacent blocks is considered and explained. The mathematical core loss model is created for a cylindrical core composing by ten blocks. Three tests were performed using the developed core loss model. The results visualize the power loss from the core by its temperature distribution, and consequently prove the validity of the developed core loss model. An eddy current loss comparison and the discussion are made between the previous method and the developed method. Overall, the results confirm a significant improvement using the developed core loss model, and a generic form of the partial core can be used for designing future models of partial core transformers which have a stacking factor greater than 0.96.

This master’s thesis deals with ways of lamination of ceramic tapes prepared by gel–tape casting method. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part, a literary recherche, describes methods of production of thin ceramic layers. The main focus is on the tape casting method. The second, experimental, part of the thesis describes the preparation of ceramic suspensions, the fabrication of thin ceramic layers by gel–tape casting method, the preparation of laminated bodies from thick-walled discs and laminated tapes and it also shows a possibility of creating of ceramic layers by the spin coating method used on polycrystalline ceramic substrate.

Master’s thesis deals with the optimalization of low-temperature cofired ceramic lamination process that affects the final quality of 3D structures (eg., channels, cavities, membranes, etc.). The paper evaluates the influence of lamination parameters (pressure, temperature, time) on the formation of defects in the structure, which were detected by appropriate methods. The last parts describes designed and simulation cooling water system using LTCC technology.

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