Woody encroachment upon grasslands is a global trend that is cause for concern. In the Lampasas Cut Plain of Texas, Ashe juniper is the dominant woody invasive species. Grassland restoration is dependent upon proper seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. Shearing and bulldozing are common methods of juniper removal. Three hypotheses were tested in this experiment. The first was that bulldozing and shearing results in similar seedbed preparations. The second was that electrical conductivity (ECa) models soil moisture storage heterogeneity across a landscape. The third hypothesis tested was that bulldozing and shearing result in similar seedling establishment. Eighteen plots were selected and three treatments were applied: 1) shearing, 2) dozing, and 3) control. After clearing with both juniper removal methods, the levels of soil disturbance and vegetation regrowth were measured. Point measures were used to describe soil surface disturbance, and at each point, presence and size of ground cover and surface depressions were recorded. After germination, when the plants were large enough to identify, vegetation was sampled at 20-24 locations in each plot. At each sample location a quadrat was placed on the transect, and total herbaceous, grass, forb, rock, litter, and bare soil cover were recorded in cover classes. All species were identified, seeded species were enumerated, and in the second vegetation sample, dominant species were assigned a cover class. There was considerable variation between plots for all parameters measured. Bulldozing created a greater number of depressions in the soil than shearing. It also had a higher percent of large depressions. There was no difference in ground cover change between treatments except in the case of the largest litter category. ECa was effective in modeling soil moisture storage patterns and had a lower coefficient of variation than manual soil depth measurements. There was no difference between sheared and dozed plots for any of the vegetation establishment parameters, but control plots had lower establishment in most categories. Overall, there was little difference between the two treatments in seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. The cost of shearing was 80% of the cost of dozing, which made it more desirable in this scenario.

Woody encroachment upon grasslands is a global trend that is cause for concern. In the Lampasas Cut Plain of Texas, Ashe juniper is the dominant woody invasive species. Grassland restoration is dependent upon proper seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. Shearing and bulldozing are common methods of juniper removal. Three hypotheses were tested in this experiment. The first was that bulldozing and shearing results in similar seedbed preparations. The second was that electrical conductivity (ECa) models soil moisture storage heterogeneity across a landscape. The third hypothesis tested was that bulldozing and shearing result in similar seedling establishment. Eighteen plots were selected and three treatments were applied: 1) shearing, 2) dozing, and 3) control. After clearing with both juniper removal methods, the levels of soil disturbance and vegetation regrowth were measured. Point measures were used to describe soil surface disturbance, and at each point, presence and size of ground cover and surface depressions were recorded. After germination, when the plants were large enough to identify, vegetation was sampled at 20-24 locations in each plot. At each sample location a quadrat was placed on the transect, and total herbaceous, grass, forb, rock, litter, and bare soil cover were recorded in cover classes. All species were identified, seeded species were enumerated, and in the second vegetation sample, dominant species were assigned a cover class. There was considerable variation between plots for all parameters measured. Bulldozing created a greater number of depressions in the soil than shearing. It also had a higher percent of large depressions. There was no difference in ground cover change between treatments except in the case of the largest litter category. ECa was effective in modeling soil moisture storage patterns and had a lower coefficient of variation than manual soil depth measurements. There was no difference between sheared and dozed plots for any of the vegetation establishment parameters, but control plots had lower establishment in most categories. Overall, there was little difference between the two treatments in seedbed preparation and seedling establishment. The cost of shearing was 80% of the cost of dozing, which made it more desirable in this scenario.

Tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimą ir įgyvendinimą. Tyrimo tikslas – atlikti žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų teisinio reglamentavimo analizę. Tyrimui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. Atrinkti ir išnagrinėti Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimą. 2. Atlikti jų istorinę pakeitimų apžvalgą. 3. Anketinės apklausos pagalba pateikti asmenų, susijusių su žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų teisiniu reglamentavimu, nuomonę. Tyrimo metodika. Atliekant tyrimus, išnagrinėti Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, įtakojantys žemės sklypų pertvarkymą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Atlikta literatūros šaltinių analizė ir apklausa, kurioje pateikiamos specialistų, turinčių teorinės ir (arba) praktinės patirties šioje srityje, nuomonė. Išanalizuoti Kauno rajono teritorijoje pradėti rengti ir parengti žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektai bei jų tikslai. Panaudoti duomenų sintezės ir kiti metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai: - atsižvelgiant į galiojusius ir galiojančius šalyje teisės aktus atlikta žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų parengiamųjų, rengimo ir baigiamųjų darbų etapų istorinė apžvalga; - išanalizuoti Kauno rajono teritorijoje planuojamų rengti ir patvirtintų žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimo tikslai, išanalizuota duomenų statistika. Pagrindinės išvados: 1) padalijimo bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research – Lithuanian legal acts affecting land formation and reformation project preparation and implementation. Aim of the research – perform land formation and reformation projects of legal regulation analysis. Objectives of the research: 1. select and analyze the Lithuanian legislation affecting the land formation and reformation project development; 2. make review of the changes in their history; 3. to perform a questionnaire – based on survey to assess opinions affecting the land formation and reformation project development Research methods. The research examined the Lithuanian legislation affecting land reorganization in Lithuania. Analysis of the literature source and survey, which includes point of view of of professionals with theoretical and (or) the practical experience. The proposed and prepared projects and their objectives in Kaunas district are analzed. Data synthesis and other methods were used as well. Research results: - according to applicable laws and the valid land formation and reformation project preparatory, production and final stages of the work a historical overview is performed; - approved land formation and conversion of project development objectives in the district of Kaunas were analysed, as well as data statistics; The main conclusions: 1) in the division way the formed land areas are up to 2 hectares; 2) the main reason for land holding projects is a siutable plot of area for the construction; 3) by 2013 permits issued, 5... [to full text]