O processo de industrialização e urbanização brasileiro está caracterizado por uma dinâmica de abandono (degradação) e reuso de áreas, que podem apresentar histórico de atividades com potencial de contaminação dos solos e águas superficiais e subterrâneas, concentrados em centros industriais, dentre os quais desponta o município de São Paulo. A disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos está entre as atividades que contribuem para o surgimento de áreas contaminadas e apresenta algumas especificidades para a sua recuperação. O objetivo desta pesquisa compreende a identificação e avaliação da adequação técnica, ambiental e paisagística dos processos de conversão de aterros desativados, existentes no município de São Paulo, em parques urbanos. O trabalho aborda as origens dessas áreas, passando pelas fases de sua implantação e desativação, os processos envolvidos na sua efetiva requalificação como parques, dentro de suas respectivas inserções urbanas, assim como a avaliação de suas condições atuais, quanto à contaminação, ao potencial de conectividade na paisagem e aos projetos paisagísticos e planos de gestão propostos. A pesquisa trata de dois estudos de caso: o antigo aterro Raposo Tavares, situado na Subprefeitura do Butantã, zona oeste, atual Parque Raposo Tavares e o antigo aterro Jacuí, situado na Subprefeitura de São Miguel Paulista, zona leste, hoje em processo de requalificação como o Parque Jardim Primavera. O estudo dos conceitos e das classificações dos sistemas de gestão de áreas contaminadas e de áreas verdes permitiu a proposição dos termos área contaminada requalificada e parqueaterro. A análise espacial da paisagem dos parques-aterros, através do modelo de tomada de decisão por multicritérios (Multi Criteria Evaluation - MCE), deu origem aos mapas de potencial de conectividade, em dois diferentes cenários: mais otimista e mais conservador. Os resultados mostraram que a conexão da paisagem está mais favorecida junto ao Raposo Tavares. Observou-se, também, que as condições ambientais e a distância de influência dos critérios selecionados na avaliação são determinantes para a definição das zonas de amortecimento urbanas dos parques. Os estudos de caso representam duas épocas distintas do desenvolvimento tecnológico para a requalificação dessas áreas. O projeto paisagístico do parqueaterro Raposo Tavares não contemplou aspectos importantes para evitar problemas relacionados à sua gênese. Ao contrário, o projeto do parque-aterro Jardim Primavera incorporou os quesitos técnicos e ambientais atuais e incluiu a participação da comunidade. A particularidade da gênese dos parques-aterros e suas restrições orientaram as diretrizes propostas para os seus planos de gestão, especialmente quanto à revegetação e definição das suas zonas de amortecimento. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a implantação de parques-aterros deve ser encarada com precaução, em razão dos possíveis riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores da obra como dos seus futuros usuários e à flora e fauna locais. / The process of industrialization and urbanization of Brazil is characterized by a dynamic of abandonment (degradation) and reuse of areas, which may have a history of activities that could contaminate the soils and surface and ground water. These areas tend to be concentrated in industrial centers, one of the most noteworthy of which is São Paulo. The disposal of solid waste is one of the activities that contribute to the emergence of contaminated areas and they have to be recovered in a specific manner. The aim of this research is to identify and assess the suitability from a technical, environmental and landscape standpoint of processes of converting abandoned landfills into urban parks in the municipality of São Paulo. The study discusses the origins of these areas, from the stages of their implementation and deactivation, to the processes involved in their effective redevelopment as parks, within their respective urban insertions. It also evaluates their current situation in terms of contamination, their potential for connectivity in the landscape and examines their landscaping design and proposed management plans. The research includes two case studies: the former landfill site Raposo Tavares, located in the Subprefecture of Butantã in the West District, which is currently the Raposo Tavares Park; and the former landfill site Jacuí, located in São Miguel Paulista, in the Eastern District, currently under redevelopment as the Jardim Primavera Park. The study of the concepts and classifications of the management systems of contaminated areas and green areas led to the proposal of the terms requalified contaminated area and landfill-park. Spatial analysis of the landscape of the landfill-parks, using the Multi Criteria Evaluation - MCE model, enabled the creation of connectivity potential maps, with two different scenarios: one more optimistic and the other conservative.The results showed that the landscape connectivity is more favourable in Raposo Tavares. It was also found that the environmental conditions and distance of influence of selected criteria in the evaluation are crucial to the definition of urban buffer zones of the parks. The case studies represent two different eras of technological development for the requalification of these areas. The landscape project of the Raposo Tavares landfill-park did not include important aspects to avoid problems related to its genesis. On the contrary, the design of the Jardim Primavera landfill-park incorporated current environmental and technical issues and included community participation. The particularity of the genesis of landfill-parks and their constraints oriented the proposed guidelines for their management plans, especially regarding the definition of revegetation and their buffer zones. Thus, it was concluded that the implementation of landfill-parks should be viewed with caution because of possible health risks to construction workers, future users and their flora and fauna

O lançamento dos efluentes de depósitos de resíduos no ambiente altera significativamente a qualidade das águas. Apesar do amplo acervo de dados sobre os mecanismos de formação do lixiviado e das mudanças de sua qualidade nas diferentes fases do aterro, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de mobilização de poluentes do maciço de resíduos para o lixiviado e da interação deste com as águas subterrâneas e o meio geológico. A compreensão destes processos é essencial para orientar critérios de estabilidade destes aterros e para avaliar se o maciço de resíduos não representa mais uma ameaça para o ambiente. Nesse sentido, um poço de 1,5 m de diâmetro com lisímetros de sucção instalados em diferentes profundidades foi instalado dentro do maciço de resíduos do lixão desativado de São Carlos/SP para análise do conteúdo aterrado e do lixiviado em camadas de resíduos com diferentes idades de deposição. Amostras de águas subterrâneas coletadas em poços de monitoramento a montante, dentro e a jusante do maciço também foram analisadas. Concluiu-se que o lixão está na fase metanogênica e que o maciço é composto por chorume imóvel com elevadas concentrações de poluentes e por resíduos não inertes. Condições redutoras e de tamponamento são mantidas constantes no lixão, as quais controlam as reações redox ocorrentes no maciço e a qualidade do lixiviado. A mobilização de Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ni, Zn, Pb e Cd do maciço para o lixiviado apresentou-se mais significativa sobre os demais elementos avaliados e ocorre a partir dos resíduos sólidos aterrados e dos solos de cobertura. Os principais parâmetros de interesse ambiental identificados no lixiviado foram nitrogênio amoniacal, Cd, Cr, Pb, NO3 e DBO5 e nas águas subterrâneas foram nitrogênio amoniacal, Cr, Cd, Al, Ni, Fe, Mn e Pb. A análise dos dados de qualidade do conteúdo aterrado e do lixiviado comprovou uma significativa mobilização de poluentes dentro do maciço de resíduos do lixão desativado de São Carlos/SP. Apesar de estar desativado há 18 anos, o maciço de resíduos ainda é fonte primária de poluentes, comprovando seu potencial remanescente de contaminação, principalmente para as águas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) e do manancial Ribeirão do Feijão. Portanto, o monitoramento da área não pode ser descontinuado. / The effluent release of waste disposal sites in the environment alters significantly the water quality. Despite the large collection of data about leachate formation mechanisms and its quality changes in the different landfill phases, very little is known about pollutants mobilization in solid waste of an uncontrolled landfill and its interaction with groundwater and geological environment. Understanding these processes is essential to guide stability criteria for these landfills and to assess whether the waste mass no longer represents a threat to the environment. Thus, a dug well with 1.5 meter diameter equipped with suction lysimeters in different depths was installed within the solid waste mass of the uncontrolled landfill of São Carlos/SP to analyze the landed content and the leachate in different aged waste layer. Groundwater samples collected at monitoring wells upstream, within and downstream of the massif were also analyzed. It was concluded that the landfill is in methanogenic phase and that the waste body is composed by immobile leachate with high concentrations of pollutants and by non-inert solid waste. Reductive and tamponade conditions are kept constant in the waste mass, which control the redox reactions occurring in the mass and the quality of leachate. The mobilization of Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd from the solid waste to the leachate is very significant and occur from the landed solid waste and from the soil cover. The main parameters of environmental interest identified in the leachate were ammonia nitrogen, Cd, Cr, Pb, NO3 and BOD5 and in groundwater were ammonia nitrogen, Cr, Cd, Al, Ni, Fe, Mn and Pb. Data analysis of grounded content quality and leachate quality has proved significant mobilization of pollutants within the waste mass of uncontrolled landfill of São Carlos. Despite being deactivated 18 years ago, the waste mass is still a primary source of pollutants, proving its remaining potential contamination, mainly for water of Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) and of Ribeirão do Feijão river. Therefore, monitoring of the area can not be discontinued.

Solute transport studies frequently rely on numerical solutions of the classical advection-diffusion equation. Unfortunately, solutions obtained with traditional finite difference and finite element techniques typically exhibit excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillation when advection dominates, especially when velocity field is highly variable. One recently developed technique, the finite analytic method, offers an attractive alternative. Finite analytic methods utilize local analytic solutions in discrete elements to obtain the algebraic representations of the governing partial differential equations, thus eliminating the truncation error in the finite difference and the use of approximating functions in the finite element method. The finite analytic solutions have been shown to be stable and numerically robust for advection-dominated transport in heterogeneous velocity fields. However, the existing finite analytic methods for solute transport in multiple dimensions have the following disadvantages. First, the method is computationally inefficient when applied to heterogeneous media due to the complexity of the formulation. Second, the evaluation of finite analytic coefficients is when the Peclet number is large. Third, the method introduces significant numerical diffusion due to inadequate temporal approximation when applied to transient problems. This thesis develops improved finite analytic methods for two-dimensional steady as well as unsteady solute transports in steady velocity fields. For steady transport, the new method exploits the advantages of the existing finite analytic and finite difference methods. The analytically difficult diffusion terms are approximated by finite difference and numerically difficult advection and reaction terms are treated analytically in a local element in deriving the numerical schemes. The new finite analytic method is extended to unsteady transport through application of Laplace transformation. Laplace transformation converts the transient equation to a steady-state expression that can be solved with the steady version of the improved finite analytic method. Numerical inversion of the transformed variables is used to recover solute concentration in the physical space-time domain. The effectiveness and accuracy of the new finite analytic method is demonstrated through stringent test examples of two dimensional steady-state transport in highly variable velocity fields. The results clearly demonstrated that the improved finite analytic methods are efficient, robust and accurate.

Landfills receive odor complaints from local residents potentially resulting in legal ramifications and decreasing quality of life of the neighboring communities. However, analytical technologies to objectively measure odors in the field that will reflect human odor perceptions at a reasonable price do not currently exist. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is detectable by humans at low odor thresholds and may be one of the main nuisance odors emanating from landfills. For the first time, hOBPIIa complexed with 1- AMA has been used to detect H2S concentrations by spectrofluorometry. The optimal ratio of hOPBIIa-to-1-AMA was determined to be approximately 1:1. A strong linear regression model was generated to predict H2S concentrations from peak fluorescent emission intensity measurements within a range of 0-8.3 g of H2S. A novel experimental exposure chamber prototype was developed that has the potential to be incorporated into a portable sensor because it is compact. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

How can the suitability of a clay to act as a barrier to the flow of a specified fluid be determined? This question is directly related to the different mechanical and chemical stresses to which a clay barrier will be exposed. In spite of these mechanical and chemical stresses it must be guaranteed that the clay will fulfil its barrier function during the entire required containment period. This required technical life could be very long in engineering terms: 100-10000 years. During this period the clay barrier can neither be repaired nor maintained. Therefore it must be known which chemical or physical reactions will occur and how these reactions will influence the geomechanical properties of the clay. Because there was no standard approach to test the suitability of natural clays as barrier on the long-term, this had to be developed. Based on literature it was shown that the reactions between clays and fluids could be decomposed in reactions on the particle level, the interlayer level and the TOT/TO level of clay minerals: - Micrometer: Reactions on the particle level are the most frequent, the fastest to accomplish (instantaneous when leachate arrives) and have the least impact on the geomechanical properties of clays. It was shown that the double layer theory presents a valuable framework to analyse the changes in geomechanical properties upon clay-leachate contact. The properties of the fluid that are taken into account are the concentration of cations and the relative dielectric constant. Other processes on the particle level not captured by the double layer theory are e.g. the dissolution of calcitic cement and the oxidation of pyrites. The acids produced by the latter process influence reactions on the lower interlayer and TOT/TO level as well. It was shown that the natural clays possess themselves a rich variety of cations. These concentrations must be included in the analysis. New tools developed on the particle level were: - Integration of the chemical composition of the natural fluid contained in the clay in further analyses. - The discretisation of clay samples into a discontinuous but homogeneous assembly of discrete clay particles (finite element mesh) with the use of information from petrographical studies of thin sections and oedometer tests. - The implementation of a constitutive law into a numerical code to simulate the interparticle distance to interparticle fluid chemistry and mechanical stress. - Nanometer: Reactions on the interlayer level include clay mineral alteration processes. To link these processes to geomechanical properties, the clay mineral sample preparation was modified to include all clay minerals and not only the fraction smaller than two micrometers. Next a method was developed to link clay mineralogy to geomechanical properties (equivalent basal spacing). New tools developed on the interlayer level were: - The equivalent basal spacing (EBS) - Relation between the equivalent basal spacing and the liquid limit With these tools a link can be made between the clay mineralogy and geomechanical properties. Leachate - clay interactions can be analysed as well as other processes like the mixing of clays and the reactions of clays upon heating etc. - Ångström: Reactions on the TO/TOT level include the disintegration of TO arrangements, which will result in a complete destruction of a clay mineral. Of all three levels considered, changes on the TO/TOT level will cause the greatest change in geomechanical properties. Fortunately the processes on this TOT/TO level take a long history of subsequent physical and chemical reactions (hundreds to thousands of years in situ). Because changes on this level fail to be reproduced in the laboratory one must rely on natural analogues. New tools developed on the TO/TOT level were: - The link between the clay leached in the laboratory to natural analogues using thin sections and XRD diffraction analysis. Examples are shown that the aforementioned approach can be applied in any geomechanical problem involving clays.

Landfills are a major potential source of groundwater and surface-water contamination. The compounds that can leach from landfilled materials include dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and xebobiotic organic compounds. Landfill surface-water runoff poses a threat to the environment due to high mobility, but has not been rigorously characterized with regards to common pollutants found in landfills. It is well documented that constructed wetlands can serve as an effective treatment option for many pollutants found in landfills. The Napanee Landfill has constructed a wetland in order to treat surface-water runoff coming off the landfill. The objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize the water chemistry of surface-water runoff for an inactive landfill; 2) evaluate the treatment potential for the constructed wetland system at the Napanee Landfill; and, 3) recommend design, maintenance, and operative improvements to enhance effluent water quality. The analysis of the landfill surface-water runoff entering the Napanee Landfill constructed wetland included the pollutants nitrate, ammonia, sulphate, phosphorus, and chloride. The median inflow and outflow concentrations for all of the observed pollutants did not exceed Canadian federal or provincial water quality guidelines. There were sampling days where ammonia, phosphorus, and chloride exceeded guidelines at the inflow and days where ammonia and chloride exceeded guidelines at the outflow. The only pollutant that saw a statistically significant decrease in concentrations was sulphate, with a change of 38% from the inflow to the outflow. Other changes of note were nitrate and phosphorus concentrations increasing by 50% and 23% respectively from the inflow to the outflow. There are a variety of improvements that can be made to the Napanee Landfill constructed wetland that would increase the treatment efficiency of ammonia. Incorporating a vertical-flow wetland would increase available surface area for nitrifying bacteria growth and would provide more oxygen for nitrification processes; both would increase the potential for significant ammonia treatment. Overall, the concentrations of the pollutants found in the surface-water runoff coming off of the Napanee Landfill constructed wetland did not pose a significant threat to the environment at the time of sampling and treatment processes were only successful in reducing sulphate pollutant concentrations.

The potential for leachate movement out of a sanitary landfill was evaluated and simulated by a computer program model. Landfill operations and geohydrological conditions in the area were investigated in order to develop a conceptual model of the system and to obtain numerical data for the development of the simulation.The landfill is operated in a 20 to 27 foot thick clay till which overlies a 10 foot thick, continuous sand and gravel aquifer. Monitor wells located around the site indicate minimal changes in groundwater quality to this date. This is attributed to the slow movement of leachate through the confining layer which would take at least 5 to 10 years.Numerical parameters not readily determined were varied in 16 simulations. This procedure allowed analysis of the different plumes developed as well as observation of the program’s sensitivity to such changes. In simulations of five years from the time leachate would enter the aquifer, leachate plumes were developed which extended a mile and one half down the hydrologic gradient from the landfill. Varying the parameters led to fairly consistant conclusions regarding the effects of the landfill.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

The body of work presented in this Thesis document provides a comprehensive examination of final cover design for municipal solid waste landfills. Accompanying general design principals is the investigation and resulting recommendations for issues specific to the closure of the Vancouver Landfill. The first objective of the Thesis was to develop a set of physical characteristics for soil materials, which would allow for the construction of a lowpermeability barrier layer meeting British Columbia guidelines. The second objective was to then use the developed soil criteria to evaluate the suitability of Lower Mainland soils. The physical characteristic of soil material, originating from trench excavations in Vancouver, was closely examined and the material evaluated for use in all layers of final cover design. The last objective of the Thesis was to investigate the use of alternative cover materials, including geosynthetics, in final cover design. The combination of a comprehensive literature review and the implementation of a program of soil sample collection and analysis allowed for the completion of the above objectives. Testing of soil samples included the determination of the grain size distribution to the clay fraction level. The major findings of the work are that soil sources in the City of Vancouver are not suitable for use in the construction of a low-permeability barrier layer. Suitable soil sources however, can be found in areas of Surrey and Langley. Trench excavation soil is recommended for use in the foundation layer of the final cover. Lastly, geosynthetic materials are a viable alternative to the use of soil in final cover design. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) geomembrane would be the most suitable geosynthetic based barrier layer for the requirements of the Vancouver Landfill.

Despite its phasing out in numerous countries, such as Germany and the U.S.A., co-disposal of hazardous waste with municipal solid waste continues to be widely practised in South Africa. Co-disposal utilises properties and microbial activities in the refuse to attenuate the hazardous waste and thus obviate its environmental impact potential. All landfill operations require careful planning in not only site selection criteria but also the type and amount of various wastes accepted for disposal. It is clear, however, that the practice of co-disposal requires special precautions and management as the methods employed in the landfill operation determine to a large extent the environmental effects and, thus, the public acceptability of the operations. Although co-disposal is not suitable for all industrial wastes the results of recent research efforts, conducted mainly in the U.K., have indicated that, when properly managed, co-disposal can be regarded as a safe and efficient disposal option for many hazardous wastes. Environmental awareness in many European countries ensures that numerous hazardous compounds are either recycled or recovered. Unfortunately, in South Africa the lack of similar concern has resulted in increased concentrations of toxic compounds being co-disposed on a regular basis. Since fundamental studies of this technology, pertaining to South African conditions, have been lacking laboratory models/microcosms were built to address this paucity. Model. To effect the separation of species habitat domains of component species of growth rate-dependent interacting microbial associations responsible for terminal catabolic processes of the refuse fermentation, with retention of overlapping activity domains, and so facilitate examination of species in isolation without violating the integrity of each association, multi-stage models were constructed. The accidental overgassing of the culture with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) effected interesting fermentation balance changes which also emphasised the need for an Anaerobic Bioassay Test to assess the impacts of specific perturbants. Evidence of differential susceptibility of the component species to phenol was demonstrated in this study. Microcosm. A total of 42 refuse packed single-stage glass column bioreactors were commissioned and subjected to phenol and/or anaerobically digested sewage sludge codisposal. The effects of four different operational modes: leachate discard (single elution); leachate recycle; batch; and simulated rain on the co-disposals as well as refuse catabolism per se were examined. The results of these studies indicated that protracted periods of adaption to phenol (1000 and 2000 mg l -1) could have resulted from nutrient (elemental) limitation. Circumstantial evidence was also gained which indicated that the nitrate- and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were particularly sensitive to the added xenobiotic. Further, without the effective participation of the nitrate- and SRB the active and total fermentation of both the phenol and refuse components were depressed. It was also determined that the operating regime employed was a key factor in refuse degradation although with time, and especially following the phenol resupplementations, the operating conditions played a less significant role. In general, the single elution operated columns demonstrated increased phenol removal rates which were, unfortunately, coincident with low pH values and increased leachate residual phenol concentrations. Leachate recycle, on the other hand, unlike the batch operated columns, facilitated increased pH values and methane evolutions. The simulated rain columns were characterised by rapid washout of the added phenol as well as methanogenic precursors. The sewage sludge co-disposal experiments, likewise, demonstrated that, depending on the sludge:refuse ratio, the operating regime was extremely important in optimising the refuse degradation processes although, in general, leachate recycle appeared to be the most favoured method of operation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.