Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Biotechnology, Technikon Natal, 2001. / Landfills play an important role in the removal of waste from the surroundings. There is a limit to the types of waste that can be recycled and the landfill becomes the final method of waste disposal. Because waste constitutes a wide variety of materials, the microbial consortia that develop within a landfill will be equally varied, depending on the type of waste deposited, the temperature of the landfill and moisture content of the waste. The metabolism of these microbial consortia can result in products that are either harmful or beneficial. In order to increase the pool of knowledge on landfill microbiology, it is important to study the various consortia that inhabit the landfill to determine the various microbial interactions that occur and subsequently to manipulate these interactions to enhance the benefits of a landfill site and reduce the harmful effects. In this research, an attempt was made to isolate anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria from a landfill site. Six waste samples, varying in age were obtained over a period of two years. Samples were excavated from a maximum depth of 4m. Samples are processed in anaerobic, phosphate buffer and cultivated in various pre-reduced anaerobic media and incubated under anaerobic conditions. Samples were also collected from other potential anaerobic sites namely, anaerobic sludge, decomposing bagasse, compost, manure, rumen and pond sediment. Results of degradation of the cellulose source (Whatman No. 1 filter paper) indicated that it was possible to cultivate cellulose-degrading microorganisms from the landfill. Zones of clearing around colonies, which would be indicative of cellulose degradation on solid media, were not obtained. Samples from the anaerobic sludge, compost and rumen showed degradation of cellulose in liquid media but not on solid media. It is concluded that the solid media used was unsuitable for the cultivation of anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria or that the anaerobic conditions employed were not adequate to initiate the growth of the anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria. / M

This study examined the effects of replicating woodland soil surface horizonation on the nutrient status of underlying soils and the initial establishment and growth of trees. A total of 283 container grown trees were planted in a bufferzone around a future landfill site. Control amendments consisted of an 8 cm layer (0.5 m3) of wood chips applied in a circular area of 4.6 m2 around the trees' planting pit. For the treatment, a 2.5 cm layer of composted biosolids (0.15 m3 or 80 Mg/ha) was applied in a circular area of 4.6 m2 around the trees' planting pit followed by an 8 cm layer (0.5 m3) of wood chips. The results indicate that the replication of woodland soil surface attributes using composted biosolids can significantly improve the nutrient status of underlying soil. Some significant effects were seen under control conditions, too. However, the effects on tree establishment and growth parameters were, for the most part, not statistically significant.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Geology Johannesburg, 1998 / This study determines the potential of prerncting pollution to ground water by sanitary landfills. The tracing capabilities of both stable and radioactive environmental isotopes are also evaluated. Four landfills were selected, the Linbro Park and Waterval sites in Johannesburg, and the Bloemfontein northern and southern landfill sites. The sites all differ in geological environment, size. age and physiographic setting. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT2017

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Um dos desafios na elaboração de projetos de aterros sanitários é o equacionamento do destino/tratamento dos líquidos percolados em função das elevadas concentrações de poluentes, associadas a grandes variações, e seu abrandamento natural ao longo do tempo. Nesse sentido, o trabalho avalia, a partir da montagem de unidade piloto, a viabilidade do lançamento dos líquidos percolados gerados no aterro de sanitário, localizado no município de Piracicaba-SP, na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto que dispõe de sistema australiano de lagoas. A unidade foi montada na própria estação e operada durante 18 meses, sendo avaliado o comportamento da eficiência para vazões crescentes de líquidos percolados. No trabalho foi investigado também a adequação dos métodos Suíço, Racional e do Balanço Hídrico na previsão da taxa de geração de líquidos percolados, a partir da comparação das estimativas obtidas pela aplicação dos métodos com a observada na prática. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que é viável o lançamento de chorume em estações de tratamento de esgoto, sem prejuízo na eficiência do sistema. Com relação às estimativas das vazões de chorume pela aplicação dos métodos, os erros variaram desde menos 22% até mais 20% da vazão obtida na prática. / One of the challenges in the project of sanitary landfills is the solution of the destination/treatment of leachates due to the high concentration of pollutants, which is also associated to large variations and a natural reduction with time. This work evaluates, based on a pilot unit, the feasibility of the treatment of leachates, produced in sanitary landfills, in a wastewater treatment plant that uses a system of stabilization lagoons. The pilot unit was mounted in the wastewater treatment site and operated for 18 months, in which the performance was monitored for crescent flowrates of leachates. It was also investigated the prediction of leachate flowrates by different methods (Swiss, Rational and Hydric Balance) based on the comparison of predicted leachate generation rates with observed data. In general, it is possible to perform the treatment of leachates in wastewater treatment plants because there was no reduction of efficiency. Related to the prediction of leachate volumes, the errors of the tested methods range from -22% to + 20% of the observed flowrates.

Sempre houve uma preocupação com relação a disposição final do lixo, tanto nas grandes como nas pequenas cidades. Este trabalho consiste em analisar áreas para uma disposição adequada de aterros sanitários no Município de São Carlos. O Município de São Carlos, localizado no Estado de São Paulo, apresenta uma área de 1.151 km2 e conta com uma população de aproximadamente 180.000 habitantes. Está assentado sobre as Formações geológicas: Pirambóia, Botucatu, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, que são recobertas por materiais inconsolidados retrabalhados; o Botucatu constitui um grande manancial de águas de subsuperfície. Algumas áreas devem ser protegidas, visto que constituem zonas de recarga de aqüíferos. A metodologia Leite (1995) foi usada neste trabalho para a escolha dos atributos e análise dos resultados. Os principais atributos considerados foram: bacias hidrográficas, declividade, poços profundos, precipitação pluviométrica, substrato rochoso, mineralogia, espessura de materiais inconsolidados, landforms, distâncias do centro urbano, existência de outros aterros; esses atributos foram associados às informações geotécnicas analisadas em laboratório. Estas informações, permitiram avaliar as áreas mais favoráveis para a disposição de resíduos e a produção da Carta de Zoneamento em escala 1:50.000. / The final disposal of waste has always been a matter of trouble in big or small urban centers. This work presents the results acquired during the application of engineering geological mapping techniques in the evaluation of favorable areas for the development of waste sanitary landfills in São Carlos region. São Carlos region is located in the center State of São Paulo, Brazil, has an area of 1,151 km2 and a population 180,000. It\'s geology is characterized by the Pirambóia, Botucatu, Serra Geral and Itaqueri formations, which are covered by residual and reworked unconsolidated materiais; Botucatu represent large aquifer. The methodology from LEITE (1995) was used in this work, both for choosing the attributes or analyzing the results. The main considered attributes were the drainage basins, slope dips, rainfall, underlying rocks, thickness of unconsolidated materials, landforms, distance from the urban center and the occurrence of other landfills; these attributes were associated to laboratorial test informations. These informations, as a whole, led to an evaluation of the most favorable areas for waste disposal and the elaboration of a 1:50,000 scale zoning chart.

A exploração energética do biogás é dominada desde tempos remotos, e tem contribuído, mesmo que em pequena escala, para a diversificação das matrizes energéticas de muitos países, a partir da premissa da expansão no uso das energias renováveis. Mais recentemente, a necessidade de aprimoramento da gestão de resíduos e questões como a segurança no suprimento energético e mudanças climáticas impulsionaram o refinamento de técnicas de purificação de biogás, com o objetivo de produzir o biometano, potencial substituto do gás natural de origem fóssil. É de interesse desta pesquisa a purificação de biogás de aterros e sua utilização como combustível veicular e injeção em gasodutos, uma vez que o recente desenvolvimento de projetos no Brasil se dá a espelho do que ocorre em países desenvolvidos, apesar de os setores de saneamento e energia brasileiros apresentarem características distintas. O estágio de desenvolvimento atual da exploração do biometano na Alemanha, Reino Unido e Suécia foi identificado através de revisão de literatura e análise documental. O resultado foi confrontado com o contexto atual, perspectivas atuais e futuras para este recurso no Brasil, considerando em especial, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, os planos de desenvolvimento do setor energético nacional, e políticas estaduais do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, que tratam especificamente da promoção do uso do biogás. As condicionantes verificadas em nível nacional e regional foram então classificadas enquanto barreiras e oportunidades para a exploração do biometano obtido a partir de gás de aterros. Como resultado, a pesquisa identificou que a implantação de mecanismos de incentivo e a definição dos usos finais selecionados em função da infraestrutura disponível foram indutores do desenvolvimento deste recurso nos países selecionados. A verificação do cenário atual de desenvolvimento do biometano de gás de aterros no Brasil demonstra que, apesar de não apresentar potencial energético significativo e a regulação em vigor limitar suas aplicações, seu desenvolvimento pode ser uma alternativa para, em última análise, contribuir para a melhoria das condições sanitárias vigentes no país. / Biogas as an energy source has been explored since ancient times, and has contributed, if only to a small degree, to diversify the energy mix of many countries, based on the increased use of renewable energy. Recently, the need to improve waste management and issues such as power supply safety and climate change, have driven the development of biogas purification techniques to produce biomethane, a potential substitute for fossil-based natural gas. The focus of this research is the purification of landfill biogas, its use as a fuel for vehicles and injecting it into gas pipelines, since the recent development of projects in Brazil reflect those in developed countries, even though the Brazilian sanitation and energy sectors present distinct characteristics. The current development stage of biomethane investigations in Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden, were analyzed by reviewing literature and examining documents. The result was compared with the actual situation of this resource in Brazil, as well as current and future perspectives based mainly on the National Solid Waste Policy, the development plans for the national energy sector and state policies for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo that specifically deal with promoting the use of biogas. National and regional constraints were verified and classified in relation to challenges and opportunities for use of biomethane obtained from landfill gas. As a result, the research revealed that the implementation of incentive mechanisms and the definition of selected end uses based on the available infrastructure are drivers for the development of this resource in the selected countries. Analysis of the current scenario of biomethane development from landfill gas in Brazil demonstrates that, even though it does not present a significant energy potential and current regulations limit its applications, its development could be an alternative, at least, to help improve the prevailing sanitary conditions of the country.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology: Chemistry in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / Batch experiments were conducted to assess the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions and landfill leachates using low cost adsorbents eggplant peel (EGP), sweet potato peel (SWP) and banana peel (BNP). Preliminary studies were carried out to optimize biosorbent mass, pH, Ni(II) concentration, temperature and contact time for Ni(II) removal. The optimized conditions were then applied to landfill leachates using the selected low cost adsorbents. Ni(II) removal efficiency for each biosorbent was investigated for each parameter. Results indicated that biosorbents masses, pH, initial concentration as well as solution temperature were important factors influencing Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Percentage Ni(II) removal was 66±0.30, 38±3.97 and 33±1.20 using EGP, SWP and BNP, respectively. Ni(II) removal efficiency increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing biosorbent mass, pH and Ni(II) initial concentration while it decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing temperature. Although Ni(II) removal efficiency varied significantly with time and the biosorbents no significant (P 0.05) difference was observed between the time interval whether the experiment was conducted in batch or semi batch mode. Results of FTIR studies indicated that several binding and chelating functional groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups on the biomaterials surfaces could be responsible for Ni(II) biosorption. The optimum biosorbent mass for EGP and SWP was 0.4 g and for BNP was 0.05 g. The values for initial concentration, pH, temperature and contact time were 100 mg/L, 5, 22oC and 2 hours, respectively. Ni(II) removal efficiencies using EGP, SWP and BNP were 66, 38 and 33%, respectively. Taking into account the result and optimum condition obtained on Ni(II) removal efficiency from aqueous solution using EGP, SWP and BNP, the Ni(II) removal efficiency using these biosorbents from landfill leachate was investigated. It was found to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than what was found from aqueous solution.

O lançamento dos efluentes de depósitos de resíduos no ambiente altera significativamente a qualidade das águas. Apesar do amplo acervo de dados sobre os mecanismos de formação do lixiviado e das mudanças de sua qualidade nas diferentes fases do aterro, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de mobilização de poluentes do maciço de resíduos para o lixiviado e da interação deste com as águas subterrâneas e o meio geológico. A compreensão destes processos é essencial para orientar critérios de estabilidade destes aterros e para avaliar se o maciço de resíduos não representa mais uma ameaça para o ambiente. Nesse sentido, um poço de 1,5 m de diâmetro com lisímetros de sucção instalados em diferentes profundidades foi instalado dentro do maciço de resíduos do lixão desativado de São Carlos/SP para análise do conteúdo aterrado e do lixiviado em camadas de resíduos com diferentes idades de deposição. Amostras de águas subterrâneas coletadas em poços de monitoramento a montante, dentro e a jusante do maciço também foram analisadas. Concluiu-se que o lixão está na fase metanogênica e que o maciço é composto por chorume imóvel com elevadas concentrações de poluentes e por resíduos não inertes. Condições redutoras e de tamponamento são mantidas constantes no lixão, as quais controlam as reações redox ocorrentes no maciço e a qualidade do lixiviado. A mobilização de Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ni, Zn, Pb e Cd do maciço para o lixiviado apresentou-se mais significativa sobre os demais elementos avaliados e ocorre a partir dos resíduos sólidos aterrados e dos solos de cobertura. Os principais parâmetros de interesse ambiental identificados no lixiviado foram nitrogênio amoniacal, Cd, Cr, Pb, NO3 e DBO5 e nas águas subterrâneas foram nitrogênio amoniacal, Cr, Cd, Al, Ni, Fe, Mn e Pb. A análise dos dados de qualidade do conteúdo aterrado e do lixiviado comprovou uma significativa mobilização de poluentes dentro do maciço de resíduos do lixão desativado de São Carlos/SP. Apesar de estar desativado há 18 anos, o maciço de resíduos ainda é fonte primária de poluentes, comprovando seu potencial remanescente de contaminação, principalmente para as águas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) e do manancial Ribeirão do Feijão. Portanto, o monitoramento da área não pode ser descontinuado. / The effluent release of waste disposal sites in the environment alters significantly the water quality. Despite the large collection of data about leachate formation mechanisms and its quality changes in the different landfill phases, very little is known about pollutants mobilization in solid waste of an uncontrolled landfill and its interaction with groundwater and geological environment. Understanding these processes is essential to guide stability criteria for these landfills and to assess whether the waste mass no longer represents a threat to the environment. Thus, a dug well with 1.5 meter diameter equipped with suction lysimeters in different depths was installed within the solid waste mass of the uncontrolled landfill of São Carlos/SP to analyze the landed content and the leachate in different aged waste layer. Groundwater samples collected at monitoring wells upstream, within and downstream of the massif were also analyzed. It was concluded that the landfill is in methanogenic phase and that the waste body is composed by immobile leachate with high concentrations of pollutants and by non-inert solid waste. Reductive and tamponade conditions are kept constant in the waste mass, which control the redox reactions occurring in the mass and the quality of leachate. The mobilization of Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cd from the solid waste to the leachate is very significant and occur from the landed solid waste and from the soil cover. The main parameters of environmental interest identified in the leachate were ammonia nitrogen, Cd, Cr, Pb, NO3 and BOD5 and in groundwater were ammonia nitrogen, Cr, Cd, Al, Ni, Fe, Mn and Pb. Data analysis of grounded content quality and leachate quality has proved significant mobilization of pollutants within the waste mass of uncontrolled landfill of São Carlos. Despite being deactivated 18 years ago, the waste mass is still a primary source of pollutants, proving its remaining potential contamination, mainly for water of Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) and of Ribeirão do Feijão river. Therefore, monitoring of the area can not be discontinued.

O processo de industrialização e urbanização brasileiro está caracterizado por uma dinâmica de abandono (degradação) e reuso de áreas, que podem apresentar histórico de atividades com potencial de contaminação dos solos e águas superficiais e subterrâneas, concentrados em centros industriais, dentre os quais desponta o município de São Paulo. A disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos está entre as atividades que contribuem para o surgimento de áreas contaminadas e apresenta algumas especificidades para a sua recuperação. O objetivo desta pesquisa compreende a identificação e avaliação da adequação técnica, ambiental e paisagística dos processos de conversão de aterros desativados, existentes no município de São Paulo, em parques urbanos. O trabalho aborda as origens dessas áreas, passando pelas fases de sua implantação e desativação, os processos envolvidos na sua efetiva requalificação como parques, dentro de suas respectivas inserções urbanas, assim como a avaliação de suas condições atuais, quanto à contaminação, ao potencial de conectividade na paisagem e aos projetos paisagísticos e planos de gestão propostos. A pesquisa trata de dois estudos de caso: o antigo aterro Raposo Tavares, situado na Subprefeitura do Butantã, zona oeste, atual Parque Raposo Tavares e o antigo aterro Jacuí, situado na Subprefeitura de São Miguel Paulista, zona leste, hoje em processo de requalificação como o Parque Jardim Primavera. O estudo dos conceitos e das classificações dos sistemas de gestão de áreas contaminadas e de áreas verdes permitiu a proposição dos termos área contaminada requalificada e parqueaterro. A análise espacial da paisagem dos parques-aterros, através do modelo de tomada de decisão por multicritérios (Multi Criteria Evaluation - MCE), deu origem aos mapas de potencial de conectividade, em dois diferentes cenários: mais otimista e mais conservador. Os resultados mostraram que a conexão da paisagem está mais favorecida junto ao Raposo Tavares. Observou-se, também, que as condições ambientais e a distância de influência dos critérios selecionados na avaliação são determinantes para a definição das zonas de amortecimento urbanas dos parques. Os estudos de caso representam duas épocas distintas do desenvolvimento tecnológico para a requalificação dessas áreas. O projeto paisagístico do parqueaterro Raposo Tavares não contemplou aspectos importantes para evitar problemas relacionados à sua gênese. Ao contrário, o projeto do parque-aterro Jardim Primavera incorporou os quesitos técnicos e ambientais atuais e incluiu a participação da comunidade. A particularidade da gênese dos parques-aterros e suas restrições orientaram as diretrizes propostas para os seus planos de gestão, especialmente quanto à revegetação e definição das suas zonas de amortecimento. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a implantação de parques-aterros deve ser encarada com precaução, em razão dos possíveis riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores da obra como dos seus futuros usuários e à flora e fauna locais. / The process of industrialization and urbanization of Brazil is characterized by a dynamic of abandonment (degradation) and reuse of areas, which may have a history of activities that could contaminate the soils and surface and ground water. These areas tend to be concentrated in industrial centers, one of the most noteworthy of which is São Paulo. The disposal of solid waste is one of the activities that contribute to the emergence of contaminated areas and they have to be recovered in a specific manner. The aim of this research is to identify and assess the suitability from a technical, environmental and landscape standpoint of processes of converting abandoned landfills into urban parks in the municipality of São Paulo. The study discusses the origins of these areas, from the stages of their implementation and deactivation, to the processes involved in their effective redevelopment as parks, within their respective urban insertions. It also evaluates their current situation in terms of contamination, their potential for connectivity in the landscape and examines their landscaping design and proposed management plans. The research includes two case studies: the former landfill site Raposo Tavares, located in the Subprefecture of Butantã in the West District, which is currently the Raposo Tavares Park; and the former landfill site Jacuí, located in São Miguel Paulista, in the Eastern District, currently under redevelopment as the Jardim Primavera Park. The study of the concepts and classifications of the management systems of contaminated areas and green areas led to the proposal of the terms requalified contaminated area and landfill-park. Spatial analysis of the landscape of the landfill-parks, using the Multi Criteria Evaluation - MCE model, enabled the creation of connectivity potential maps, with two different scenarios: one more optimistic and the other conservative.The results showed that the landscape connectivity is more favourable in Raposo Tavares. It was also found that the environmental conditions and distance of influence of selected criteria in the evaluation are crucial to the definition of urban buffer zones of the parks. The case studies represent two different eras of technological development for the requalification of these areas. The landscape project of the Raposo Tavares landfill-park did not include important aspects to avoid problems related to its genesis. On the contrary, the design of the Jardim Primavera landfill-park incorporated current environmental and technical issues and included community participation. The particularity of the genesis of landfill-parks and their constraints oriented the proposed guidelines for their management plans, especially regarding the definition of revegetation and their buffer zones. Thus, it was concluded that the implementation of landfill-parks should be viewed with caution because of possible health risks to construction workers, future users and their flora and fauna