L’étude des instabilités gravitaires profondes de versant (nommées ici RVR : Ruptures de Versant Rocheux) s’effectue généralement sous forme d’un suivi instrumenté à l’échelle d’un site jugé dangereux, parfois à l’échelle d’une vallée ou d’un massif. Plus rares sont les études qui apprécient la diversité, la taille et la distribution spatiale des RVR à l’échelle d’une chaîne de montagne. C’est ce que propose cette thèse pour les Alpes occidentales. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’un inventaire construit de manière systématique par imagerie satellite à l’aide d’un outil en accès libre : Google Earth Pro™, et d’une série de méthodes de détection visuelles assorties de vérifications sur le terrain. Une typologie qui s’appuie sur des classifications existantes, mais qui s’adapte au cortège de RVR observés dans l’aire d’étude, a permis de retenir cinq grandes catégories de RVR : les EAR (Eboulements et avalanches rocheuses), GR (Glissements rocheux), GC (Glissements-coulées), DGCVR (Déformations gravitaires profondes de versants rocheux) et DDV (Déformation de versant). Nous élaborons sur cette base une étiologie des RVR en fonction de grands facteurs préparatoires réputés mettre en mouvement les masses rocheuses : lithologie, structure géologique (contacts anormaux), sismicité, pente topographique, relief local, intensité du paléoenglacement würmien, précipitations actuelles, dégradation du pergélisol. Sur un inventaire exhaustif de 1400 RVR, les résultats montrent que la susceptibilité lithologique est le premier facteur qui conditionne l’occurrence des RVR, mais qu’il se cumule avec l’amplitude du relief exacerbée par le paléoenglacement quaternaire. Ce dernier fournit le potentiel gravitationnel localement nécessaire à la mise en mouvement des masses rocheuses. Les autres facteurs examinés présentent des degrés d’importance moindres à l’échelle régionale, avec toutefois des exceptions intéressantes à l’échelle locale et pour des catégories de RVR particulières. Ainsi, on peut noter des RVR en lien avec certaines failles et fronts de chevauchements, ainsi qu’avec la dégradation du pergélisol — mais uniquement dans le cas des éboulements. Parmi l’ensemble des facteurs, le pouvoir explicatif des totaux de précipitations demeure le plus faible. Dans une optique de valorisation scientifique du catalogue des RVR inventoriés, nous proposons des perspectives de mise en valeur géo-patrimoniale de certaines RVR sur la base de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques, ou du risque que certaines masses rocheuses font peser sur les enjeux économiques et humains des populations. Nous présentons ainsi une galerie de RVR remarquables, retenues pour leur caractère singulier, ou dangereux, ou éducatif, ou emblématique à divers titres. / The study of rockslope failure (RSF) is usually focused on the instrumental monitoring of hazardous sites, sometimes extended to a population of RSF in a valley or massif. Few studies survey and analyse RSF at the much broader scale of a mountain range. Here we produce a systematic inventory of RSF in the Western Alps based on satellite imagery provided by the open-access platform Google Earth Pro™, and using a series of ground-truth-tested visual detection methods. Based on a categorisation inspired by existing classifications but adapted to the range of RSF observed in the study area, five main RSF types were identified: rockfalls and rock avalanches, rockslides, earthflows, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD), and slope deformations. We analyse the spatial incidence of those five categories in relation to a range of likely cumulative causes. The analysis covers lithology and rock fabric, geological structure (faults, thrust fronts), seismicity, slope angle, local relief, the intensity of Würmian glaciation, modern rainfall patterns, and permafrost degradation. Results from a total population of 1400 RSF occurrences show that RSF incidence and mode are overwhelmingly susceptible to rock type, but that local relief enhanced by past glaciation generates the gravitational potential needed to move the rock masses. Other conditional factors receive lower rankings at the regional scale, but stronger connections appear in local settings. At places, RSF size or density are seen to correlate with faults, thrust fronts, and with permafrost degradation (restricted, however, to the rockfall category). Among all the likely causes of RSF, rainfall totals represent the weakest link. Among the 1400 sites we focus on a subset of flagship RSF occurrences that we consider relevant to either geoheritage or land-use planning concerns. The criteria were selected on the basis of morphological characteristics (uniqueness, educational and scientific value) or from the perspective of the hazards that some of the displaced rock masses may present to human life and infrastructure.

Det Jämtländska fjällområdet Frostviken har under den senare delen av Weichsel haft ett komplicerat deglaciationsförlopp. Glacialfluviala landformer som ansamlingar av morän, lineationer och laterala smältvattenrännor är tydliga i landskapet. Vid glacialfluviala studier av postglaciala områden förstärks kunskapen om sedimenttransport som förändrat jordlagerföljder och format om landskapet. Den vetskapen kan vidare användas i samhällsplanering och jordbruk för att anpassa utbyggnad eller ombyggnad av befintlig miljö. Under deglaciationen bildades den omfattande issjön Frostviksissjön, en issjö vars tappningsränna inte kunnat lokaliseras i tidigare studier. Arbetet har utgått från en historisk kronologisk litteraturstudie tillsammans med en analys av LiDAR-data för att säkerställa och ifrågasätta den glacialfluviala transporten i landskapet. I detta arbete presenteras en möjlig tappningsränna för Frostviksissjön vid Storbergets östra sida och issjön är rekonstruerad med hjälp av strandnivåkarta från SGU. Landformerna i området har undersökts för att härleda om de härrör från den senaste nedisningen under Weichsel eller från tidigare nedisningar. / The mountain area in the most northwest part of Jämtland is Frostviken, which during the latter part of the Weichsel had a complicated deglaciation process. Glaciofluvial landforms such as accumulations of moraine, lineations and lateral meltwater channels are evident in the landscape. Glaciofluvial studies of postglacial areas emphasize knowledge about sediment transport that has changed soil layer sequences and reshaped the landscape. This knowledge can also be used in community planning and agriculture to adapt the expansion or rebuilding of the existing environment. During the deglaciation, the extensive ice lake Frostviksissjön was formed, an ice lake where the main spillway has not been interpreted in previous studies. The work has been based on a historical chronological literature study together with an analysis of LiDAR data to ensure and question the glaciofluvial transport in the landscape. In this study, a possible main spillway has been presented for Frostviksissjön on the eastern side of Storberget. The ice lake has been reconstructed using a shore level map from SGU. The landforms in the area have been studied in accordance with whether they originate from the most recent glaciation during the Weichsel period or derives from previous glaciations.

Controls on denudation in the eastern Bolivian Andes are evaluated by synthesis of new and existing denudation estimates from basin-morphometry, stream - powered fluvial incision, landslide mapping, sediment flux, erosion surfaces, thermochronology, foreland basin sediment volumes, and structural restorations. Centered at 17.5 °S, the northeastern Bolivian Andes exhibit high relief, a wet climate, and a narrow fold- thrust belt. In contrast, the southeastern Bolivian Andes have low relief, a semi-arid climate, and a wide fold-thrust belt. Basin -morphometry indicates a northward increase in relief and relative denudation. Stream-power along river profiles shows greater average incision rates in the north by a factor of 2 to 4. In the south, profile knickpoints with high incision rates are controlled by fold-thrust belt structures such as the surface expressions of basement megathrusts, faults, folds, and lithologic boundaries. Landslide and sediment-flux data are controlled by climate, elevation, basin morphology, and size and show a similar trend; short -term denudation-rate averages are greater in the north (1- 9 mm/yr) than the south (0.3-0.4 mm/yr). Long-term denudation-rate estimates including fission track, basin fill, erosion surfaces, and structural restorations also exhibit greater values in the north (0.2-0.8 mm/yr) compared to the south (0.04-0.3 mm/yr). Controls on long-term denudation rates include relief, orographic and global atmospheric circulation patterns of precipitation, climate change, glaciation, and fold-thrust belt geometry and kinematics. The denudation synthesis supports two conclusions: 1) denudation rates have increased towards the present 2) an along-strike disparity in denudation (greater in the north) has existed since at least the Miocene and has increased towards the present. Denudation rates and controls suggest that Bolivian mountain morphology is controlled by both its orientation at mid-latitude, and the feedbacks between uplift, kinematics, orographic effects on precipitation, glaciation, and the increased erosion that accompanies orogenesis.

Saltwater Forest is a Dacrydium cupressinum-dominated lowland forest covering 9000 ha in south Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Four thousand hectares is managed for sustainable production of indigenous timber. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated analysis of soils, soil-landform relationships, and soil-vegetation relationships at broad and detailed scales. The broad scale understandings provide a framework in which existing or future studies can be placed and the detailed studies elucidate sources of soil and forest variability. Glacial landforms dominate. They include late Pleistocene lateral, terminal and ablation moraines, and outwash aggradation and degradation terraces. Deposits and landforms from six glacial advances have been recognised ranging from latest Last (Otira) Glaciation to Penultimate (Waimea) Glaciation. The absolute ages of landforms were established by analysis of the thickness and soil stratigraphy of loess coverbeds, augmented with radiocarbon dating and phytolith and pollen analysis. In the prevailing high rainfall of Westland soil formation is rapid. The rate of loess accretion in Saltwater Forest (ca. 30 mm ka⁻¹) has been low enough that soil formation and loess accretion took place contemporaneously. Soils formed in this manner are known as upbuilding soils. The significant difference between upbuilding pedogenesis and pedogenesis in a topdown sense into an existing sediment body is that each subsoil increment of an upbuilding soil has experienced processes of all horizons above. In Saltwater Forest subsoils of upbuilding soils are strongly altered because they have experienced the extremely acid environment of the soil surface at some earlier time. Some soil chronosequence studies in Westland have included upbuilding soils formed in loess as the older members of the sequence. Rates and types of processes inferred from these soils should be reviewed because upbuilding is a different pedogenic pathway to topdown pedogenesis. Landform age and morphology were used as a primary stratification for a study of the soil pattern and nature of soil variability in the 4000 ha production area of Saltwater Forest. The age of landforms (> 14 ka) and rapid soil formation mean that soils are uniformly strongly weathered and leached. Soils include Humic Organic Soils, Perch-gley Podzols, Acid Gley Soils, Allophanic Brown Soils, and Orthic or Pan Podzols. The major influence on the nature of soils is site hydrology which is determined by macroscale features of landforms (slope, relief, drainage density), mesoscale effects related to position on landforms, and microscale influences determined by microtopography and individual tree effects. Much of the soil variability arises at microscales so that it is not possible to map areas of uniform soils at practical map scales. The distribution of soil variability across spatial scales, in relation to the intensity of forest management, dictates that it is most appropriate to map soil complexes with boundaries coinciding with landforms. Disturbance of canopy trees is an important agent in forest dynamics. The frequency of forest disturbance in the production area of Saltwater Forest varies in a systematic way among landforms in accord with changes in abundance of different soils. The frequency of forest turnover is highest on landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained Organic Soils. As the abundance of better-drained soils increases the frequency of forest turnover declines. Changes in turnover frequency are reflected in the mean size and density of canopy trees (Dacrydium cupressinum) among landforms. Terrace and ablation moraine landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained soils have on average the smallest trees growing most densely. The steep lateral moraines, characterised by well drained soils, have fewer, larger trees. The changes manifested at the landform scale are an integration of processes operating over much shorter range as a result of short-range soil variability. The systematic changes in forest structure and turnover frequency among landforms and soils have important implications for sustainable forest management.

Saltwater Forest is a Dacrydium cupressinum-dominated lowland forest covering 9000 ha in south Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Four thousand hectares is managed for sustainable production of indigenous timber. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated analysis of soils, soil-landform relationships, and soil-vegetation relationships at broad and detailed scales. The broad scale understandings provide a framework in which existing or future studies can be placed and the detailed studies elucidate sources of soil and forest variability. Glacial landforms dominate. They include late Pleistocene lateral, terminal and ablation moraines, and outwash aggradation and degradation terraces. Deposits and landforms from six glacial advances have been recognised ranging from latest Last (Otira) Glaciation to Penultimate (Waimea) Glaciation. The absolute ages of landforms were established by analysis of the thickness and soil stratigraphy of loess coverbeds, augmented with radiocarbon dating and phytolith and pollen analysis. In the prevailing high rainfall of Westland soil formation is rapid. The rate of loess accretion in Saltwater Forest (ca. 30 mm ka⁻¹) has been low enough that soil formation and loess accretion took place contemporaneously. Soils formed in this manner are known as upbuilding soils. The significant difference between upbuilding pedogenesis and pedogenesis in a topdown sense into an existing sediment body is that each subsoil increment of an upbuilding soil has experienced processes of all horizons above. In Saltwater Forest subsoils of upbuilding soils are strongly altered because they have experienced the extremely acid environment of the soil surface at some earlier time. Some soil chronosequence studies in Westland have included upbuilding soils formed in loess as the older members of the sequence. Rates and types of processes inferred from these soils should be reviewed because upbuilding is a different pedogenic pathway to topdown pedogenesis. Landform age and morphology were used as a primary stratification for a study of the soil pattern and nature of soil variability in the 4000 ha production area of Saltwater Forest. The age of landforms (> 14 ka) and rapid soil formation mean that soils are uniformly strongly weathered and leached. Soils include Humic Organic Soils, Perch-gley Podzols, Acid Gley Soils, Allophanic Brown Soils, and Orthic or Pan Podzols. The major influence on the nature of soils is site hydrology which is determined by macroscale features of landforms (slope, relief, drainage density), mesoscale effects related to position on landforms, and microscale influences determined by microtopography and individual tree effects. Much of the soil variability arises at microscales so that it is not possible to map areas of uniform soils at practical map scales. The distribution of soil variability across spatial scales, in relation to the intensity of forest management, dictates that it is most appropriate to map soil complexes with boundaries coinciding with landforms. Disturbance of canopy trees is an important agent in forest dynamics. The frequency of forest disturbance in the production area of Saltwater Forest varies in a systematic way among landforms in accord with changes in abundance of different soils. The frequency of forest turnover is highest on landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained Organic Soils. As the abundance of better-drained soils increases the frequency of forest turnover declines. Changes in turnover frequency are reflected in the mean size and density of canopy trees (Dacrydium cupressinum) among landforms. Terrace and ablation moraine landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained soils have on average the smallest trees growing most densely. The steep lateral moraines, characterised by well drained soils, have fewer, larger trees. The changes manifested at the landform scale are an integration of processes operating over much shorter range as a result of short-range soil variability. The systematic changes in forest structure and turnover frequency among landforms and soils have important implications for sustainable forest management.