Der Sammelband beinhaltet 10 Beiträge zu den Themen „Sprachwandel“ und „Entwicklungstendenzen“ aus sprachdidaktischer Sicht. Es werden Anregungen gegeben zur Behandlung der Themen im Unterricht speziell in der Sekundarstufe II. Die Autoren sind Linguisten oder Didaktiker für das Fach Deutsch. Dem Band liegt ein weites Verständnis von Sprachwandel zugrunde. Behandelt werden Erscheinungen des Wandels aus den Bereichen Wortschatz, Orthografie, Grammatik, Text, Diskurs und Varietäten. Alle Beiträge enthalten kurze theoretische und begriffliche Hintergründe zum jeweiligen Thema und einen Materialteil mit im Unterricht nutzbaren Texten, Beispielen und Aufgaben. / The present volume is a collection of 10 papers dealing with the subject of language change in German from a language teaching perspective. The contributions come from linguists and experienced professionals involved in teacher education and offer a rich variety of stimulating ideas and practical suggestions for the language classroom. The underlying concept of language change is a broad one, ranging from lexis, grammar and orthography to text, discourse and varieties. All contributions give a brief overview of the theoretical background followed by sections containing teaching materials for classroom use (i.e. texts, examples, exercises).

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Thou, Thee, Thy, Thine, Ye, You, Your, Yours: Second Person Pronouns in Two Bible Translations</p><p>In the King James Version from 1611 there are eight different forms of personal pronouns for second person: the singular forms thou, thee, thy, thine and the corresponding plural forms ye, you, your and yours. Because of linguistic changes in the English language the number of the second person pronouns has declined during the centuries. Accordingly, in the New King James Version from 1990 these eight earlier pronouns are represented by only three pronouns: you, your, yours. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that the disappearance of so many different pronoun forms might have caused some ambiguity. To examine this, The Gospel of Luke of both Bible versions was studied and all the second person pronouns were first classified according to their case and number (nominative/accusative/dative/genitive, singular/plural) and thereafter counted. The verses of the Gospel of Luke, where both one or several persons are addressed, were read and carefully studied. Furthermore, when necessary, interesting or relevant, comparisons were also made to two other translations: Gustav V´s Bible from 1917 and the Swedish Bible Version from 2000. The results of this study show that there are differences in the numbers of the examined pronouns. These discrepancies depend on several different factors which have been discussed. In addition, the investigation gives evidence of the fact that the references of pronouns are not always completely clear: several verses, which might be perceived erroneously, were found in the modern English Bible translation.</p>

<p>This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.</p>

The comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics has demonstrated that frequency changes are not reliable determinants of whether grammatical change is taking place. Frequency changes can be the result of extra-linguistic register changes, changes within the underlying grammar, or a combination (Szmrecsanyi, 2011; Tagliamonte, 2002). This work examines two variables known to vary along the written-to-spoken continuum — relative clause pronouns, and the genitive construction — across three registers of English and 100 years, with the goal of furthering our understanding of the relationship between spoken and written language. The s-genitive (i.e. Canada's government vs. the government of Canada) is on the rise in the 20th century (Hinrichs and Szmrecsanyi, 2007; Rosenbach, 2007). Statistical modeling confirms the press register leads this increase — a register change. Examination of internal linguistic constraints over time indicates simultaneous grammatical change, with the s–genitive increasing with certain inanimate subtypes. The WH-forms (who, which) of the relative pronouns have become increasingly restricted to written registers (e.g. Romaine, 1982; Tottie, 1997), leaving that as the variant used most for subject function in vernacular speech (D'Arcy and Tagliamonte 2010). Although who continues to be used for animates, which is shown to have lost any grammatical conditioning that it once had and to be undergoing lexical replacement by that for non-human subject antecedents. Unlike the genitives, though, examination of internal linguistic factors reveals no evidence of grammatical change. The methodology employed here provides a way to tease apart grammatical change from register change, with register-internal change shown to be a motivating factor in change from above. While the vernacular is ''the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure'' (Labov, 1972a:208), it is not necessarily the most innovative, nor is it always the locus of change. With that in mind, this work provides a model of language change that integrates change across speech and writing.

The comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics has demonstrated that frequency changes are not reliable determinants of whether grammatical change is taking place. Frequency changes can be the result of extra-linguistic register changes, changes within the underlying grammar, or a combination (Szmrecsanyi, 2011; Tagliamonte, 2002). This work examines two variables known to vary along the written-to-spoken continuum — relative clause pronouns, and the genitive construction — across three registers of English and 100 years, with the goal of furthering our understanding of the relationship between spoken and written language. The s-genitive (i.e. Canada's government vs. the government of Canada) is on the rise in the 20th century (Hinrichs and Szmrecsanyi, 2007; Rosenbach, 2007). Statistical modeling confirms the press register leads this increase — a register change. Examination of internal linguistic constraints over time indicates simultaneous grammatical change, with the s–genitive increasing with certain inanimate subtypes. The WH-forms (who, which) of the relative pronouns have become increasingly restricted to written registers (e.g. Romaine, 1982; Tottie, 1997), leaving that as the variant used most for subject function in vernacular speech (D'Arcy and Tagliamonte 2010). Although who continues to be used for animates, which is shown to have lost any grammatical conditioning that it once had and to be undergoing lexical replacement by that for non-human subject antecedents. Unlike the genitives, though, examination of internal linguistic factors reveals no evidence of grammatical change. The methodology employed here provides a way to tease apart grammatical change from register change, with register-internal change shown to be a motivating factor in change from above. While the vernacular is ''the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure'' (Labov, 1972a:208), it is not necessarily the most innovative, nor is it always the locus of change. With that in mind, this work provides a model of language change that integrates change across speech and writing.

abstract: This study is about Thai English (ThaiE), a variety of World Englishes that is presently spoken in Thailand, as the result of the spread of English and the recent Thai government policies towards English communication in Thailand. In the study, I examined the linguistic data of spoken ThaiE, collected from multiple sources both in the U.S.A. and Thailand. The study made use of a qualitative approach in examining the data, which were from (i) English interviews and questionnaires with 12 highly educated Thai speakers of English during my fieldwork in the Southwestern U.S.A., Central Thailand, and Northeastern Thailand, (ii) English speech samples from the media in Thailand, i.e. television programs, a news report, and a talk radio program, and (iii) the research articles on English used by Thai speakers of English. This study describes the typology of ThaiE in terms of its morpho-syntax, phonology, and sociolinguistics, with the main focus being placed on the structural characteristics of ThaiE. Based on the data, the results show that some of the ThaiE features are similar to the World Englishes features, but some are unique to ThaiE. Therefore, I argue that ThaiE is structurally considered a new variety of World Englishes at the present time. The findings also showed an interesting result, regarding the notion of ThaiE by the fieldwork interview participants. The majority of these participants (n=6) denied the existence of ThaiE, while the minority of the participants (n=5) believed ThaiE existed, and one participant was reluctant to give the answer. The study suggested that the participants' academic backgrounds, the unfamiliar notion of ThaiE, and the level of the participants' social interaction with everyday persons may have influenced their answers to the main research question. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao ana dias letras.pdf: 2760732 bytes, checksum: 9948bb96924e65ef6dded9857c441476 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-18 / This study presents an analysis of the palatalization process of /t/ and /d/ before vowels as [ã] [a], [e], [o] and [u] in examples such as muitxu ~ muito, prefeitxu ~ prefeito, deitxadu ~ deitado, doidzu ~ doido, founded in the Corpus of Lagoa de Pedra and Canabrava, two rural african descent communities located 40 km from the city of Arraias in the State of Tocantins. The survey participants were aged between 54 to 89 years, non-educated or having little knowledge of letters, and were born and grown in site. The methodology used for data collection was based on the model of the sociolinguistic interview, focused on the narratives of personal experience and in the history of the place. The theoretical background discusses the formation of the Portuguese language returning to its roots in Latin, as well as the formation of the Brazilian Portuguese language with focus on linguistics and socio-historical aspects that marked the early years of Portuguese colonization in Brazil, as the contact with indigenous languages and African ones. It also discusses the theories of syllable structure of the Portuguese language in the phonology, according to the linear and nonlinear standards, based on ideas from Camara Jr. (1969, 1977), Dubois (2004) and Selkirk (1982), similarly, the consonant and vowel system and the process of palatalization from Latin to Portuguese and the description of this process in the current Portuguese based on structuralist, generative and autossegmental models. To data description it was taken into account internal factors to the language that could possible foment, or discourage, the palatalization process of /t/ e /d/ such as: the following phonological context; the preceding phonological context; syllable position in the word and tone. The data analysis was divided into two parts, in which the first part is the phonological analysis of the process of palatalization on the model proposed by the geometry of phonological features theory, according to Bisol and Hora (1993), Hora (1993), based on Clements's proposal (1985). The second, based on claims of historical linguistics, with respect to variation, preservation and linguistic change, analyzes the process in a historical-evolutionary scale. In this perspective, the historical phonetics is of utmost importance for the discussions, (COUTINHO, 1976; ELIA, 1979; BUENO, 1958) / Este estudo apresenta uma análise do processo de palatalização de /t/ e /d/ antes de vogais como [ã], [a], [e&#61481;], [o] e [u] em exemplos como muitxu ~ muito, prefeitxu ~ prefeito, deitxadu ~ deitado, doidzu ~ doido, encontrado no corpus de Lagoa da Pedra e Canabrava, duas comunidades rurais afro-descendentes localizadas a 40 km da cidade de Arraias no Estado Tocantins. Os participantes da pesquisa têm idade entre 54 a 89 anos, não-escolarizados ou possuem pouco conhecimento das letras e são nascidas e criadas no local. A metodologia utilizada para coleta dos dados baseia-se no modelo da entrevista sociolinguística, direcionada para as narrativas de experiência pessoal e da história do lugar. O referencial teórico discute a formação da língua portuguesa retornando às suas origens no latim, bem como a formação da língua portuguesa brasileira dando destaque aos aspectos sócio-históricos e linguísticos que marcaram os primeiros anos da colonização portuguesa no Brasil como o contato com as línguas indígenas e africanas. Discute também as teorias acerca da estrutura silábica do português no âmbito da fonologia, conforme as modelos lineares e não-lineares, fundamentando-se nas idéias de Camara Jr. (1969, 1977), Dubois (2004) e Selkirk (1982), assim como, o sistema consonantal e vocálico e o processo de palatalização desde o latim até o português e a descrição desse processo no português atual com base nos modelos estruturalista, gerativista e autossegmental. Para a descrição dos dados levou-se em consideração os fatores internos à língua que poderiam favorecer ou desfavorecer o processo de palatalização de /t/ e /d/ tais como, o contexto fonológico seguinte, contexto fonológico precedente, posição da sílaba no vocábulo e a tonicidade. A análise dos dados foi dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira a análise fonológica do processo de palatalização seguindo o modelo proposto pela teoria da Geometria de Traços, de acordo com Bisol e Hora (1993), Hora (1993), com base na proposta de Clements (1985). A segunda, fundamentada nos pressupostos da linguística histórica, no que diz respeito à variação, a preservação e a mudança linguística, analisa-se o processo numa dimensão histórico-evolutiva. Nessa perspectiva a fonética histórica é de fundamental importância para as discussões, (COUTINHO, 1976; ELIA, 1979; BUENO, 1958)

ABSTRACT Thou, Thee, Thy, Thine, Ye, You, Your, Yours: Second Person Pronouns in Two Bible Translations In the King James Version from 1611 there are eight different forms of personal pronouns for second person: the singular forms thou, thee, thy, thine and the corresponding plural forms ye, you, your and yours. Because of linguistic changes in the English language the number of the second person pronouns has declined during the centuries. Accordingly, in the New King James Version from 1990 these eight earlier pronouns are represented by only three pronouns: you, your, yours. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that the disappearance of so many different pronoun forms might have caused some ambiguity. To examine this, The Gospel of Luke of both Bible versions was studied and all the second person pronouns were first classified according to their case and number (nominative/accusative/dative/genitive, singular/plural) and thereafter counted. The verses of the Gospel of Luke, where both one or several persons are addressed, were read and carefully studied. Furthermore, when necessary, interesting or relevant, comparisons were also made to two other translations: Gustav V´s Bible from 1917 and the Swedish Bible Version from 2000. The results of this study show that there are differences in the numbers of the examined pronouns. These discrepancies depend on several different factors which have been discussed. In addition, the investigation gives evidence of the fact that the references of pronouns are not always completely clear: several verses, which might be perceived erroneously, were found in the modern English Bible translation.

In this corpus-based study, the two verb pairs arise and rise and awake and wake are investigated. The paper focuses on seven research questions that are related to the meanings of the verbs in question, the semantic specialisations of those verbs, and the semantic relation of the specific verb pair constituents. Furthermore, tendencies of language change are investigated, and an attempt is made to generalise over the influence of the prefix a- on those tendencies. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis show that the verbs awake and wake are more synonymous than the verbs arise and rise. It seems as if due to this difference, the two verbs arise and awake are subject to different processes of language change that take their development into different directions. The observations made about the characteristics of the prefix a- that is involved in the two verbs arise and awake are often ambiguous and inconclusive. Therefore, the influence of this prefix on the processes of language change needs to be analysed further by investigating more word pairs distinguished by the absence or presence of the prefix a-.

This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.