<p>This paper is a study of the use of the prepositions to/with after the verb to talk in British and American English. The research is based on the material from the COBUILDDirect corpus, Longman American Spoken Corpus and New York Times CD-ROM. The common and different features of the use of talk to/with in different genres of American and British English as well as in written and spoken English were studied; special attention was paid to the factors which influence the choice of the prepositions. The research has shown that generally talk with is used much less than talk to and probably is undergoing the process of narrowing of meaning. With after talk seems to be used most often to refer to two-way communication while talk to is used to refer to both one- and two-way communication and is, therefore, more universal than talk with.</p>

Remiantis lietuvių etnologų Jono Balio, Pranės Dundulienės, Liberto Klimkos, Juozo Kudirkos, Jono Trinkūno veikalais, darbe etnolingvistiniu aspektu yra apžvelgiami lietuvių kalendorinių švenčių ir etninių papročių pavadinimai. Aptariama jų kilmė, daryba, sinonimika, analizuojami kalendorinių švenčių ryšiai su liaudies papročiais ir tradicijomis, apibrėžiami santykiai su kitų tautų analogiškais etnolingvistiniais reiškiniais. Pavadinimų apžvalgą papildo kalendorinių švenčių ir etninių papročių žodynėlis. / According to Lithuanian ethnologists Jonas Balys, Pranė Dundulienė, Libertas Klimka, Jonas Trinkūnas production, their work in ethnolinguistic aspect provides an overview of lithuanian calendar holidays and customs of ethnic titles. It discusses the origin, composition, synonymy, analyses calendar holiday connections with folk customs and traditions, defines relathions with other nathions similar ethnolinguistics phenomena. Review of titles complements the glossary of calendar holidays and customs.

Esta pesquisa reconhece a existência de sinonímia e quase-sinonímia na terminologia jurídica, mais especificamente nos ramos do Direito do Trabalho e do Processo Trabalhista, analisa morfológica e semântica-discursivamente as variações denominativas utilizadas pelos magistrados, bem como evidencia que essas variações, no discurso jurídico, tendem a dificultar a comunicação entre os especialistas da área e o usuário comum.O tema se justifica, na medida em que alguns autores, no domínio da Semântica e da Lexicologia, julgam desejável, nos discursos especializados, a eliminação de várias denominações para uma mesma noção, porém outros estudiosos discordam dessa postura e apontam que a sinonímia é presença incontestável em linguagens de especialidade. Discutem-se, assim, dentre outras, as teorias de Barbosa, Alves, Araújo, Faulstich, Ullmann, Bloomfield, Lopes, Geckeler, Lyons, Wuster, Boulanger, Auger, Cabré, Dubuc, Duque-Picard acerca do fenômeno linguístico em análise, como também conceitos e critérios de base para seu reconhecimento. Discutem-se, ainda, tipologias da sinonímia que podem ser aplicados à Terminologia, ainda que formulados no âmbito da Linguística, pois concebe-se que esta ciência não é desvinculada daquela. Demonstram-se termos da área do Direito que estão ou não em relação sinonímica, extraídos de decisões judiciais, as quais possuem estruturação, características linguísticas e objetivos específicos, mas, devido a, sobretudo, o uso de uma terminologia jurídica específica, não possui linguagem simples e objetiva. Percebe-se a necessidade de se analisar as unidades terminológicas em seu habitat natural, isto é, in vivo, dentro da comunicação especializada, no locus material dos discursos, por meio da análise de textos produzidos de maneira real, e não in vitro, fora do contexto de uso habitual. Observa-se que o trato da sinonímia em Terminologia deve ser bastante criterioso, não só quando se visa à elaboração da macroestrutura, da microestrutura e dos processos de remissivas em um trabalho terminográfico, mas também para se evitar ambiguidade nos textos de especialidade. Nessa direção, estabelecem-se, com esta pesquisa, paradigmas para uma futura elaboração de um glossário no domínio do Direito do Trabalho e do Processo Trabalhista. / This research recognizes the existence of synonymy and almost-synonymy in the law terminology, more specifically in the Labor Law and Labor Suit fields; analyses morphologically and semantic-discursively the variations used by the magistrates, and also makes evident that those variations, in the law discourse, tend to make more difficult the communications between the specialists in the field and the common user. The theme is justified, in the sense that some authors, in the Semantics and Lexicology domains, consider preferable, in specialized discourse, to eliminate the various denominations for the same notion. On the other hand, other scholars disagree from that posture and point out that synonymy is an incontestable presence in specialized languages. The theories from Barbosa, Alves, Araújo, Faulstich, Ullmann, Bloomfield, Lopes, Geckeler, Lyons, Wüster, Boulanger, Auger, Cabré, Dubuc, Duque-Picard are then discussed about the linguistic phenomenon under analysis, as well as concepts and basic criteria for its recognition. The typology of synonyms that can be applied to the terminology are also discussed, even though they are formulated in the field of Linguistics, as we consider this science is not detached from the other. Terms from the Law field which are or are not in a synonymic relation are demonstrated, extracted from legal decisions, which have specific structures, linguistic characteristics and objectives, but, due to, mainly, the use of a specific law terminology, does not have a simple and objective language. A necessity to analyze the terminological units in its natural habitat is perceived, that is, in vivo, within the specialized communication, in the material locus of discourse, outside the context of its habitual use. It is observed that the treatment of the synonymy in Terminology must be very judicious, not only for the elaboration of its macrostructure, microstructure and the remissive processes in a terminographic work, but also to avoid ambiguity in the specialized texts. In this direction, with this research we establish paradigms for a future elaboration of a glossary in the Labor Law and Labor Suit domains.

Esta pesquisa reconhece a existência de sinonímia e quase-sinonímia na terminologia jurídica, mais especificamente nos ramos do Direito do Trabalho e do Processo Trabalhista, analisa morfológica e semântica-discursivamente as variações denominativas utilizadas pelos magistrados, bem como evidencia que essas variações, no discurso jurídico, tendem a dificultar a comunicação entre os especialistas da área e o usuário comum.O tema se justifica, na medida em que alguns autores, no domínio da Semântica e da Lexicologia, julgam desejável, nos discursos especializados, a eliminação de várias denominações para uma mesma noção, porém outros estudiosos discordam dessa postura e apontam que a sinonímia é presença incontestável em linguagens de especialidade. Discutem-se, assim, dentre outras, as teorias de Barbosa, Alves, Araújo, Faulstich, Ullmann, Bloomfield, Lopes, Geckeler, Lyons, Wuster, Boulanger, Auger, Cabré, Dubuc, Duque-Picard acerca do fenômeno linguístico em análise, como também conceitos e critérios de base para seu reconhecimento. Discutem-se, ainda, tipologias da sinonímia que podem ser aplicados à Terminologia, ainda que formulados no âmbito da Linguística, pois concebe-se que esta ciência não é desvinculada daquela. Demonstram-se termos da área do Direito que estão ou não em relação sinonímica, extraídos de decisões judiciais, as quais possuem estruturação, características linguísticas e objetivos específicos, mas, devido a, sobretudo, o uso de uma terminologia jurídica específica, não possui linguagem simples e objetiva. Percebe-se a necessidade de se analisar as unidades terminológicas em seu habitat natural, isto é, in vivo, dentro da comunicação especializada, no locus material dos discursos, por meio da análise de textos produzidos de maneira real, e não in vitro, fora do contexto de uso habitual. Observa-se que o trato da sinonímia em Terminologia deve ser bastante criterioso, não só quando se visa à elaboração da macroestrutura, da microestrutura e dos processos de remissivas em um trabalho terminográfico, mas também para se evitar ambiguidade nos textos de especialidade. Nessa direção, estabelecem-se, com esta pesquisa, paradigmas para uma futura elaboração de um glossário no domínio do Direito do Trabalho e do Processo Trabalhista. / This research recognizes the existence of synonymy and almost-synonymy in the law terminology, more specifically in the Labor Law and Labor Suit fields; analyses morphologically and semantic-discursively the variations used by the magistrates, and also makes evident that those variations, in the law discourse, tend to make more difficult the communications between the specialists in the field and the common user. The theme is justified, in the sense that some authors, in the Semantics and Lexicology domains, consider preferable, in specialized discourse, to eliminate the various denominations for the same notion. On the other hand, other scholars disagree from that posture and point out that synonymy is an incontestable presence in specialized languages. The theories from Barbosa, Alves, Araújo, Faulstich, Ullmann, Bloomfield, Lopes, Geckeler, Lyons, Wüster, Boulanger, Auger, Cabré, Dubuc, Duque-Picard are then discussed about the linguistic phenomenon under analysis, as well as concepts and basic criteria for its recognition. The typology of synonyms that can be applied to the terminology are also discussed, even though they are formulated in the field of Linguistics, as we consider this science is not detached from the other. Terms from the Law field which are or are not in a synonymic relation are demonstrated, extracted from legal decisions, which have specific structures, linguistic characteristics and objectives, but, due to, mainly, the use of a specific law terminology, does not have a simple and objective language. A necessity to analyze the terminological units in its natural habitat is perceived, that is, in vivo, within the specialized communication, in the material locus of discourse, outside the context of its habitual use. It is observed that the treatment of the synonymy in Terminology must be very judicious, not only for the elaboration of its macrostructure, microstructure and the remissive processes in a terminographic work, but also to avoid ambiguity in the specialized texts. In this direction, with this research we establish paradigms for a future elaboration of a glossary in the Labor Law and Labor Suit domains.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a sinonímia presente nos textos especializados que versam sobre a Economia, mais especificamente nas subáreas de Finanças Públicas e Microeconomia, para, a partir desses dados, propor uma rediscussão do fenômeno no âmbito da Terminologia, que, por muito tempo, viu na sinonímia um empecilho para a exatidão na comunicação especializada e, por isso, buscou o ideal da biunivocidade entre termo e conceito - a um conceito deveria ser atribuído um único termo e vice-versa. Para se fazer o levantamento dos termos sinônimos, utilizou-se um corpus constituído por manuais, livros, artigos de periódicos e teses, usados como bibliografia básica nos cursos de graduação em Economia, da Universidade de São Paulo, da Universidade de Campinas e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Tal corpus está também sendo utilizado na elaboração de um dicionário terminológico da Economia, voltado para os estudantes dessa área do saber. Para as reflexões teóricas, tomou-se como base tanto estudos sobre o fenômeno no âmbito da Semântica e da Lexicologia (Ullmann, Baldinger, Lyons, Niklas-Salminen, entre outros) quanto no âmbito da Terminologia (Wüster, Kocourek, Cabré, Alves, Auger, Boulanger, Temmerman, Aymerich, Contente, entre outros). Com base na análise dos dados e nas reflexões teóricas apresentadas, pôde-se, além de fazer uma descrição e análise das diferentes formas assumidas pelos termos sinônimos na Economia, chegar a uma abordagem da sinonímia diferente da tradicionalmente encontrada nos estudos terminológicos sobre o tema. Pôde-se demonstrar que os termos sinônimos mostram-se muitas vezes funcionais no discurso especializado analisado, contrariando a tese de que seriam empecilhos para uma comunicação eficiente e, por isso, deveriam ser eliminados desse tipo de discurso. / This research aims at describing and analyzing the synonymy present in technical texts that deal with Economics, specifically the sub-areas of Public Finances and Microeconomics, in order to propose a re-discussion of the phenomenon in the scope of Terminology, which, for a long time, has considered synonymy as an impediment to the exactitude of specialized communication and, because of this, has sought the ideal of biunivocity between term and concept - a concept corresponds to just one term and viceversa. In order to conduct the investigation of the synonymous terms, it was used a corpus constituted by manuals, books, periodical articles and thesis, utilized as basic bibliography in university courses on Economics at Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de Campinas and Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. This corpus is also being used in the development of a terminological dictionary of Economics, directed to students of this area of knowledge. The theoretical reflections have been based upon studies of the phenomenon both in the scope of Semantics and Lexicology (Ullmann, Baldinger, Lyons, Niklas-Salminen, amongst others) and in the scope of Terminology (Wüster, Kocourek, Cabré, Alves, Auger, Boulanger, Temmerman, Aymerich, Contente and so on). Based on the analysis of the data and on the theoretical reflections, it was possible not only to develop a description and an analysis of the different forms assumed by the synonymous terms in Economics, but also to reach a new approach to synonymy different from the one that is traditionally found in the terminological studies about the topic. It was possible to demonstrate that the synonymous terms have been shown to be very functional in the specialized discourse in question, refuting, in his way, the thesis that synonyms are impediment to an efficient communication and, therefore, should be eliminated from this sort of discourse.

This study explores how bilingualism impacts lexical selection within spontaneous spoken language production. The particular analysis focuses on the choice between synonymous verbs in English. The main hypothesis predicts that, as a result of crosslinguistic influence, bilingual speakers of French and English will opt for the English synonym which has structural correspondence to the French translation equivalent more often than monolingual speakers, who do not experience an influence from French. Structural correspondence exists in two distinct ways: in the form of cognates (e.g., applaudir/applaud vs. clap) and in terms of the number of free morphemes used to convey the same semantic information (e.g., lever/raise vs. put up). The language production data was generated by participants viewing video scenes and describing the action as it progressed. The frequency with which the different verbs were used was then compared across the different participant groups: monolingual English speakers and bilingual speakers of both French and English. The bilingual group was also subdivided based on language dominance. A range of different analyses were conducted. A framework is established for interpreting the data. Bilingualism can have one of three main effects on the speech of bilinguals relative to monolinguals: (a) an expanding effect, in which bilinguals use a wider range of lexical forms than monolinguals, (b) a limiting effect, in which bilinguals use a more limited range of lexical items than bilinguals, and (c) a modifying effect, in which the range of lexical items is basically the same between bilinguals and monolinguals but varies in terms of the frequency with which those lexical forms are used (a type of CLI labeled covert). These effects interact with certain speaker variables such as which language is the speakers dominant language. The stage(s) within the language production process at which CLI impacts ultimate lexicalization is also explored. Current models of language production which focus on lexical selection are discussed. The results of this study are most compatible with specific notions such as lexical access being target-language non-specific (see Costa, 2004, for example) and the Weaker Links Hypothesis (e.g., Gollan and Silverberg, 2001; Gollan, Montoya, & Werner, 2002).

This monograph is an empirical study of the competition between the French movement verbs amener/apporter and emmener/emporter, regarded as partial synonyms in the sense that they are interchangeable in certain contexts. The main purpose of this study is to account for these competing verbs from the perspective of actual language use, and to determine to what extent they are synonymous. The study is based on a corpus of French newspaper texts, some literary texts and the answers from a group of informants. It is shown that these lexemes cannot be defined by the principle of shared properties of all the senses represented. They are best analysed as polysemous within the framework of the prototype theory, according to which there is a basic sense from which the other secondary senses are derived through metaphor or metonymy. In the case of these verbs the competition between them arises through the widening of the semantic content of the verbs amener and emmener, extended to the use of inanimate objects uncapable of movement. This case normally calls for the use of the verbs apporter et emporter. In response to the question of the degree of synonymy between these verbs, when adopting a cognitive perspective, it is argued that they are to be considered as lexical variants rather than as perfect synonyms, in the sense that they focus on different aspects of the described movement. In other words, there is an aspectual difference between these closely related lexemes which is determined not only by inherent semantic properties, but to a large extent also by non-linguistic properties, such as the perspective adopted by the speaker in describing the mouvement. Finally, it is pointed out that the prototypical sense of each verb not only explains the different derived senses it gives rise to, but also accounts for the aspectual difference between these competing verbs. / digitalisering@umu

No description available.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e analisar a sinonímia presente nos textos especializados que versam sobre a Economia, mais especificamente nas subáreas de Finanças Públicas e Microeconomia, para, a partir desses dados, propor uma rediscussão do fenômeno no âmbito da Terminologia, que, por muito tempo, viu na sinonímia um empecilho para a exatidão na comunicação especializada e, por isso, buscou o ideal da biunivocidade entre termo e conceito - a um conceito deveria ser atribuído um único termo e vice-versa. Para se fazer o levantamento dos termos sinônimos, utilizou-se um corpus constituído por manuais, livros, artigos de periódicos e teses, usados como bibliografia básica nos cursos de graduação em Economia, da Universidade de São Paulo, da Universidade de Campinas e da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Tal corpus está também sendo utilizado na elaboração de um dicionário terminológico da Economia, voltado para os estudantes dessa área do saber. Para as reflexões teóricas, tomou-se como base tanto estudos sobre o fenômeno no âmbito da Semântica e da Lexicologia (Ullmann, Baldinger, Lyons, Niklas-Salminen, entre outros) quanto no âmbito da Terminologia (Wüster, Kocourek, Cabré, Alves, Auger, Boulanger, Temmerman, Aymerich, Contente, entre outros). Com base na análise dos dados e nas reflexões teóricas apresentadas, pôde-se, além de fazer uma descrição e análise das diferentes formas assumidas pelos termos sinônimos na Economia, chegar a uma abordagem da sinonímia diferente da tradicionalmente encontrada nos estudos terminológicos sobre o tema. Pôde-se demonstrar que os termos sinônimos mostram-se muitas vezes funcionais no discurso especializado analisado, contrariando a tese de que seriam empecilhos para uma comunicação eficiente e, por isso, deveriam ser eliminados desse tipo de discurso. / This research aims at describing and analyzing the synonymy present in technical texts that deal with Economics, specifically the sub-areas of Public Finances and Microeconomics, in order to propose a re-discussion of the phenomenon in the scope of Terminology, which, for a long time, has considered synonymy as an impediment to the exactitude of specialized communication and, because of this, has sought the ideal of biunivocity between term and concept - a concept corresponds to just one term and viceversa. In order to conduct the investigation of the synonymous terms, it was used a corpus constituted by manuals, books, periodical articles and thesis, utilized as basic bibliography in university courses on Economics at Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de Campinas and Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. This corpus is also being used in the development of a terminological dictionary of Economics, directed to students of this area of knowledge. The theoretical reflections have been based upon studies of the phenomenon both in the scope of Semantics and Lexicology (Ullmann, Baldinger, Lyons, Niklas-Salminen, amongst others) and in the scope of Terminology (Wüster, Kocourek, Cabré, Alves, Auger, Boulanger, Temmerman, Aymerich, Contente and so on). Based on the analysis of the data and on the theoretical reflections, it was possible not only to develop a description and an analysis of the different forms assumed by the synonymous terms in Economics, but also to reach a new approach to synonymy different from the one that is traditionally found in the terminological studies about the topic. It was possible to demonstrate that the synonymous terms have been shown to be very functional in the specialized discourse in question, refuting, in his way, the thesis that synonyms are impediment to an efficient communication and, therefore, should be eliminated from this sort of discourse.

This paper is a study of the use of the prepositions to/with after the verb to talk in British and American English. The research is based on the material from the COBUILDDirect corpus, Longman American Spoken Corpus and New York Times CD-ROM. The common and different features of the use of talk to/with in different genres of American and British English as well as in written and spoken English were studied; special attention was paid to the factors which influence the choice of the prepositions. The research has shown that generally talk with is used much less than talk to and probably is undergoing the process of narrowing of meaning. With after talk seems to be used most often to refer to two-way communication while talk to is used to refer to both one- and two-way communication and is, therefore, more universal than talk with.