<p>This essay is a corpus study, the aim of which is to investigate the usage of two near-synonymous verb pairs that descend from Germanic and Romance languages. The four verbs begin, commence, hate, and detest were chosen for the study. The analysis is based on occurrences of the verbs in five subcorpora in the COBUILDDIRECT corpus; two subcorpora consist of British and American books and three subcorpora are composed of British and Australian newspapers. Occurrences were also collected from the novel Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontë. The primary aims of the essay are to investigate the frequency and occurrence of the verbs in different text types as well as in British and American books, to reveal if the verbs are synonymous and whether they occur with the same collocates. Furthermore, the novel Wuthering Heights gives a diachronic view of the usage of the verbs.</p><p>This analysis suggests that a usage of the verbs of Germanic origin is more frequent than the verbs of Romance origin. The Romance verbs are more common in novels and books, but also in the British newspaper The Times. Furthermore, the usage of commence and detest seems to be restricted to certain contexts which are connected to the field of the English language in which the verbs occurred at first. The Germanic verbs are clearly favoured in all kinds of texts investigated, even though Wuthering Heights has a high number of occurrences of commence.</p><p>On the topic of synonymy, begin and commence have been found to be further apart from each other than hate and detest. This is due to the fact that begin and commence are constructed grammatically different, as well as a restriction in contextual usage of commence. Despite this, commence is used more freely in American books than in British books. The synonymy of hate and detest is connected to the fact that detest expresses a stronger feeling than hate, which makes the two verbs near-synonymous but also gradable. The verbs in the two pairs also collocate with different words, which underlines that they are not real synonyms. These findings support the claim that one should not call the verb pairs synonyms but near-synonyms, and that one has to be careful when choosing a verb.</p>

Introdução Anopheles (Nsssorhynchus) constitui o grupo de anofelinos que encerra o maior número de vetores de plasmódios que causam a malária humana na Região Neotropical. Em vista disso, são as espécies que têm sido mais frequentemente estudadas. O subgênero possui 33 espécies e está dividido em três seções, Myzorhynchella, Albimanus e Argyritarsis. A última revisão da seção Myzorhynchella é a de Galvão (1941) e são raros os estudos com a seção que é formada pelas espécies An. lutzii, An. parvus, An. nigritarsis e An. antunesi. Embora estas espécies sejam consideradas zoofílicas, estudos taxonômicos são necessários para estabelecer a identificação morfológica e para diferenciar estas espécies de outros Anophelinae, fornecendo assim condições adequadas para avaliar as espécies que estão envolvidas na transmissão da malária. Objetivos Caracterizar morfologicamente e molecularmente as espécies da seção Myzorhynchella e estabelecer caracteres morfológicos que permitam a separação entre as mesmas. Métodos Foram realizadas coletas de mosquitos em diferentes localidades da Mata Atlântica, além da análise de caracteres morfológicos de larva, pupa, adultos macho e fêmea e ovos de espécimes disponíveis na coleção entomológica da Faculdade de Saúde Pública FSP/USP, do Museu de Zoologia MZUSP e do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC. Foram realizadas análises moleculares utilizando sequências de bases nucleotídicas da região do Espaçador Interno Transcrito 2 - ITS2 do DNA ribossômico e do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade I - COI. Resultados - Foram caracterizados os adultos, machos e fêmeas, as formas imaturas e os ovos de An. antunesi e de An. lutzii. Anopheles guarani e An. niger foram retiradas da sinonímia de An. lutzii. Foi descrita uma espécie nova que é encontrada em simpatria com An. antunesi na Serra da Mantiqueira. Os resultados das análises filogenéticas corroboraram a existência de pelo menos cinco espécies dentro da seção Myzorhynchella e indicam que An. parvus e An. antunesi podem representar complexos de espécies. Acresce considerar que An. lutzii foi redescrita com o emprego de espécimes do Vale do Ribeira. No entanto, a falta de espécimes de An. lutzii da localidade tipo com as formas adultas e imaturos associados, impediram a caracterização adequada da espécie. Conclusão Foram caracterizadas quatro espécies da seção Myzorhynchella, foi descrita uma espécie nova que ocorre na Serra da Mantiqueira e demonstrou-se que An. parvus e An. antunesi podem ser complexos de espécies. Há a necessidade de continuar os estudos da Seção Myzorhynchella e obter topotipos de An. lutzii / Introduction Anopheles (Nsssorhynchus) is the group of anophelines that has the largest number of vectors of plasmodium that causes human malaria in the Neotropics. Because of this, species of this subgenus have been most frequently studied. The subgenus has 33 nominal species, subdivided into three sections, Myzorhynchella, Albimanus and Argyritarsis. The last revision on species of the Myzorhynchella section is that by Galvão (1941) and taxonomic studies are rare in the section that is formed by An. lutzii, An. parvus, An. nigritarsis and An. antunesi. Although these species are considered to be zoophilic, taxonomic studies are necessary to fix the morphological identification, and to differentiate these species from other Anophelinae, thus providing appropriate conditions to evaluate which species are involved in the transmission of malaria. Objetives To fix the morphological and molecular identification of species of the Myzorhynchella section and to define morphological characters to separate the species. Methods The mosquitoes were collected in different localities in the Mata Atlântica. These specimens were employed in analyses of morphological characters of eggs, larva, pupa, adult male and female, and were compared to specimens deposited in the Entomological Collection of Faculdade de Saúde Pública FSP/USP, Museu de Zoologia MZUSP and Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC. Molecular analysis were performed using sequences of of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ITS2 of ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene COI. Results We characterized the adults, male and female, immature forms and the eggs of An. antunesi and An. lutzii. Anopheles guarani and An. niger were removed from the synomym of An. lutzii. A new species that was found in sympatry with An. antunesi in Serra da Mantiqueira was described. Results of phylogenetic analysis corroborate the existence of at least five species within Myzorhynchella Section and indicate that An. parvus and An. antunesi may represent complexes of species. Besides An. lutzii was redescribed using specimens of Ribeira Valley. However, the lack of specimens of An. lutzii from the type locality with associated adults and immature forms prevented the proper characterization of the species. Conclusion We characterized four species of Myzorhynchella section, a new species that occurs in Serra da Mantiqueira was described, and it showed that An. parvus and An. antunesi may be species complex. There is a need to continue the studies of the section and get topotypes of An. lutzii

A tribo Omocerini, proposta por Hincks, inclui atualmente sete gêneros (Canistra Erichson, Carlobruchia Spaeth, Cassidinoma Hincks, Cyclosoma Guérin-Meneville, Discomorpha Chevrolat, Omocerus Chevrolat e Polychalca Chevrolat), 17 subgêneros e 147 espécies. Considerando que os estudos filogenéticos de Cassidinae nunca incluíram todos os gêneros e subgêneros da tribo e que sinonímias e mudanças taxonômicas vêm sendo propostas sem embasamento filogenético, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a monofilia da tribo e propor hipóteses sobre as relações entre seus gêneros e subgêneros e testar a validade dos mesmos. Foram analisadas 46 espécies de Omocerini como grupo-interno e 14 espécies de outras seis tribos de Cassidinae como grupo-externo, utilizando 230 caracteres morfológicos (200 referentes a adultos e 30 a imaturos). A análise filogenética com pesos iguais resultou em nove árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com 1101 passos. Na análise com pesagem implícita dos caracteres (K=3) apenas uma árvore foi encontrada. As árvores resultantes de todas as análises corroboram a monofilia da tribo Omocerini com base em 13 sinapomorfias (seis exclusivas). O grupo-irmão de Omocerini é o clado que representa a tribo Stolaini (Mesomphalia gibbosa (Chelymorpha cribraria + Stolas lacordairei)), hipótese de relacionamento nunca proposta anteriormente. As relações encontradas entre os grandes grupos de Omocerini foram: ((Carlobruchia (Cassidinoma (\"Polychalca\" + \"Omocerus\"))) + (Canistra (\"Cyclosoma\" + \"Discomorpha\"))). Os gêneros Cyclosoma, Discomorpha, Omocerus e Polychalca são parafiléticos. Canistra apresenta-se monofilético e grupo-irmão de (\"Cyclosoma\" + \"Discomorpha\"). Carlobruchia é considerado monofilético baseado na análise com pesagem implícita, sendo grupo-irmão de: (Cassidinoma (\"Polychalca\" + \"Omocerus\")). Polychalca foi considerado sinônimo junior de Omocerus e Discomorpha sinônimo junior de Cyclosoma e apenas os sinônimos senior foram considerados válidos. A monofilia dos subgêneros de Omocerini não é suportada nas análises realizadas, portanto, estes não devem ser utilizados como agrupamentos taxonômicos. / The tribe Omocerini, proposed by Hincks, currently comprises seven genera (Canistra Erichson, Carlobruchia Spaeth, Cassidinoma Hincks, Cyclosoma Guerin- Meneville, Discomorpha Chevrolat, Omocerus Chevrolat e Polychalca Chevrolat), 17 subgenera, and 147 species. Given that phylogenetic studies of Cassidinae have never included data regarding all genera and subgenera of the tribe, and synonymization and taxonomic category changes have been proposed without phylogenetic basis, this study aims to evaluate the monophyly of Omocerini based on morphological characters, propose a relationship hypothesis between its genera and subgenera and test their validity. Forty six species of Omocerini were included as ingroup and 14 species of six tribes of Cassidinae representing the outgroup, were analyzed based in 230 morphological characters 200 from adults and 30 from immature). The phylogenetic analysis with equal weighting of the characters yielded nine fundamental trees with 1101 steps. The analysis under implied weighting (k=3) resulted in a single most fit cladogram. The monophyly of the tribe was corroborated in all analysis, with 13 sinapomorphies (six exclusive) supporting it. The sister-group of Omocerini is the clade representing the Stolaini (Mesomphalia gibbosa (Chelymorpha cribraria + Stolas lacordairei)), a relationship hypothesis never proposed before. The relationships obtained between the subunits of Omocerini were: ((Carlobruchia (Cassidinoma (\"Polychalca\" + \"Omocerus\"))) + (Canistra (\"Cyclosoma\" + \"Discomorpha\"))). The genera Cyclosoma, Discomorpha, Omocerus and Polychalca are paraphyletic. Canistra is monophyletic and as the sistergroup of (\"Cyclosoma\" + \"Discomorpha\"). Carlobruchia is considered monophyletic based on the analysis under implied weighting and is sister-group of (Cassidinoma (\"Polychalca\" + \"Omocerus\")). Polychalca is considered a junior synonym of Omocerus and Discomorpha a junior synonym of Cyclosoma, and only the senior synonyms were considered valid. The monophyly of the subgenera of Omocerini were not supported by the analysis, therefore these should not be used as taxonomic groupings.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado apresenta um estudo, baseado em corpus comparável, da terminologia da energia solar fotovoltaica (conversão direta da radiação solar em eletricidade) em português do Brasil e francês da França. A importância das novas tecnologias de obtenção de energia, a partir de fontes limpas e renováveis, tal como a energia solar fotovoltaica, leva à publicação de livros, manuais técnicos, catálogos, contratos, diferentes tipos de discurso nos quais se encontra a linguagem técnica da área. Esses textos especializados acabam chegando até o tradutor que, diante da tarefa de compreender os termos e versá-los para outra língua, necessita recorrer a materiais de referência, como dicionários técnicos e bancos de dados especializados. Considerando, assim, a importância dos estudos terminológicos e da compilação de materiais terminográficos monolíngues e bilíngues das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento, realizamos um estudo da terminologia da energia solar fotovoltaica fundamentado na Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999) com o auxílio das ferramentas de análise de corpora proporcionadas pela Linguística de Corpus (ANTHONY, 2014). O corpus de estudo é composto por textos escritos por especialistas da área em português do Brasil e em francês da França, dos quais foram coletados 433 termos simples e complexos, sendo 242 em português e 191 em francês. Pela análise dos contextos de uso dentro do corpus e em materiais de apoio, buscamos pelos ganchos terminológicos (DUBUC, 1985), traços descritores que permitem a verificação das relações de sinonímia e de equivalência mantidas entre as unidades terminológicas. Foram elaboradas fichas terminológicas, para fins terminográficos, nas quais figuram uma definição e exemplos (PAVEL; NOLET, 2002) para cada termo. A partir dessas fichas, será possível elaborar, na continuação da pesquisa num futuro próximo, um dicionário de energia solar fotovoltaica, o qual poderá auxiliar tradutores no processo tradutório de textos especializados da área. / The masters research herein provides a study based on a comparable corpus of photovoltaic solar energy terminology (direct solar radiation conversion into electricity) of Portuguese from Brazil and French from France. The importance of new energy generation technologies from clean and renewable sources, such as photovoltaic solar energy, leads the publication of books, technical manuals, catalogs, contracts, different types of text in which one can find the technical discourse of the field. These specialized texts reach the translator who, before having to understand the terms and translate them into another language, need to resort to reference materials, such as technical dictionaries and specialized database. Accordingly, considering the importance of terminological studies and the compilation of monolingual and bilingual terminographic material from the most varied fields of knowledge, a study of the photovoltaic solar energy terminology based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999) was carried out, with the help of corpus analysis tools provided by Corpus Linguistics (ANTHONY, 2014). The corpus studied consists of texts written by experts in the field in Portuguese from Brazil and French from France, from which 433 simple and complex terms were collected: 242 terms in Portuguese and 191 in French. By analyzing usage contexts within the corpus and support materials, we searched in textual matches (DUBUC, 1985) for descriptive traits, which allow verifying the relation of synonymy and equivalence maintained among terminological units. Terminology records were created for terminographic purposes, featuring a definition and examples (PAVEL; NOLET, 2002) for each term. With these records, we will be able to compile, in a short future, a dictionary of photovoltaic solar energy which will help translators in the translating process of specialized texts from such field.

Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich dem Thema Synonymie im besonderen Fall der phraseologischen Einheiten. Es handelt sich um eine korpusbasierte, empirische Untersuchung, die sich insbesondere mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob und inwiefern es möglich ist, sich typisch semantischen Kategorien wie Bedeutung, Idiomatizität, Bildlichkeit etc. über die Untersuchung typischer Verwendungsmuster zu nähern. Diese Themenstellung motiviert sich aus bisher in der linguistischen Literatur strittigen grundsätzlichen Aspekten der Diskussion um Bedeutung und Synonymie: Sie ist zum einen als Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Verhältnisses zwischen Verwendungsdaten und Bedeutung sowie zum Status traditioneller wörterbuchähnlicher Bedeutungsangaben innerhalb einer gebrauchsbasierten Semantik gedacht: Zum anderen geht es darum, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Übertragbarkeit des Konzepts Synonymie von Einzellexemen auf phraseologische Einheiten zu gewinnen. Unter der Annahme, dass menschliches Lernen bzw. Erschließen von Bedeutung primär empirisch funktioniert, ist die Analyse der Breite der Varianz des tatsächlichen kontextuellen Verhaltens phraseologischer Einheiten bei gleicher oder ähnlicher Bedeutung dazu geeignet, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Korrelation zwischen Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsaspekten sowie über den Einfluss phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften zu gewinnen. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist eine Gruppe phraseologischer Einheiten, die in Wörterbüchern als bedeutungsähnlich bzw. synonym klassifiziert werden. Unter diesen phraseologischen Einheiten finden sich Ausdrücke unterschiedlicher Bildlichkeit, Idiomatizität und morphosyntaktischer Struktur, von denen einige aus mehreren Inhaltswörtern bestehen, wie etwa jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel, jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen und jmd. weiß Bescheid, während andere lediglich Verbindungen eines Inhaltswortes mit einem oder mehreren Funktionswörtern und dem Verb haben oder sein darstellen. Zur letzteren Gruppe gehören unter anderem Ausdrücke wie jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw., jmd. ist auf Zack und jmd. ist vom Fach. Diese Heterogenität der zu untersuchenden Ausdrücke bezüglich ihres phraseologischen Status macht sie zu einem geeigneten Gegenstand der differenzierten Betrachtung der Rolle phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften für die Beschreibung von Bedeutung und Synonymie. Die Untersuchung besteht im ersten Schritt in einer detaillierten Annotation aller Vorkommenskontexte der phraseologischen Einheiten im Korpus des DWDS (Berlin-Brandeburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, www.dwds.de) auf Basis einer Reihe vordefinierter Analysekriterien. Aus dieser Annotation wird in einem zweiten Schritt eine Beschreibung der typischen Verwendungsmerkmale jeder einzelnen lexikalischen Einheit gewonnen. Gleichzeitig enstehen nach einer festgelegten Methode Bedeutungsbeschreibungen in Form von Paraphrasen, die auf elementare Bedeutungsbestandteile reduziert werden. Diese Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsbeschreibungen der untersuchten phraseologschen Einheiten bilden die Basis für den dritten Teil der Arbeit, in der die beiden Beschreibungsebenen aufeinander bezogen werden. Im Ergebnis zeigt die Arbeit, dass a) Zwischen Verwendung und Bedeutung lexikalischer (phraseologischer) Einheiten identifizierbare systematische Korrelationen bestehen, die einen datenzentrierten Zugang zur Untersuchung und Beschreibung lexikalischer Semantik ermöglichen. b) Innerhalb einer Gruppe von Synonymen so wie auch innerhalb einer erweiterten Menge quasisynonymer Ausdrücke jedem einzelnen Element ein eigener Platz zukommt, der dieses Element von allen anderen Elementen unterscheidet. c) Die Verwendungsdaten einer phraseologischen Einheit positive Evidenz für den individuellen Grad der Relevanz der Merkmale Festigkeit, Idiomatizität und Motiviertheit einer phraseologischen Einheit liefern. / The present Ph.D.-dissertation addresses the subject of synonymy in the special case on Multi-Word Expressions. As a corpus-based, empirical study, it focusses around the question if and how it is possible to approach semantic categories such as meaning, idiomaticity and metaphoricity by analysing the characteristic usage patterns of a lexical unit. The study is driven by basic unresolved issues in the linguistic discussion on meaning and synonymy: On the one hand, it contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between usage data and meaning as well as on the status of traditional dictionary-like definitions in empirical semantics. On the other hand, it provides detailed insights on the applicability of the linguistc concept of synonymy - as it has been discussed for single lexemes – to lexicalized Multi-Word Expressions. On the basis of the assumption that human learning and grasping of meaning is a basically empirical process, the analysis of the variability of contextual behaviour of Multi-Word Expressions with identical or similar meaning constitutes a suitable way of gaining insights on the correlation between meaning and use as well as on the influence of specific properties of Multi-Word Expressions. The study starts out from a group of phraseological units that have been classified as synonymous in German phraseological dictionaries. These expressions differ their degree of idiomaticity, metaphoricity and morphosyntactic structure. Some of them – e.g. 'jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel' or 'jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen' (sb. does sth. with great ease) - comprise several content words whereas others are composed of only one content word together with one or more function words and the verb 'haven' (have) or 'sein' (be) – as it is the case for 'jmd. ist auf Zack', jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw.' and 'jmd. ist vom Fach' (sb. is able/competent in sth.). Their heterogeneity makes them a very good starting point for the research on the role played by phraseology-specific properties for meaning and synonymy. As a first step, the author realizes a detailed annotation of all occurrences of the these Multi-Word Expressions in the corpus of the DWDS (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the Humanities, www.dwds.de), using a series of predefined analysis criteria. From this analysis, she gains a description of their typical usage traits. In parallel, a neatly defined methodology leads to a set of meaning descriptions on the basis of dictionary paraphrases that are reduced to their elementary meaning components. In the last part of the study., these meaning and usage descriptions are then correlated yielding the following conclusions: a) Between meaning descriptions and usage patterns, systematic correlations can be devised that allow a data-driven approach to the semantics of lexical units. b)Within a group of synonyms, each element has its unique place, determined by its characteristic usage patterns. c) The usage data of a multi-word unit provide positive evidence forrr the degree of idiomaticity, morphosyntactic stability and metaphoricity of the expression.

<p>In this corpus-based study, the two verb pairs arise and rise and awake and wake are investigated. The paper focuses on seven research questions that are related to the meanings of the verbs in question, the semantic specialisations of those verbs, and the semantic relation</p><p>of the specific verb pair constituents. Furthermore, tendencies of language change are investigated, and an attempt is made to generalise over the influence of the prefix a- on those</p><p>tendencies.</p><p>The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis show that the verbs awake and wake are more synonymous than the verbs arise and rise. It seems as if due to this difference, the two verbs arise and awake are subject to different processes of language change that take</p><p>their development into different directions. The observations made about the characteristics of the prefix a- that is involved in the two verbs arise and awake are often ambiguous and inconclusive. Therefore, the influence of this prefix on the processes of language change needs to be analysed further by investigating more word pairs distinguished by the absence or presence of the prefix a-.</p>

Submitted by Fabio Henrique de Carvalho Bertonha null (bertonha.tradutor@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-09T19:12:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bertonha_final correto.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T18:13:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertonha_fhc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1390555 bytes, checksum: 8ac12bde0223b3326acd29aba930ca02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho propõe, primeiramente, analisar locuções adverbiais e prepositivas compostas por „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟; em seguida, propor um dicionário especial na direção português-italiano, da macro à microestrutura. Apoiados em Berruto (1979), Ilari e Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) e Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), acreditamos que duas ou mais palavras podem ser consideradas como sinônimas em uma língua se forem intercambiáveis em um dado contexto, sem provocar alteração de sentido, em outro. Uma vez que assumimos a equivalência entre as línguas como condição sine qua non para a elaboração de dicionários bilíngues, delineamos um verbete-modelo, que inclui contextos de uso a fim de atestar a ocorrência das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas deste estudo. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, consideramos 154 itens lexicais que estão presentes no Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Com relação à busca dos equivalentes em italiano, observamos a semelhança na descrição das locuções adverbiais e prepositivas em dicionários italianos monolíngues e bilíngues, bem como em dicionários brasileiros. Além disso, legitimamos o uso da(s) locução(ões) equivalente(s) por meio de motores de busca na internet. Desse modo, verificamos a correspondência das ocorrências sinonímicas, ou melhor, se os contextos de uso na língua-fonte e na língua-alvo eram os mesmos. Se por um lado, nossos resultados demonstraram a presença de equivalentes sinonímicos como locuções adverbiais e prepositivas, por outro lado, também indicaram a recorrência de advérbios terminados em „-mente‟, funcionando como sinónimos de nosso objeto de pesquisa, tanto em português quanto em italiano (ambos, inter- e intralinguisticamente). Com isso, destacamos a importância da sinonímia como fenômeno linguístico, particularmente, para tradutores, pois pode conduzi-los a equivalentes mais apropriados para um contexto particular. Por fim, tendo como proposta ulterior a elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue, apresentamos 119 verbetes nos quais estão distribuídas 99 locuções adverbiais e 29 locuções prepositivas constituídas pelas preposições „a‟, „de‟ e „em‟. / This study aims, firstly, to analyse adverbial and prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’; secondly, to propose a Portuguese-Italian special dictionary, from its macrostructure to its microstructure. Based on Berruto (1979), Ilari and Geraldi (1985), Tamba-Mecz (2006), Oliveira (2012) and Regueiro Rodríguez (2013), we affirm that two or more words can be considered as synonymous in a language if they are interchangeable in a given context, without meaning alteration, in another. Once we assume as sine qua non condition for the elaboration of bilingual dictionaries the equivalence between languages, we delineate a prototype entry, which includes contexts of use in order to certify the occurrence of adverbial and prepositional phrases in study. For the development of this research, we consider 154 itens that are present in the Dicionário Houaiss: Sinônimos e Antônimos (2011). Concerning the search for the Italian equivalents, we observe the similarity in the description of adverbial and prepositional phrases in bilingual and monolingual Italian dictionaries, as well as in Brazilian dictionaries. Moreover, we legitimate the use of the equivalent phrase(s) by means of web search engines. Thus, we verify the correspondence of synonymic occurrences, or rather, if the contexts of use in source and target languages are the same. If, on one hand, our results demonstrate the presence of synonymic equivalents as adverbial and prepositional phrases, on the other hand, they also indicate the recurrence of adverbs ending in –mente functioning as synonyms of our research object, both in Portuguese and Italian (both inter- and intra-linguistically). For this reason, we highlight the importance of synonymy as a language phenomenon, especially for translators, since it can conduce them to the most appropriate equivalents in a particular context. Finally, having as an ulterior purpose the elaboration of a bilingual dictionary, we present 119 entries in which are included 99 adverbial phrases and 29 prepositional phrases composed of ‘a’, ‘de’ and ‘em’.

The study deals with taxonomy of Cassidinae of Panama and is based on extensive new material compared with the type specimens in various museums. Totally is listed 178 species of which 33 and two genera are described as new to science.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado apresenta um estudo, baseado em corpus comparável, da terminologia da energia solar fotovoltaica (conversão direta da radiação solar em eletricidade) em português do Brasil e francês da França. A importância das novas tecnologias de obtenção de energia, a partir de fontes limpas e renováveis, tal como a energia solar fotovoltaica, leva à publicação de livros, manuais técnicos, catálogos, contratos, diferentes tipos de discurso nos quais se encontra a linguagem técnica da área. Esses textos especializados acabam chegando até o tradutor que, diante da tarefa de compreender os termos e versá-los para outra língua, necessita recorrer a materiais de referência, como dicionários técnicos e bancos de dados especializados. Considerando, assim, a importância dos estudos terminológicos e da compilação de materiais terminográficos monolíngues e bilíngues das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento, realizamos um estudo da terminologia da energia solar fotovoltaica fundamentado na Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999) com o auxílio das ferramentas de análise de corpora proporcionadas pela Linguística de Corpus (ANTHONY, 2014). O corpus de estudo é composto por textos escritos por especialistas da área em português do Brasil e em francês da França, dos quais foram coletados 433 termos simples e complexos, sendo 242 em português e 191 em francês. Pela análise dos contextos de uso dentro do corpus e em materiais de apoio, buscamos pelos ganchos terminológicos (DUBUC, 1985), traços descritores que permitem a verificação das relações de sinonímia e de equivalência mantidas entre as unidades terminológicas. Foram elaboradas fichas terminológicas, para fins terminográficos, nas quais figuram uma definição e exemplos (PAVEL; NOLET, 2002) para cada termo. A partir dessas fichas, será possível elaborar, na continuação da pesquisa num futuro próximo, um dicionário de energia solar fotovoltaica, o qual poderá auxiliar tradutores no processo tradutório de textos especializados da área. / The masters research herein provides a study based on a comparable corpus of photovoltaic solar energy terminology (direct solar radiation conversion into electricity) of Portuguese from Brazil and French from France. The importance of new energy generation technologies from clean and renewable sources, such as photovoltaic solar energy, leads the publication of books, technical manuals, catalogs, contracts, different types of text in which one can find the technical discourse of the field. These specialized texts reach the translator who, before having to understand the terms and translate them into another language, need to resort to reference materials, such as technical dictionaries and specialized database. Accordingly, considering the importance of terminological studies and the compilation of monolingual and bilingual terminographic material from the most varied fields of knowledge, a study of the photovoltaic solar energy terminology based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999) was carried out, with the help of corpus analysis tools provided by Corpus Linguistics (ANTHONY, 2014). The corpus studied consists of texts written by experts in the field in Portuguese from Brazil and French from France, from which 433 simple and complex terms were collected: 242 terms in Portuguese and 191 in French. By analyzing usage contexts within the corpus and support materials, we searched in textual matches (DUBUC, 1985) for descriptive traits, which allow verifying the relation of synonymy and equivalence maintained among terminological units. Terminology records were created for terminographic purposes, featuring a definition and examples (PAVEL; NOLET, 2002) for each term. With these records, we will be able to compile, in a short future, a dictionary of photovoltaic solar energy which will help translators in the translating process of specialized texts from such field.

Introdução Anopheles (Nsssorhynchus) constitui o grupo de anofelinos que encerra o maior número de vetores de plasmódios que causam a malária humana na Região Neotropical. Em vista disso, são as espécies que têm sido mais frequentemente estudadas. O subgênero possui 33 espécies e está dividido em três seções, Myzorhynchella, Albimanus e Argyritarsis. A última revisão da seção Myzorhynchella é a de Galvão (1941) e são raros os estudos com a seção que é formada pelas espécies An. lutzii, An. parvus, An. nigritarsis e An. antunesi. Embora estas espécies sejam consideradas zoofílicas, estudos taxonômicos são necessários para estabelecer a identificação morfológica e para diferenciar estas espécies de outros Anophelinae, fornecendo assim condições adequadas para avaliar as espécies que estão envolvidas na transmissão da malária. Objetivos Caracterizar morfologicamente e molecularmente as espécies da seção Myzorhynchella e estabelecer caracteres morfológicos que permitam a separação entre as mesmas. Métodos Foram realizadas coletas de mosquitos em diferentes localidades da Mata Atlântica, além da análise de caracteres morfológicos de larva, pupa, adultos macho e fêmea e ovos de espécimes disponíveis na coleção entomológica da Faculdade de Saúde Pública FSP/USP, do Museu de Zoologia MZUSP e do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC. Foram realizadas análises moleculares utilizando sequências de bases nucleotídicas da região do Espaçador Interno Transcrito 2 - ITS2 do DNA ribossômico e do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade I - COI. Resultados - Foram caracterizados os adultos, machos e fêmeas, as formas imaturas e os ovos de An. antunesi e de An. lutzii. Anopheles guarani e An. niger foram retiradas da sinonímia de An. lutzii. Foi descrita uma espécie nova que é encontrada em simpatria com An. antunesi na Serra da Mantiqueira. Os resultados das análises filogenéticas corroboraram a existência de pelo menos cinco espécies dentro da seção Myzorhynchella e indicam que An. parvus e An. antunesi podem representar complexos de espécies. Acresce considerar que An. lutzii foi redescrita com o emprego de espécimes do Vale do Ribeira. No entanto, a falta de espécimes de An. lutzii da localidade tipo com as formas adultas e imaturos associados, impediram a caracterização adequada da espécie. Conclusão Foram caracterizadas quatro espécies da seção Myzorhynchella, foi descrita uma espécie nova que ocorre na Serra da Mantiqueira e demonstrou-se que An. parvus e An. antunesi podem ser complexos de espécies. Há a necessidade de continuar os estudos da Seção Myzorhynchella e obter topotipos de An. lutzii / Introduction Anopheles (Nsssorhynchus) is the group of anophelines that has the largest number of vectors of plasmodium that causes human malaria in the Neotropics. Because of this, species of this subgenus have been most frequently studied. The subgenus has 33 nominal species, subdivided into three sections, Myzorhynchella, Albimanus and Argyritarsis. The last revision on species of the Myzorhynchella section is that by Galvão (1941) and taxonomic studies are rare in the section that is formed by An. lutzii, An. parvus, An. nigritarsis and An. antunesi. Although these species are considered to be zoophilic, taxonomic studies are necessary to fix the morphological identification, and to differentiate these species from other Anophelinae, thus providing appropriate conditions to evaluate which species are involved in the transmission of malaria. Objetives To fix the morphological and molecular identification of species of the Myzorhynchella section and to define morphological characters to separate the species. Methods The mosquitoes were collected in different localities in the Mata Atlântica. These specimens were employed in analyses of morphological characters of eggs, larva, pupa, adult male and female, and were compared to specimens deposited in the Entomological Collection of Faculdade de Saúde Pública FSP/USP, Museu de Zoologia MZUSP and Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC. Molecular analysis were performed using sequences of of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ITS2 of ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene COI. Results We characterized the adults, male and female, immature forms and the eggs of An. antunesi and An. lutzii. Anopheles guarani and An. niger were removed from the synomym of An. lutzii. A new species that was found in sympatry with An. antunesi in Serra da Mantiqueira was described. Results of phylogenetic analysis corroborate the existence of at least five species within Myzorhynchella Section and indicate that An. parvus and An. antunesi may represent complexes of species. Besides An. lutzii was redescribed using specimens of Ribeira Valley. However, the lack of specimens of An. lutzii from the type locality with associated adults and immature forms prevented the proper characterization of the species. Conclusion We characterized four species of Myzorhynchella section, a new species that occurs in Serra da Mantiqueira was described, and it showed that An. parvus and An. antunesi may be species complex. There is a need to continue the studies of the section and get topotypes of An. lutzii