This diploma thesis analyses the occurrence of synonymy in the texts of academic prose and fiction. The topic of synonymy has been in the centre of attention for a long time and it still deserves much attention. The aim of this thesis is to approach to the topic from a different perspective. Theoretical part describes the theoretical background of synonymy from the upper layers of the system of language. These theories are used as analytical tool in analysing the collected samples with the focus on similarities and differences in connotation of pairs of synonyms. The diploma thesis should particularly contribute to study of partial synonymy and the components of associative meaning that vary in dependence on functional style. This thesis should also marginally refer to the topic of absolute synonymy. The frequency of the components of associative meaning and findings are described in the conclusion of the thesis.

Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d’étudier les apories théoriques et épistémologiques liées à la synonymie. Pour l’essentiel, ces problèmes se concentrent dans la faiblesse théorique de la notion par rapport au succès empirique dont elle jouit dans l’usage et les dictionnaires. Cette faiblesse théorique prend racine dans l’histoire de la notion : la synonymie a été définie en premier lieu par Aristote et a subi de nombreuses transformations au cours des siècles. La définition scientifique de la synonymie s’est constituée à partir de la synonymie distinctive des synonymistes. Les notions fondatrices de la linguistique moderne ont été appliquées à la synonymie alors qu’elle a été élaborée avant leur conception. La synonymie se plie mal aux cadres théoriques de la linguistique moderne d’où des apories. L’approche distinctive centre l’étude de la synonymie sur les différences de sens alors qu’elle repose sur des équivalences sémantiques approchées. L’histoire de la notion aide à éclairer les apories et à s’en distancier pour recentrer la notion sur les équivalences puisqu’elles rendent possibles la synonymie et sur le discours qui est le lieu de l’émergence du sens. Cela rompt avec la synonymie réduite à la recherche de différences de sens entre items lexicaux synonymes. Une approche onomasiologique et textuelle est mise en place pour proposer un nouveau cadre d’étude de la synonymie. Cette approche se manifeste par la détection de réseaux lexicaux témoignant de relations d’équivalence qui émergent en contexte. Pour tester cette approche, les réseaux lexicaux du vocabulaire du vice et de la vertu sont étudiés dans des textes du XVIIe siècle traitant de thèmes moraux. / This thesis studies theoretical and epistemological aporia of synonymy. These problems are concentrated in the theoretical weakness of synonymy in comparison with its empirical success both in usage and dictionaries. This theoretical weakness originates in the history of the notion: at first, synonymy had been defined by Aristoteles and was afterwards subjected to transformations during the following centuries. With the beginning of modern linguistics, scientific definition of synonymy had been built from the distinctive synonymy of French synonymists. The fundamental notions of modern linguistics, such as the opposition between language and discourse, had been applied to synonymy whereas it had been elaborated before their conception. Synonymy can hardly be submitted to modern linguistics theoretical frameworks without generating theoretical difficulties. The distinctive approach centers the study of synonymy on semantic differences whereas synonymy is based on approximate semantic equivalence. History of synonymy sheds light on aporia and helps to distance from it and to center the notion on the semantic equivalence because they make synonymy possible and on discourse because that is where sense emerges. This breaks off with the synonymy which is solely based on semantic differences between synonymic lexical items. An onomasiological and textual approach is set up to propose a new scientific framework to synonymy: this approach consists in the detection of lexical networks showing semantic relations appearing in context. To test this approach, lexical networks of vice and virtue vocabulary are studied in seventeenth century French texts treating moral themes.

Работа посвящена выявлению смыслового своеобразия лексем «доброволец» и «волонтер» в современном русском литературном языке. Рассмотрена структура лексического значения каждого из изучаемых слов, их семантическая эволюция. Показана специфика функционирования лексем «доброволец» и «волонтер» в речевой коммуникации. / The work aims at identifying the semantic originality of the lexemes «dobrovolets» and «volunteer» in the modern Russian language. There is considered the structure of the lexical meaning for each of the studied words, as well as their semantic evolution, and the specifics of these lexemes’ functioning in verbal communication.

This given thesis addresses the terminology of Visual Arts in the large bilingual dictionary and provides a reflection on the problem of terminology. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part gives definitions of language for special purposes, language for general purposes, term, terminology, synonymy, equivalence or terminological dictionary. The second part of the thesis analyses the given dictionary entries of the Visual Arts from the linguistic, terminological and lexicographical point of view in the large bilingual dictionary.

Esta tesis describe la variación conceptual en terminología. Entendemos por variación conceptual el proceso cognitivo que conduce a cambios graduales en un concepto y se manifiesta lingüística y semánticamente en grados diferentes de equivalencia entre los sentidos de una unidad léxica o entre los sentidos de sus variantes léxico-semánticas. Este estudio se basa en los fundamentos de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) (Cabré, 1999), en la teoría del término (Averboukh, 2005) y en la teoría de variación léxico-semántica (Karcevski, 1926 en Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, entre otros). Es un trabajo teórico, descriptivo y cualitativo que combina los postulados de la lingüística estructural y cognitiva y dos perspectivas del análisis del léxico: la semasiológica y la onomasiológica. La parte empírica de este estudio se basa en el método de estudio de casos e incluye el análisis de tres tipos de casos. En el caso A se comprueba que la situación prototípica de una acción nombrada por una unidad léxica nominal deverbal se proyecta en otros tipos de situaciones, conservando el Esquema nuclear o concepto básico. En el caso B se constata que una unidad léxica potencialmente polisémica actualiza diferentes significados y sentidos en el discurso especializado con dos tipos de relación entre ellos: intersección (polisemia irregular interdominio o intradominio) e inclusión (polisemia regular intradominio o interdominio). Se demuestra también que el comportamiento sintáctico y semántico del término en el discurso puede revelar pistas de la variación conceptual del mismo. Y en el caso C se demuestra que los expertos conceptualizan y categorizan sus objetos de estudio de maneras diversas, usando diversas estrategias cognitivas en los discursos que construyen. / This thesis describes conceptual variation in Terminology. By conceptual variation we understand the cognitive process leading up to gradual changes in a concept and which can be observed in different degrees of equivalence among senses of a lexical unit or among senses of the related lexical-semantic variants in discourse.This study is based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (Cabré, 1999), the Theory of the Term (Averboukh, 2005), and the Theory of Lexical-Semantic Variation (Karcevski, 1926 in Zviagintsev (ed.), 1965; Kury³owicz, 1955; Vinogradov, 1944; Smirnitsky, 1954; Ajmanova, 1957/2004; Nikitin 1974; Shmelev 1973/2008; Ufimtseva: 1986/2002; Solntsev, 1984, 1998, etc.). It is a theoretical, descriptive, and qualitative study, which combines principles of Structural and Cognitive Linguistics and the semasiological and onomasiological perspectives of lexical analysis. The empirical part of the research consists of three cases following the case study methodology.In Case A, we see that the prototypical situation of an action named by a deverbal noun is mapped onto different kinds of situations preserving the Nuclear Scheme or basic concept. In Case B, it is proven that a potentially polysemic lexical unit activates various meanings and senses in specialized discourse, thus establishing two types of relations between them: intersection (inter- and intradomain irregular polysemy) and inclusion (inter- and intradomain regular polysemy). It is also demonstrated that the syntactic and semantic behaviour of terminological units in discourse can provide clues about conceptual variation. In Case C, it is confirmed that experts conceptualize and categorize their objects of study in different ways and construe their discourse using different cognitive strategies.

Mgr. Kateřina Voleková Česká lexikografie 15. století Czech Lexicography of the 15th Century Abstract The thesis deals with Czech medieval lexicography. Based on research into rich manuscript material totalling over 350 items, it describes the development of Czech lexicography from Czech glosses in foreign-language texts and first Latin-Czech glossaries to the flourishing Czech lexicography of the 15th century covering both Latin-Czech, Czech-Latin and multilingual lexicographical works and also infrequently attested Czech monolingual dictionaries. The high number of lexicographical works is divided according to formal and content criteria. With respect to form and macrostructure we discern Czech glosses in Latin and Latin-German glossaries, a bilingual glossaries with Czech as one of the languages, alphabetaries and nomenclators and glossaries lacking an ordering criterion. With respect to the content we distinguish large dictionaries covering as many lexical items as possible on one hand and short glossaries covering only a narrowly delimited part of vocabulary on the other hand. The lexicographical works are supplied with a short description which is in case of short and yet unedited works complemented by an edition using transcription. The thesis also contains description of selected phenomena of...

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