This monograph is an empirical study of the competition between the French movement verbs amener/apporter and emmener/emporter, regarded as partial synonyms in the sense that they are interchangeable in certain contexts. The main purpose of this study is to account for these competing verbs from the perspective of actual language use, and to determine to what extent they are synonymous. The study is based on a corpus of French newspaper texts, some literary texts and the answers from a group of informants. It is shown that these lexemes cannot be defined by the principle of shared properties of all the senses represented. They are best analysed as polysemous within the framework of the prototype theory, according to which there is a basic sense from which the other secondary senses are derived through metaphor or metonymy. In the case of these verbs the competition between them arises through the widening of the semantic content of the verbs amener and emmener, extended to the use of inanimate objects uncapable of movement. This case normally calls for the use of the verbs apporter et emporter. In response to the question of the degree of synonymy between these verbs, when adopting a cognitive perspective, it is argued that they are to be considered as lexical variants rather than as perfect synonyms, in the sense that they focus on different aspects of the described movement. In other words, there is an aspectual difference between these closely related lexemes which is determined not only by inherent semantic properties, but to a large extent also by non-linguistic properties, such as the perspective adopted by the speaker in describing the mouvement. Finally, it is pointed out that the prototypical sense of each verb not only explains the different derived senses it gives rise to, but also accounts for the aspectual difference between these competing verbs. / digitalisering@umu

I argue that having an emotion is having a network of multiple components—typically feelings, bodily changes, evaluations, and action tendencies. By making this claim, first, I reject the classical approach which singles out an element that defines emotion and propose that multiple elements mutually explain emotion. Second, I reject that there is a clear set of necessary and sufficient conditions for emotion; emotion is a family resemblance and a prototypical category. Third, I reject that there is a fixed order among the elements of emotions; elements can come in any order. The interactions between elements are bi-directional and circular, rather than linear. The multiple elements attract each other and form a network. / Philosophy

When it comes to the production and reception of texts, most linguists will readily agree that writers as well as readers constitute and follow typical text patterns as they produce and read texts. It has become common today to describe text patterns as typical sets of manifestations of formal, thematic, and pragmatic features that arise from resemblances between different texts and that are inscribed in the communicative memories of a language community. However, speakers also transcend text patterns every day and oscillate between following and overstepping textual rules. This thesis investigates how speakers categorize linguistic knowledge in text patterns, and follow and transcend these patterns in everyday communication, using the example of Rainald Goetz’ text Loslabern. Excerpts from reviews about Loslabern illustrate how readers perceive the text: Some readers consider Loslabern as a ‘ruined’ text that falls apart, whereas others describe Loslabern as ‘ocean-like’ and fluid. Based on these reader experiences, the thesis attempts to answer the following central question: How can we describe ‘Loslabern’ and connatural texts from the viewpoint of textual linguistics in accordance with the readers’ intuitions? The thesis proposes and discusses three options: Textual linguistics may describe Loslabern i) as a broken text, ii) in terms of different concepts of text pattern, and iii) in terms of a novel concept of text pattern. The analytical section focuses on a discussion of different concepts of text pattern: discrete structural and prototypical pragmatic concepts. It examines how these concepts fall short of describing Loslabern in accordance with the readers’ intuitions. Following Wittgenstein and his concept of family resemblance, it creates a multi-dimensional and open concept of text patterns. This concept enables textual linguistics to depict the intertextual embeddedness of Loslabern and other texts systematically, to gain insight into the mechanisms of forming and transcending text patterns, and to describe Loslabern in accordance with the diversity of readers’ intuitions. In doing so, the thesis points at new directions in linguistics as well as literary studies.

The term “Fundamentalism” used as a comparative category within the academic study of religion has become problematic. Fundamentalism, is not one comprehensive movement but is, in fact, a phenomenon which encompasses a variety of beliefs, practices, and expectations. This thesis will explore the diversity of several different and distinct fundamentalist movements. I will discuss the natures of four Christian movements that have been labeled “fundamentalist” – Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Reconstructionists, Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson – on several key points, eschatology, political philosophy, as well as level of social involvement. I will then turn to fundamentalism as it is used as a category to describe a global phenomenon. I will discuss three different scholarly approaches by turning to the work of Bruce Lawrence, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Bruce Lincoln on the Islamic “fundamentalist” group al- Qaeda. Finally I will argue that the category “fundamentalism” can be best understood in terms of a family resemblance.

The term “Fundamentalism” used as a comparative category within the academic study of religion has become problematic. Fundamentalism, is not one comprehensive movement but is, in fact, a phenomenon which encompasses a variety of beliefs, practices, and expectations. This thesis will explore the diversity of several different and distinct fundamentalist movements. I will discuss the natures of four Christian movements that have been labeled “fundamentalist” – Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Reconstructionists, Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson – on several key points, eschatology, political philosophy, as well as level of social involvement. I will then turn to fundamentalism as it is used as a category to describe a global phenomenon. I will discuss three different scholarly approaches by turning to the work of Bruce Lawrence, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Bruce Lincoln on the Islamic “fundamentalist” group al- Qaeda. Finally I will argue that the category “fundamentalism” can be best understood in terms of a family resemblance.

Within the past three decades, Star Wars has become nothing short of a household name. The millions of dollars gained from the films and various products, as well as the enjoyment and enthusiasm generated among fans, shows that Star Wars' value and significance in the realm of entertainment is substantial. In addition to this value, there are also many religious and mythological elements that are embedded within each of the movies. However, these elements do not carry the same prominence or interest that the plotline has with the audience. In an interview, Lucas stated that it was not his intent to use Star Wars to create a new religion or ideology. Nevertheless, the movie series has raised questions regarding its ability to attain such a devoted following. Consequently, the thesis will look into the dynamic between authorial intent and reader response. In addition, this thesis will investigate the religious themes and mythological elements of the Star Wars series and use this analysis to corroborate the position that Star Wars both resembles traditional religion and functions as religion for the fans. This thesis will analyze the religious elements and myths that are embedded in the general story, as well as those that are unique to the individual movies, by highlighting a family resemblance/functionalist approach to religion that focuses on not only the resemblances to traditional religion but also the religious effects that Star Wars has on its fans and society; namely, moral issues and the sense of meaning and belonging it inculcates among the fan base.

No description available.

This is an onomasiological study with a diachronic perspective. Its purpose is to examine the use of the four most frequent names for migrants in Sweden in Swedish newspapers 1923-2013. The four names are invandrare (roughly ’immigrant’), immigrant (‘immigrant’), migrant (‘migrant’) and utlänning (‘foreigner’). The results from 37 Swedish corpora show that invandrare is the most frequent word used by the media. The word is often used in contexts that discuss something problematic and sometimes even rather negative in regards to migrants, using that very word – invandrare. It often marks a thought of us-and-them. Utlänning is frequently used as a synonym for invandrare, although it carries a different meaning. Immigrant and migrant are seldom used and when they are, they generally refer to migrants in other countries than Sweden. All the words are used in order to convey a distance between migrants and what is considered ethnic Swedes. Language planning is a good tool in this case, but the ultimate key lies in the attitudes of the speakers. No matter how many times the names for migrants are changed, they will always end up negative if that is the speakers’ intention.

本研究係透過對全球暖化科普出版品的圖像再現分析，研究圖像與公眾溝通暖化議題時的角色、功能與意義，進而討論圖像設計與公眾參與間的關係發展。圖像分析的來源主要以2007年IPCC發表第四次報告後，全球暖化科學知識的發展成熟、確定人為造成暖化及國際社會採取行動等社會氛圍為觀察點，以臺灣出版市場為選材來源，蒐集13本以圖文共構為主的科普文本，取徑符號學並應用家族相似性觀點於圖像再現的分析主軸。 研究者立論與分析思維的處理方式，是以宏觀的知識社會學理論視角，先行探索全球暖化知識的認識論及其在臺灣產製的研究議題，以及科學哲學、風險社會對此知識觀點的探討，再以社會建構論的角色切入，梳理社會建構論者如何分別從規範建構與權力建構的詮釋，分析全球暖化議題與社會間的互動發展關係，並與先前闡述理論形成辯證過程。研究者接著再從媒體再現全球暖化議題的相關研究，進行資料蒐集與分析，討論過去在風險議題下圖像被賦予的角色與功能。最後，研究者據成因面、影響面與解決面為圖像所依附的敘事架構，整理分析出各面向下圖像家族再現的論述主題、議題與意義，將其結果分析與處理後，再與先前的學理對話，形成本研究的發現與結論。 本研究發現成因面圖像多再現科學共識，影響面圖像側重全球暖化帶來的災難事件及不確定性，解決面圖像則再現技術與行為規範的論述。在圖像輔助文本論述的角色界定下，各方面有以下特徵與意義： 首先，文本在描述科學事實與因果關係時，圖像再現會顯示科學文化圈的慣用符碼，如模型、數字、圖表、科學家研究的歷史相片等融入圖像再現，形塑能摒除懷疑、建構嚴謹可信的知識論述。 其次，解釋全球暖化影響時，圖像再現則傾向表現災難正在發生，在各地不斷游移與變動的不確性，來表徵全球暖化風險的系統性與連鎖效應。圖像再現會善用人們認知習慣上的比較手法、恐懼符碼來建構意義：直接影響面上，會以比較法配合描述改變中的自然景觀（融冰、海平面上升），或是各地災難事件的受創場景，以輔助闡述暖化持續進行的現象，並構連宗教文化的神話系統，象徵人類的罪與罰，以激起行動與重生的意念；衍生影響面上，圖像再現則以恐懼相反的修辭策略，如美麗、平和與可愛的動植物圖像及依賴自然生活與生存的人們、文化古都等景觀，搭配控訴暖化破壞的書寫，以建構等待救援受難的他者，圖像在散發出美感外隱藏生命共同體的道德訊息。 最後，文本在議論如何解決風險社會中複雜的系統性利益與需求問題時，再生能源的技術就在其中扮演著關鍵性的工具角色，其中又以太陽能、風能等圖像較常被引用。圖像再現則以車、房為載體，將回收技術、再生能源科技、生態技術的想像與論述置入其中，提供接受科技治理而無須改變現有生活的價值與態度。但是，風車圖像所再現的風場與發電廠，隱藏高技術門檻及科技專家治理的形態，隱藏由政府、產業與科技專家共治的大治理論述；而方舟圖像再現意指科學或科技行動須集思廣益才能事竟其功。在行為規範面，圖像再現節能減碳、綠化環境的行為圖標，輔助個人參與適應暖化行動論述，抗爭與遊行圖像的再現則指涉公眾參與科技民主的一種形式，卻忽略其他多元參與論述的圖像。上述研究發現與學理概念對照與分析後，本研究從公眾參與角度提出以下科普圖像設計的實務建議與創新見解： （一）圖像設計可減少註解式的圖文關係，以故事發揮圖像敘事潛能。 （二）公眾涉入感為理念，設計與公眾生活脈絡相關的圖像與論述。 （三）公眾能動性為理念，邀非專家設計圖像，建立情感與認知連接點。 （四）圖像用以轉化公眾的願景，專家與公眾共構小治理規劃的實踐。 公眾解讀科普與參與傳播，則能豐富媒體素養教育的理論的實踐範疇，圖像則發揮圖像激勵公眾參與的潛能。 / This study examines the roles, the functions, and the significance of images for communication with the public on global warming issues by analyzing image representations of popular science publications on global warming. The study also discusses the relationship development between image design and public participation. According to the study’s findings of popular science images, "cause images" represent scientific consensus, "effect images" correspond to catastrophic events and uncertainties resulting from global warming, and "resolution images" signify the descriptions of technologies and the norms of behaviors. Under the current defined role of images for the supporting text, we observe the following characteristics. First, when describing scientific facts and the cause-and-effect relationships in the content, the representing images of the symbols commonly used by the science culture circle, which include models, numbers, figures/tables, and historical photos, eliminate doubt and allow for the construction of significant and credible knowledgeable narratives. Second, when explaining the impact of global warming, the representing images often lean towards showing the shifting and changing uncertainties caused by disasters that are occurring in order to signify the systems and the chain reactions produced by the risks of global warming. Third and lastly, the study also explores the key roles of sustainable energy technologies for solving the problems of complex systems and the needs of society. The most common images cited are those of solar energy and wind energy. After the comparison and analysis of the abovementioned findings and the concepts of various theories, we provide practical suggestions and innovative insights for a scientific image design from the public participation perspective as follows. (1) Image design can reduce the needs for image annotation, and story-centered images retain great potential for illustration. (2) Public participation shall be considered as the basis for designing public life-correlated images and narratives. (3) Experts should design images based on the concept of public dynamics so as to establish a connection between emotion and recognition. (4) For the transformation of public thought using images, experts and the public should carry out the construction of a small plan together. The public perception of science and public participation in communication can enrich the practical areas of the theories of media literacy education. Images can additionally generate potential benefits through design of public participation.

本研究擬從宗教現象學的角度探討先秦儒家的宗教性。本研究以維根斯坦的「家族相似性」作為描述「宗教」的理據，運用海德格的「形式指引」（“formal indication”）與呂格爾的「象徵主義」（symbolism）作為探討「宗教性」時的現象學方法，並以尼尼安‧斯馬特（Ninian Smart）的「宗教向度論」作為展開論證的參考架構。本研究透過討儒家之道、經典與傳統的內涵，而將《詩》、《書》、《易》、《論語》、《孟子》、《荀子》等典籍當作研究範圍與主要分析文本。 　　本研究指出：《詩》、《書》、《易》裡所反映的殷周初民思想為先秦儒家之宗教性的根源，於其中我們可窺見其宗教性的敘事與神話、經驗與情感向度、儀式與實踐以及社會與制度等向度。孔子則承繼了《詩》《書》《易》的宗教內涵，而予以哲理形塑與倫理轉化。孔子之後，作為代表著先秦儒家的內聖與外王之內部的分化發展的孟子與荀子，他們皆自詡為道統的接班人與宣揚者，並分別使得先秦儒家之宗教性的情感經驗向度得以深化、儀式制度向度得以開展。 / This study aims at investigating the religiosity of classical Confucianism from the perspective of phenomenology of religion. It takes Wittgenstein’s concept of “family resemblance” as the methodological guide for characterizing “religion” in general, and Martin Heidegger’s concept of “formal indication” as well as Paul Ricœur’s symbolism as the phenomenological tools in describing “religiosity” in particular. It also adopts Ninian Smart’s theory of dimensions of religion as the framework for unfolding its argument. Meanwhile, by way of discussing the Confucian ideas of “dao,” “classics” and “tradition,” this study delimits its intellectual journey and choses the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents, the Book of Changes, the Confucius’ Analects, the Mencius and the Xunzi as the main texts for its inquiry. This study indicates that the thoughts contained in the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents and the Book of Changes are the roots of the religiosity of classical Confucianism. They reflect the narrative and mythic, experiential and emotional, social and institutional dimensions of that religiosity. Then this study shows that it is later philosophically reshaped and ethically transformed by Confucius. Finally, this study argues that Mencius and Xunzi, who regard themselves as the apologists and propagandists of orthodox Confucianism, have explored the experiential and emotional dimension and developed the social and institutional dimension of classical Confucianism’s religiosity respectively.