The application of intensive farming and cultivation practices, resulting in large-scale modification of the hydrology of streams and rivers and of the natural vegetation, has increased the need to find ways to mitigate the negative impact of this habitat degradation. Suitable design and creation of riparian buffer zones in agriculture areas, is by many considered the best remedial measure. Riparian buffer zones (RBZ) are protecting waterways from degradation as they can improve and maintain water quality by filtering sediment, nutrients, organic matter, and pesticides. At the same time RBZ constitute habitat for many animals and plants and their existence increases ecological connectivity, reduces erosion and creates recreational areas. The aim of the study was to investigate how agricultural companies in the Örebro County relate to riparian buffer zones along small streams and examine the actual status of riparian buffer zones, to see if they are designed by taking site characteristics into consideration. Furthermore, the aim was to check how consistent the approach of the agricultural companies is with the actual status of the riparian buffer zones as well as with the recommendations of the Swedish Board of Agriculture. In addition, the study aims to make conclusions if riparian buffer zones can be both an economical and an ecological tool in agricultural landscapes. The data collection consisted of two different parts. First, a quantitative survey including 20 agricultural companies was done to investigate how different agricultural companies relate to riparian buffer zones in connection with smaller streams. Second, a field study was carried out to examine the riparian buffer design along small streams in14 agricultural sites, where the stream width, the buffer width, the slope of the riparian zone, the soil texture and the vegetation were measured. The study results from both the questionnaire and the field study suggest that a riparian buffer zone of 3-10 m without overstory vegetation is preferred. These findings follow the Swedish Board of Agriculture recommendations regarding buffer width and overstory vegetation. Because of the small number of sites investigated and the small variation of the variables, no significant correlation was found between site characteristics and buffer zone widths. A larger project that will include more sites all over Sweden could test if the existing riparian zones are designed efficiently. However, an important finding of this study was that the farmers consider RBZ as an important ecological tool for maintaining water quality and for minimizing soil erosion and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, most of the agricultural companies would consider wider buffer zones and overstory vegetation if they would be compensated with government funding. RBZ can be an economic and ecological tool in agricultural landscapes in the future, if correct guidance to design and manage RBZ according to the site characteristics will be provided to the farmers. / Intensiva jordbruks- och odlingsmetoder som resulterar i storskalig modifiering av hydrologi och den naturliga vegetationen i vattendrag har skapat ett behov av att hitta sätt att mildra de negativa effekterna. En lämplig design och skapande av kantzoner i jordbruksområden anses av många vara den bästa åtgärden för att begränsa den negativa påverkan. Kantzoner längs vattendrag skyddar dem från degradering eftersom de kan förbättra och bibehålla vattenkvalitén genom att filtrera bort sediment, näringsämnen och bekämpningsmedel. Samtidigt utgör kantzoner livsmiljöer för många djur och växter och bidrar till ökad ekologisk konnektivitet, minskar erosion och skapar rekreationsområden. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur jordbrukare i Örebro län förhåller sig till kantzoner längs mindre vattendrag och undersöka den aktuella statusen för kantzoner för att se om de är lämpligt utformade för att ta hänsyn till lokala förhållanden. Målet var dessutom att kontrollera om jordbrukarnas strategi är förenlig med den reella statusen för kantzoner och med Jordbruksverkets rekommendationer. Dessutom undersöks om det går att dra slutsatser om kantzoner längs mindre vattendrag kan vara både ett ekonomiskt och ett ekologiskt verktyg i jordbrukslandskapet. Datainsamlingen bestod av två olika delar. Först gjordes en kvantitativundersökning som omfattade 20 jordbrukare för att undersöka hur olika jordbrukare relaterar till kantzoner längs mindre vattendrag. För det andra, genomfördes en fältstudie för att undersöka kantzoners design längs mindre vattendrag i 14 jordbrukområden, där vattendragets bredd, buffertbredden, lutningen av kantzonen, markstrukturen och typ av vegetation mättes. Studieresultaten från både frågeformuläret och fältstudien indikerar att en buffertzon på 3–10 m utan träd- och buskvegetation föredras. Dessa resultat följer Jordbruksverkets rekommendationer angående buffertbredden och typ av vegetation. På grund av det låga antalet undersökta lokaler och den låga variationen i variablernas värden hittades ingen signifikant korrelation mellan de andra egenskaperna och buffertzonsbredden. Ett större projekt som skulle omfatta fler lokaler över Sverige skulle kunna testa om de befintliga kantzoner utformas effektivt. Ett viktigt resultat i denna studie var dock att jordbrukarna betraktade kantzoner som ett viktigt ekologiskt verktyg för att upprätthålla vattenkvaliteten och minimera markerosion, samt användningen av gödsel och bekämpningsmedel. Dessutom skulle de flesta av jordbrukare överväga bredare buffertzoner och busk- och trädvegetation om de skulle kompenseras med statlig finansiering. Kantzoner kan vara ett ekonomiskt och ekologiskt verktyg i jordbrukslandskapet i framtiden, om korrekt vägledning för att utforma och hantera kantzoner enligt lokala förhållanden tilldelas jordbrukarna.

No / A crystal structure prediction (CSP) study of three small, rigid and structurally related organic compounds (differing only in the position and number of methyl groups) is presented. A tailor-made force field (TMFF; a non-transferable force field specific for each molecule) was constructed with the aid of a dispersion-corrected density functional theory method (the hybrid method). Parameters for all energy terms in each TMFF were fitted to reference data generated by the hybrid method. Each force field was then employed during structure generation. The experimentally observed crystal structures of two of the three molecules were found as the most stable crystal packings in the lists of their force-field-optimised structures. A number of the most stable crystal structures were re-optimised with the hybrid method. One experimental crystal structure was still calculated to be the most stable structure, whereas for another compound the experimental structure became the third most stable structure according to the hybrid method. For the third molecule, the experimentally observed polymorph, which was found to be the fourth most stable form using its TMFF, became the second most stable form. Good geometrical agreements were observed between the experimental structures and those calculated by both methods. The average structural deviation achieved by the TMFFs was almost twice that obtained with the hybrid method. The TMFF approach was extended by exploring the accuracy of a more general TMFF (GTMFF), which involved fitting the force-field parameters to the reference data for all three molecules simultaneously. This GTMFF was slightly less accurate than the individual TMFFs but still of sufficient accuracy to be used in CSP. A study of the isostructural relationships between these molecules and their crystal lattices revealed a potential polymorph of one of the compounds that has not been observed experimentally and that may be accessible in a thorough polymorph screen, through seeding, or through the use of a suitable tailor-made additive.

Classical frontal teaching, where pupils are supposed to listen to the teacher and make notes is becoming stereotypical. Therefore I decided to focus on a topic where I can apply more teaching methods both in Geography lessons and Biology ones. The goal of this work was to create a teaching guide including necessary materials covering the topic of American natural lanscapes and afterwards to evaluate the contribution of these activities. The teaching materials were tested in two classes in The Basic School in Dolní Břežany. Both classes underwent a pretest, the first posttest (immediately after the experimental lessons), the second posttest (six weeks after the experimental lessons) and pupils also tried activities in which they had to apply their achieved knowledge. The data were evaluated using statistical analyses where the results showed a progress of gained knowledge between the pretest and the first posttest, whereas their knowledge did not significantly differ between the first and second posttest. It can be concluded that pupils broadened their knowledge, which was deeper than at the beginning and the pupils were able to retain this knowledge for a longer time. Key words: North America, South America, natural lanscapes, Biology, Geography, activating teaching methods, curriculum integration

Dans l’ensemble des cinq massifs préalpins français septentrionaux auquel il appartient, le massif des Bornes-Aravis présente un trait distinctif qui intrigue : celui de ne comporter qu’une réserve naturelle très restreinte, située sur la marge lacustre. En cela, il se démarque de ses homologues et voisins, dotés de vastes parcs naturels régionaux et de géoparcs, garants du maintien d’un cadre de vie de qualité. Rétifs à toute mesure de protection territoriale, les élus locaux affirment que l’empirisme guidé par la sagesse, ainsi que le savoir-être traditionnel des populations locales, se substituent avantageusement à l’établissement d’espaces protégés dont les effets seraient, à leurs dires, préjudiciables au développement économique. Dans ce contexte, on est fondé à éprouver quelques craintes quant à la pérennité de l’esthétique paysagère, qui constitue le facteur indispensable à l’attractivité touristique, moteur essentiel de l’économie alpine. On peut aussi s’interroger sur les chances de voir se maintenir une situation de « double mise en valeur équilibrée » (Bätzing, Rougier, 2006). Bien que s’adaptant volontiers aux impératifs de l’économie contemporaine, la société locale a su jusqu’ici limiter l’altération de sa culture et de son patrimoine naturel. En témoigne un système agro-pastoral dynamique et relativement prospère, indispensable au maintien de la qualité du cadre de vie. Les habitants des Bornes-Aravis déclarent vouloir éviter que leur massif ne devienne un espace de loisirs pour citadins. Les schémas de cohérences territoriales récemment élaborés prennent en compte ces enjeux.L’analyse menée tout au long de cette étude portera une attention toute particulière à l’évolution des dynamiques spatiales influant sur le devenir de la beauté paysagère, qui constitue la richesse essentielle de ces montagnes de moyenne altitude. Celle-ci devrait être valorisée notamment par une médiation scientifique non pas sporadique et fragmentaire telle qu’elle l’est actuellement, mais conçue selon une cohérence en lien avec l’identité du territoire. / Of the five northern french pre-Alpine ranges to which it belongs, the mountains of Bornes-Aravis has a distinctive feature that is intriguing: it has only a very small nature reserve situated on the fringes of Lake Annecy. In this it differs from larger neighboring parks, and more recently, geoparks, all guarantee of maintaining a high quality of life.Reluctant to adopt any measure of territorial protection, local officials say that empiricism guided by wisdom, and traditional know-how of native populations, outweigh the establishment of protected areas whose effects would be prejudicial to their priority of economic development. In this context, it is reasonable to harbour fears about the sustainability of landscape aesthetics, which is an essential factor attracting tourists, a key driver of the alpine economy. Native societies readily adapting to the demands of the modern economy, whilst limiting alterations to their cultural and natural heritage. As a result of that process, one can notice the existence of a dynamic and relatively prosperous agro-pastoral system, essential to maintaining the quality of life. The inhabitants of the country say they want to prevent it forbecoming a land of leisure for city dwellers. However in the absence of specifically protected areas guaranteeing environmental quality, one can only wonder about the chances that the « dual balancing improvement » (Bätzing, Rougier, 2006) will be maintained. Patterns of territorial coherence that have recently been developed aware of these stakes. That is why the analysis conducted throughout this study will pay particular attention to the evolution of spatial dynamics affecting the future of scenic beauty, which constitues the essential richness of these highlands. This matter should be valued notably by a scientific mediation not sporadic and fragmentary such as it is it at present, but conceived according to a coherence in link with the identity of the territory.