A micrometeorological field experiment within the scope of the STINHO-project (STructure of turbulent transport under INHOmogeneous conditions) was performed at the boundary layer research field of the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory in the summer of 2002 to investigate the interaction of an inhomogeneously heated surface with the turbulent atmosphere. The data of this field experiment (STINHO-II, July 2002, RAABE ET AL., 2005) were used to initialize a large-eddy simulation model that has been adjusted to the area under investigation. The accuracy of the calculations is supported using analytical models. The LES initialization conditions are adapted to reach an agreement between observed as well as calculated parameters, e.g. the increase of the near surface air temperature or the time dependent rise of the height of the convective boundary layer (CBL) in the first hour after sun rise. A direct comparison between observed and calculated parameters of the CBL-development is possible for averaged data. The detailed spatial and temporal structure of the investigated morning heating process can only be compared using statistical parameter. / Im Rahmen des STINHO Projektes (Struktur des turbulenten Transportes über inhomogener Unterlage) wurde im Sommer 2002 auf dem Gelände des Grenzschichtmessfeldes des Meteorologischen Observatoriums Lindenberg ein mikrometeorologisches Feldexperiment durchgeführt, um die Wechselwirkung einer sich heterogen erwärmenden Erdoberfläche mit der turbulenten Atmosphäre zu untersuchen. Die Daten aus einem Experiment (STINHO-II, Juli 2002, RAABE ET AL., 2005) werden zur Initialisierung eines an die Bedingungen des Untersuchungsgebietes angepassten Large-Eddy Simulationsmodells verwendet und mit Beobachtungsdaten verglichen. Die Effizienz der numerischen Simulationen wird durch die Verwendung eines analytischen Modells unterstützt, um eine Konsistenz zwischen Initialisierungsbedingungen und den beobachteten als auch den berechneten Parametern (bodennaher Lufttemperaturanstieg oder die Zunahme der Höhe der konvektiven Grenzschicht) in der ersten Stunde nach Sonnenaufgang herzustellen. Ein Vergleich zwischen beobachteten und berechneten Parametern der konvektiven Grenzschichtentwicklung ist nur für gemittelte Daten möglich. Die räumliche und zeitliche Darstellung der Struktur eines solchen Erwärmungsprozesses kann nur geprüft werden, indem statistische Parameter verwendet werden.

The sound produced by military aircraft is dominated by noise generated by the turbulent mixing of the jetted exhaust with the ambient air. This jet noise has the potential to annoy the community and pose a hearing loss risk for military personnel. The goal of this dissertation is to characterize spatiospectral features in the field produced by full-scale military aircraft that are not traditionally seen at the laboratory scale and identify potential noise mechanisms for these features. Measurements of two military aircraft jet noise fields are found to be best described as a superposition of spatiospectral lobes, whose relative amplitudes dictate the overall directivity at each engine power. Near-field acoustical holography techniques are applied to one of the military aircraft measurements to characterize the behavior of the lobes as a function of engine power. The simulated jet noise of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet is then analyzed to compare with the military aircraft measurement and is found to only partially contain the spatiospectral lobe phenomenon. Application of near to far field coherence tracing and near-field acoustical holography to the simulations provides validation of the methods used on the military aircraft and illuminate potential source mechanisms that may explain the presence of the spatiospectral lobes.

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Réaliser un système de combustion à petite échelle reste aujourd’hui un défi. L’augmentation du rapport surface/volume favorise les pertes thermiques, contribue à la diminution du temps de séjour et limite la turbulence. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les phénomènes physiques intervenant dans un brûleur centimétrique tourbillonnaire de 8 x10 x 8 mm3 (millimètre cube) et mettre au point des outils numériques adaptés. L’écoulement réactif méthane/air est étudié au moyen de simulations numériques LES. La combustion ne consomme pas l’intégralité du carburant, entraînant un rendement de combustion de l’ordre de 50% et d’importantes émissions de polluants. Le deuxième objectif est d’adapter les performances de ce brûleur. L’enrichissement en hydrogène a montré une amélioration sensible du rendement et une réduction des émissions polluantes. Plusieurs configurations géométriques de la chambre ont aussi été étudiées, ce qui a permis de dégager des axes d’améliorations. / Designing a meso-scale combustion system remains a challenging scientific and technological issue. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio promotes wall heat losses, reduces the residence time and turbulence intensity. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the physical phenomena involved in the centimetre-sized asymmetric whirl cubic burner of 8 x 10 x 8 mm3 (millimètre cube) and develop specific adapted numerical tools. The methane/air reactive flow is studied using detailed LES. While fuel and air are injected separately, combustion takes place in the premixed regime. However combustion is far from being complete, causing low combustion efficiency and significant emissions of pollutants. The second objective is to adapt in the best possible way the performances of this burner. Hydrogen enrichment of the fuel mixture showed significant efficiency enhancement and reduced pollutant emissions. Several other combustor geometries are also studied, paving the way for future improvement.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of three Large Eddy Simulation (LES) subgrid scale (SGS) models on a strongly heated, low Mach number upward gas flow in a vertical pipe with forced convection. The models chosen for this study were the Smagorinsky-Lilly Dynamic model (SLD), the Kinetic Energy Transport model (KET), and the Wall-Adaptive Local-Eddy viscosity model (WALE). The used heating rate was sufficiently large to cause properties to vary significantly in both the radial and streamwise directions. All simulations were carried out using the commercial software FLUENT. The effect of inlet turbulence generation techniques was considered as well. Three inlet turbulence generation techniques were compared, namely, the Spectral Synthesizer Method (SSM), the Vortex Method (VM), and the Generator (GEN) technique. A user-defined function (UDF) was written to implement the GEN technique into the solver; the SSM and VM techniques were already build-in. All simulation and solver settings were validated by performing computational simulations of isothermal fully developed pipe flow and results were compared to available experimental and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data. For isothermal boundary conditions, among the three inlet turbulence generation techniques, the GEN technique produced results which best matched the experimental and DNS results. All three LES SGS models performed equally well when coupled with the GEN technique for the study of isothermal pipe flow. However, all models incorrectly predicted the behavior of radial and circumferential velocity fluctuations near the wall and the GEN technique proved to be the most computationally expensive. For simulations with longer computational domain, the effect of the inlet turbulence generation technique diminishes. However, results suggest that both the SLD and KET models need shorter computational domains to recover proper LES behavior when coupled with the VM technique in comparison to the WALE SGS model with the same turbulence inlet generation technique. For high heat flux simulations all SGS models were coupled with the VM technique to decrease the computational effort to obtain statistically steady-state solution. For comparative purposes, one simulation was carried out using the WALE and GEN techniques. All simulations equally significantly underpredicted the streamwise temperature distribution along the pipe wall as well as in the radial directions at various streamwise locations. These effects are attributed to the overpredicted streamwise velocity components and incorrect behavior of both the radial and circumferential velocity components in the near wall region for all subgrid scale models.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19685号 / 工博第4140号 / 新制||工||1639(附属図書館) / 32721 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小森 悟, 教授 中部 主敬, 教授 稲室 隆二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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An atmospheric pressure swirl-stabilized methane-air burner has been developed as a test platform for nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharge plasma-assisted combustion research. Qualitative flame and plasma discharge characterizations were conducted with high-speed video and low-light ICCD imagery, along with a modal acoustic analysis of the entire assembly. A large eddy simulation (LES) of the burner was created using the commercial solver Ansys Fluent to investigate the plasma effects on swirl-stabilized turbulent combustion. A modified version of the solver's premixed combustion mechanism is presented along with a phenomenological plasma discharge model to simulate plasma-assisted combustion. Cold flow particle image velocimetry (PIV) data were collected to validate the non-reacting flow field and assess non-reacting NRP discharge effects. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements of the second positive system (SPS) of nitrogen mapped temperature characteristics of NRP discharge bursts for comparison to time-resolved simulation data. Finally, time-averaged CH* chemiluminescence data were collected to qualitatively assess the effects of plasma on the experimental burner and simulated flame structure. Overall, the phenomenologically-based combustion mechanism proposed in this work shows good agreement with several experimental observations and provides a promising framework for future plasma-assisted combustion modeling.

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