Nowadays, inspection process planning (IPP) for large volume metrology (LVM) attracts increasing attention in manufacturing and assembly industries such as aerospace and automotive, where large and complex assemblies and fabrications with complex surfaces are employed. Inspection is conventionally considered as a quality control manner. But there is changing shift to processes that are more related to the early design stage aiming to increase product performance and reduce costs by automation and elimination of rework. This is especially evident in the standardisation and implementation of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) of new products and systems at the design stage. This study proposes a GD&T based systematic framework for the IPP of LVM systems within a digital environment. Orientating to solve the “what to measure” and “how to measure” problems in IPP, the prototype system has seven functional core modules including: tolerance feature analysis, instrument selection, inspection point selection, accessibility and visibility analysis, instrument setup and configuration, clustering analysis and measurement sequencing. An optimized inspection plan is output for the designer to evaluate the product design as well as for guiding the metrologist and process planner to conduct the inspection process. Heuristic rules, evolutionary algorithms and modern computational graphic techniques have been adopted to facilitate the supported functions. Coupled with state of art metrology systems, metrology and CAD software, the framework is able to work effectively and efficiently by means of incorporating international standards and industrial best practice. It is the first attempt to successfully minimise manual activities in the planning process for LVM systems, which results in improved efficiency, enhanced decision making and a better inspection plan overall. Two case studies have been conducted to validate the functionalities of the prototype system.

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The analysis of organic pollutants in water is traditionally done following EPA procedures which commonly use liquid-liquid extraction. One liter of water is extracted three times with 60 mL of an organic solvent. The extract is concentrated and analyzed by gas chromatography. This procedure is time consuming and can cause losses of semi-volatile components, in addition to requiring a relatively large amount of organic solvent (180 mL). By performing the extraction directly in a GC autosampler vial using one milliliter of contaminated water and one milliliter of organic solvent, then injecting a large volume (~150 mL) of the organic layer taken directly from the vial by an autosampler, the same analysis can be done simpler, quicker, and with much less organic solvent (1 mL). / Master of Science

Fringe projection is a commonly used optical technique for measuring the shapes of objects with dimensions of up to about 1 m across. There are however many instances in the aerospace and automotive industries where it would be desirable to extend the benefits of the technique (e.g., high temporal and spatial sampling rates, non-contacting measurements) to much larger measurement volumes. This thesis describes a process that has been developed to allow the creation of a large global measurement volume from two or more independent shape measurement systems. A new 3-D large volume calibration artefact, together with a hexapod positioning stage, have been designed and manufactured to allow calibration of volumes of up to 3 x 1 x 1 m3. The artefact was built from carbon fibre composite tubes, chrome steel spheres, and mild steel end caps with rare earth rod magnets. The major advantage over other commonly used artefacts is the dimensionally stable relationship between features spanning multiple individual measurement volumes, thereby allowing calibration of several scanners within a global coordinate system, even when they have non-overlapping fields of view. The calibration artefact is modular, providing the scalability needed to address still larger measurement volumes and volumes of different geometries. Both it and the translation stage are easy to transport and to assemble on site. The artefact also provides traceabitity for calibration through independent measurements on a mechanical CMM. The dimensions of the assembled artefact have been found to be consistent with those of the individual tube lengths, demonstrating that gravitational distortion corrections are not needed for the artefact size considered here. Deformations due to thermal and hygral effects have also been experimentally quantified. The thesis describes the complete calibration procedure: large volume calibration artefact design, manufacture and testing; initial estimation of the sensor geometry parameters; processing of the calibration data from manually selected regions-of-interest (ROI) of the artefact features; artefact pose estimation; automated control point selection, and finally bundle adjustment. An accuracy of one part in 17 000 of the global measurement volume diagonal was achieved and verified.

Epitachophoresis is newly developed method, which allows to separate and concentrate analytes from large volumes of complex samples. Principle is based on isotachophoresis and utilize discontinuous electrolyte system. Different design of device is used, its round shaped and due to that acceleration of analytes zone migration occurs during separation towards centre of device and at the same time widening of zones happens. Focusation, concentration and separation of analytes between leading and terminating electrolyte progress from outer line of device towards its centre. It is necessary to stabilize this boundary to prevent mixing of leading and terminating electrolyte. Main target of this diploma thesis is optimization of epitachophoretic conditions, mainly electrolyte boundary stabilization options. Tested stabilizing media were agarose gels, foamed polymer disks and PDMS columns. All leading and terminating electrolyte boundary stabilizing media undergo several optimizations so the best option can be selected for concreate applications. DNA was used as a model analyte and the media with the highest recovery were selected. The best results offered NEEO and PFEG agarose gels and Dyneema foamed polymer with recovery over 70%. Another interesting alternative are PDMS columns, with their open structure that allow concentration of large volume analytes such as microorganisms.

This diploma thesis deals with proposal large volume carrier body for swap bodies with volume 60 m3. In beginning the thesis includes background research part. In the middle part describes the design of conception body. Work in the last part contains the strength calculations using the finite element method. Strength checks consider especially deformation and strain analysis in different load angle states. Part of the thesis is also design documentation. Work is created in co-operation with company ZDT Ltd.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the structural design of the field transfer trailer designed for harvesting work in agriculture. The first part of the thesis contains an overview of similar construction solutions and a summary of legislative requirements related to the device. In the next part is performed a description of the individual structural units, the design of the drive and the design of the screw conveyors. Based on the stated load conditions, the strength analysis of the large – volume hopper is processed, which is evaluated in the final part. An integral part of the thesis is also a partial drawing documentation. This diploma thesis was created in cooperation with the company ZDT Nové Veselí.

<p>This thesis is based on studies in which the suitability of various gas chromatography (GC) injection techniques was examined for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and carbazoles, two groups of compounds that are thermally labile and/or have high boiling-points. For such substances, it is essential to introduce the samples into the GC system in an appropriate way to avoid degradation and other potential problems. In addition, different types of gas chromatographic column system and mass spectrometric detectors were evaluated for the determination of PBDEs.</p><p>Conventional injectors, such as splitless, on-column and programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injectors were evaluated and optimized for determination of PBDEs. The results show on-column injection to be the best option, providing low discrimination and high precision. The splitless injector is commonly used for “dirty” samples. However, it is not suitable for determination of the high molecular weight congeners, since it tends to discriminate against them and promote their degradation, leading to poor precision and accuracy. The PTV injector appears to be a more suitable alternative. The use of liners reduces problems associated with potential interferents such as polar compounds and lipids and compared to the hot splitless injector, it provides gentler solvent evaporation, due to its temperature programming feature, leading to low discrimination and variance.</p><p>Increasing the injection volume from the conventional 1-3 µL to >50 µL offers two main benefits. Firstly, the overall detection and quantification limits are decreased, since the entire sample extract can be injected into the GC system. Secondly, large volume injections enable hyphenation of preceding techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), solid phase extraction and other kinds of extraction. Large-volume injections were utilized and optimized in the studies included in this thesis.</p><p>With a loop-type injector/interface large sample volumes can be injected on-column providing low risk of discrimination against compounds with low volatility. This injector was used for the determination of PBDEs in air and as an interface for the determination of carbazoles by LC-GC. Peak distortion is a frequently encountered problem associated with this type of injector that was addressed and solved during the work underlying this thesis.</p><p>The PTV can be used as a large volume injector, in so-called solvent vent mode. This technique was evaluated for the determination of PBDEs and as an interface for coupling dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction online to GC. The results show that careful optimization of the injection parameters is required, but also that the PTV is robust and yields reproducible results.</p><p>PBDEs are commonly detected using mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode, monitoring bromine ions (m/z 79 and 81). The mass spectrometric properties of the fully brominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209, have been investigated. A high molecular weight fragment at m/z 486/488 enables the use of 13C-labeled BDE-209 as an internal surrogate standard.</p>

This thesis is based on studies in which the suitability of various gas chromatography (GC) injection techniques was examined for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and carbazoles, two groups of compounds that are thermally labile and/or have high boiling-points. For such substances, it is essential to introduce the samples into the GC system in an appropriate way to avoid degradation and other potential problems. In addition, different types of gas chromatographic column system and mass spectrometric detectors were evaluated for the determination of PBDEs. Conventional injectors, such as splitless, on-column and programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injectors were evaluated and optimized for determination of PBDEs. The results show on-column injection to be the best option, providing low discrimination and high precision. The splitless injector is commonly used for “dirty” samples. However, it is not suitable for determination of the high molecular weight congeners, since it tends to discriminate against them and promote their degradation, leading to poor precision and accuracy. The PTV injector appears to be a more suitable alternative. The use of liners reduces problems associated with potential interferents such as polar compounds and lipids and compared to the hot splitless injector, it provides gentler solvent evaporation, due to its temperature programming feature, leading to low discrimination and variance. Increasing the injection volume from the conventional 1-3 µL to &gt;50 µL offers two main benefits. Firstly, the overall detection and quantification limits are decreased, since the entire sample extract can be injected into the GC system. Secondly, large volume injections enable hyphenation of preceding techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), solid phase extraction and other kinds of extraction. Large-volume injections were utilized and optimized in the studies included in this thesis. With a loop-type injector/interface large sample volumes can be injected on-column providing low risk of discrimination against compounds with low volatility. This injector was used for the determination of PBDEs in air and as an interface for the determination of carbazoles by LC-GC. Peak distortion is a frequently encountered problem associated with this type of injector that was addressed and solved during the work underlying this thesis. The PTV can be used as a large volume injector, in so-called solvent vent mode. This technique was evaluated for the determination of PBDEs and as an interface for coupling dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction online to GC. The results show that careful optimization of the injection parameters is required, but also that the PTV is robust and yields reproducible results. PBDEs are commonly detected using mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode, monitoring bromine ions (m/z 79 and 81). The mass spectrometric properties of the fully brominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209, have been investigated. A high molecular weight fragment at m/z 486/488 enables the use of 13C-labeled BDE-209 as an internal surrogate standard.

La Cordillère des Andes, issue de la subduction de la plaque Pacifique sous le continent Sud-Américain, est un système orogénique propice à la formation de grands systèmes volcaniques acides, dans lesquels coexistent des produits d’éruptions volcaniques explosives de grandes magnitudes et des laves et dômes, associés à des calderas mono- ou polygéniques. Ce mémoire de thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur certains systèmes volcaniques acides du Sud du Pérou, dont les produits affleurent dans les canyons d’Ocoña-Cotahuasi-Maran (OCM). Ces canyons, les plus profonds des Andes (3 à 3,5 km), résultent de la combinaison des processus de soulèvement tectonique, d’incision, et d’érosion depuis 15 Ma. Les imposantes séries ignimbritiques exposées dans cette région (env. 10000 km²), témoignent de l’existence d’un volcanisme explosif de grande ampleur, associé à des systèmes acides peu connus d’après les études antérieures. Cette étude vise tout d’abord à obtenir une chrono-stratigraphie améliorée des événements ignimbritiques (groupes, unités) dans la région OCM pour mieux connaître les récurrences des super-éruptions dans cette région au cours des derniers 25 Ma. Ensuite, nous cherchons à localiser les sources des grandes unités et à identifier les éventuelles structures d’effondrement associées (calderas). Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné diverses techniques, associant l’étude de la stratigraphie et de la lithologie des dépôts volcaniques, les datations par la méthode 40Ar-39Ar des principales unités ignimbritiques et coulées de lave, l’imagerie satellitaire (Landsat, SPOT) et la pétrologie (assemblages minéralogiques, étude des textures et des compositions chimiques) et enfin, les mesures de densité et d’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique des ignimbrites (ASM) pour analyser les directions d’écoulement et tenter de localiser leurs sources. Ainsi, les résultats nous ont permis d’identifier huit événements ignimbritiques, dont six majeurs, datés entre ~24 Ma et ~2 Ma. Les âges des grandes unités (Nazca, Alpabamba, Huaylillas, Caraveli, Sencca inférieure et supérieure) montrent une récurrence moyenne de l’ordre de 4-5 Ma depuis 25 Ma. Les lithologies sont assez semblables, bien que les degrés de soudure varient beaucoup, allant de produits meubles jusqu’aux faciès eutaxitiques. L’étude pétrologique révèle des assemblages de minéraux assez homogènes, les paragenèses étant dominées par le quartz, le feldspath, la biotite, l’amphibole et des oxydes. Les volumes bruts des unités principales que nous avons déterminés se situent entre ~40 et ~500-800 km3. Cependant, il ne s’agit que de valeurs minimales, puisque nous considérons que les volumes initiaux sont au moins le double ou le triple, probablement dans la gamme ~100 à ~2400 km3. La distribution des unités ignimbritiques d’OCM et les résultats des analyses ASM désignent plusieurs zones sources. L’unité de Caraveli provient de la caldera de Trapiche, qui contient le lac Parinacochas. Cette structure que nous identifions, d'un diamètre de ~22 km, est située dans un bassin tectonique allongé selon la direction N-S. Elle est occupée dans sa partie ouest par un dôme résurgent de 800 m de haut, le Cerro Trompo Orjo. Les unités Huaylillas et Alpabamba, ainsi que les groupes Sencca (inférieure et supérieure) seraient issus d’une source entièrement recouverte par le massif volcanique quaternaire du Nevado Coropuna. Des estimations de volumes éruptifs suggèrent une atténuation significative du volcanisme ignimbritique depuis 9 Ma, peut-être liée à la maturation orogénique de l’Altiplano-Puna. En profondeur, le magmatisme a probablement contribué à l’épaississement crustal par adjonction de grands volumes de magma. (...) / The Andes, resulting from the subduction of Pacific plate under South-America continental plate, is an orogenic system suitable for large acidic volcanic systems formation. These structures display at the same time volcanic products from high magnitude explosive eruptions, lavas and domes, and mono- or polygenetic calderas. This manuscript brings a new expertise on some of the acidic volcanic systems in South Peru, which products outcrop in the Ocoña - Cotahuasi - Maran canyons (OCM). This canyons system, one of the deepest worldwide (up to 3.5 km), was created by combined tectonic uplift, incision and erosion processes since 15 Ma. Voluminous ignimbritic series widespread in this region (around 10000 km2) are evidences for a past high amplitude explosive volcanic activity related to little-known acidic systems. The topic of this study is to obtain an enhanced chrono-stratigraphy of the OCM region ignimbritic succession (groups and units). This would provide a better knowledge on the regional super-eruptions recurrence since the last 25 Ma. Then, we focus on localizing the largest ignimbrites sources and identify the possible related collapse structures (calderas). For that purpose we combine several studies, from stratigraphy, deposits lithology to 40Ar-39Ar dating of the main ignimbritic units and lava flows. We also use satellite imagery (Landsat, SPOT) and petrology (mineralogical assemblage, textures and geochemical composition). Finally, we measure the ignimbrites density and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to determine their flowing directions and estimate their sources locations. Thus, the results let us identify eight ignimbritic events among which, six happened between ~24 Ma and ~2 Ma. The main units ages (Nazca, Alpabamba, Huaylillas, Caraveli, lower and upper Sencca) show an average recurrence of 4-5 Ma since 25 Ma. Lithologies are similar even if welding degrees ranges are spread from loose deposits to eutaxitic facies. Petrological study show quite homogeneous mineralogical assemblages since quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole and oxydes dominate the paragenesis. Our estimations of the main units bulk volumes range from ~ 40 to ~ 500-800 km3. However, these are only minimum values since we consider that initial volumes as twice or three times higher, probably in the range of ~100 to ~2400 km3. The OCM ignimbrite flow units distribution and the AMS study results indicate several regions as sources for these units. Caraveli unit flowed from Trapiche caldera in which the Parinacochas lake rests. This structure is estimated to be ~22 km of diameter and lays in a N-S orientated tectonic basin. Its western part is occupied with a 800 m high resurgent dome, named Cerro Trompo Orjo. Alpabamba and Huaylillas units, as Sencca units (lower and upper) would come from a source presently entirely covered with the quaternary massif of Nevado Coropuna. Estimations of eruptive volumes recall an important decrease of ignimbritic volcanism since 9 Ma, which might be related to simultaneous Altiplano-Puna orogenic growing. It is supported that deep magmatism have probably contributed to crustal thickening thanks to the addition of large volumes of magma. These results also involve that canyons erosion and incision would have taken place at a rate ranging from 150 to 500 m/Ma during the last 13 Ma. Given that the large-volume acidic system studied in this work is considerable, further research are necessary to improve these results.